A high-resolution climatic change since Holocene inferred from multi-proxy of lake sediment in westerly area of China

Multi-proxy data are presented and a discuss is made of paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental changes during Holocene from a 225-cm-long sediment core from Wulungu Lake, located in westerly area of China. The chronology is constructed from six AMS radiocarbon dates on the bulk organic matter. Analyses of pollen, TOC, TN, δ 13Corg, ostracod assemblages and the shell stable isotopes, suggest Holocene climate pattern as follows: temperate and dry (10.0―7.6 cal. ka BP)-warm and wet (7.6―5.3 cal. ka BP) -warm and moist (5.3―3.6 cal. ka BP) -temperate and dry (3.6―2.1 cal. ka BP)-temperate and moist (2.1―1.3 cal. ka BP) -cool and dry (1.3 cal. ka BP―present). With the climatic change, Wulungu Lake experienced two large-scale retreat (5.3―3.6 cal. ka BP and 1.3 cal. ka BP―present) and an obvious transgression (7.6―5.3 cal. ka BP). The records of climatic and environmental evolution of Wulungu Lake were in good accordance with those of adjacent areas. It responded to regional environmental change, global abrupt climate events and followed the westerly climate change mode.     

The early Holocene optimum inferred from a hish-resolution pollen record of Husuansyan Maar Lake in southern China

A high-resolution pollen record of the past 13000 a from Huguangyan Maar Lake reveals the vegetation and environment changes in southern China during the Holocene. It shows that （i） pollen percentage of trees and shrubs reached 56% during the early Holocene （11600-7800 cal a BP）, of which the pollen percentage of tropical trees reached a maximum at 9500-8000 cal a BP, reflecting a hot and wet environment; （ii） during the mid-Holocene （7800-4200 cal a BP）, the pollen percentage of montane coniferous trees and herbs increased, while the percentage of tropical-subtropical trees decreased, indicating lower temperature and humidity; （iii） in the late Holocene spanning from 4200 to 350 cal a BP, the pollen percentage of herbs and montane conifer increased significantly, indicating a marked decrease of temperature and humidity. Our pollen data reveal that the time period 9500-8000 cal a BP in southern China represents a climatic optimum for the Holocene characterized by hot and wet conditions. This is consistent with the Holocene optimum found in lower latitude regions globally. We speculate that strong insolation might cause the northward migration of the ITCZ and subtropical summer monsoon front, which resulted in an early Holocene optimum in the Huguangyan area. The dry tendency and climate fluctuations of the middle and late Holocene could be associated with a decrease in solar insolation and frequent ENSO event.     

The early Holocene optimum inferred from a high-resolution pollen record of Huguangyan Maar Lake in southern China

A high-resolution pollen record of the past 13000 a from Huguangyan Maar Lake reveals the vegetation and environment changes in southern China during the Holocene. It shows that (i) pollen percentage of trees and shrubs reached 56% during the early Holocene (11600―7800 cal a BP), of which the pollen percentage of tropical trees reached a maximum at 9500―8000 cal a BP, reflecting a hot and wet envi- ronment; (ii) during the mid-Holocene (7800―4200 cal a BP), the pollen percentage of montane conif- erous trees and herbs increased, while the percentage of tropical-subtropical trees decreased, indi- cating lower temperature and humidity; (iii) in the late Holocene spanning from 4200 to 350 cal a BP, the pollen percentage of herbs and montane conifer increased significantly, indicating a marked decrease of temperature and humidity. Our pollen data reveal that the time period 9500―8000 cal a BP in south- ern China represents a climatic optimum for the Holocene characterized by hot and wet conditions. This is consistent with the Holocene optimum found in lower latitude regions globally. We speculate that strong insolation might cause the northward migration of the ITCZ and subtropical summer mon- soon front, which resulted in an early Holocene optimum in the Huguangyan area. The dry tendency and climate fluctuations of the middle and late Holocene could be associated with a decrease in solar insolation and frequent ENSO event.     

High—resolution records of Holocene from the Shuangchi Maar Lake in Hainan Island

The results of sedimentary characteristics,grain-size,clay mineral,C/N and pollen analysis reveal the evolution history of the Shuangchi Maar Lake of Hainan Island as well as the short-term climate variations in tropical areas.It is testified that the Maar sediment system was sensitive in recording the rapid climate changes in the Holocene.These multidisciplinary results demonstrate that the thermal maximum in the Holocene climate lasted from 7200 to 2700 aBP,with serveral abrupt ephemeral vibrations occurring between 7250-6120aBP and at around 4460,3850 and 2700 aBP.In the late Holocent,particularly at -2700 aBP,a distinct environmental change indicating an important climate transition in the tropical eastern Asia was recorded,probably responding to the enhancement of ENSO phenomena in the Pacific Ocean.In addition,the high-resolution algae record clearly indicates periodical climate fluctuations at 500 a cyclicity during the last 2500 years.     

Abrupt Holocene changes of the Asian monsoon at millennial- and centennial-scales: Evidence from lake sediment document in Minqin Basin, NW China

Considerable research is now focusing on abrupt Holocene changes at millennial- and centennial-scales all over the world. This study shows that the changes in the Holocene summer monsoon can be divided into two main periods, based on climatic proxy records of lake sediments from the Sanjiaocheng section located at the NW boundary of the summer monsoon, Gansu Province. The early and middle Holocene was humid with stronger summer monsoon, while the late Holocene is dry with weak summer monsoon. Detailed results also show a series of millennial- and centennial-scale changes in the intensity of the summer monsoon, with a periodicity of {dy1600} years during the whole Holocene, and with a periodicity of 800 years during the early Holocene. Ten dry events during the Holocene are associated with the weakening of the summer monsoon. These rapid climatic changes may be representative of a global climatic change pattern during the Holocene.     

Environmental changes during early-middle Holocene from the sediment record of the Chaohu Lake,Anhui Province

A typical lake sediment core is obtained from the Chaohu Lake in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River,Anhui Province,China.The timing scale is constrained by AMS 14 C dating method.Climate proxies such as pollen and grain size in the core are analyzed to reconstruct the environment changes at this site approximately between 9870 and 2170 cal.a BP.The results indicate that at the research area, the climate in the early-middle Holocene had evolved through 3 stages.From 9870 to 6040 cal.a BP, proxy records show a warm and dry climate with low water levels after the late-glacial period.During this stage,cool and dry events occurred at about 8910 and 6060-6030 cal.a BP.Then,between 6040 and 4860 cal.a BP,the climate was humid and vegetation was more flourishing in the Chaohu Lake Valley.The Holocene Optimum occurred at 5840-5500 cal.a BP in the Chaohu Lake,showing the best condition of water and heat.Elm Decline occurred at the period of 5380-4930 cal.a BP.Since 4860 cal.a BP,the climate was warm and dry through 2170 cal.a BP as shown in both pollen spectrum and grain-size histories.Two obvious dry events occurred in 3760 and 2170 cal.a BP,respectively.At 2170 cal.a BP,the water level of the Chaohu Lake reached the lowest as the lakebed possibly exposed. Such lake sediment observations are consistent with the historical records in this area.     

Long-term trend and abrupt events of the Holocene Asian monsoon inferred from a stalagmite δ18O record from Shennongjia in Central China

The middle-Holocene was a period of profound cul- ture transitions: the Neolithic culture around Central China[1], Mesopotamia[2] and India[3] all mysteriously collapsed around 4 ka . It is plausible that this civiliza-tion collapse can be contributed to …     

Records of the East Asian winter monsoon from the mud area on the inner shelf of the East China Sea since the mid-Holocene

AMS¹⁴C dating and analysis of grain size, major elements and clay minerals were applied to Core MZ01 from the mud area on the inner shelf of the East China Sea. Based on the environmentally sensitive grain size, clay mineral and major element assemblages, the history of the East Asia winter monsoon since the mid-Holocene could be reconstructed. These three proxies, mean grain size (>9.71 μm), chemical index of alteration (CIA) and ratio of smectite to kaolinite in particular, show similar fluctuation patterns. Furthermore, 10 extreme values corresponding to the contemporary cooling events could be recognized since the mid-Holocene; these extreme values are likely to have been caused by the strengthening of the East Asia winter monsoon. The cooling events correlated well with the results of the δ¹⁸O curves of the Dunde ice core and GISP2, which therefore revealed a regional response to global climate change. Four stages of the East Asia winter monsoon were identified, i.e. 8300–6300 a BP, strong and unstable; 6300–3800 a BP, strong but stable; 3800–1400 a BP, weak and unstable; after 1400 a BP, weak but stable.     

多重复合型风景名胜区政府主导途径探讨--以青海湖国家重点风景名胜区为例

目的为防止单纯经济利益驱动下的掠夺式开发对中国众多风景名胜区的生态环境造成直接破坏。方法针对青海湖国家重点风景名胜区这一特殊的多重复合型区域，在定性分析其特殊性及其保护与开发之间的矛盾冲突基础上，运用集中系数法对青海湖风景名胜区的产业结构现状进行了定量分析。结果可知在青海湖风景区第一产业和第三产业发展潜力大，特别是畜牧业和旅游业；而第二产业则发展空间不大。结论通过调整产业结构、整合经济空间秩序、协调“保护”与“开发”的矛盾和加强区域整治与宏观调控4条途径来实现对青海湖风景名胜区的经济引导，以解决青海湖风景名胜区的生态环境问题，并促进其经济发展，最终实现青海湖风景名胜区的可持续发展。     

Quantitative analysis of lake area variations and the influence factors from 1971 to 2004 in the Nam Co basin of the Tibetan Plateau

By using remote sensing and GIS technologies, spatial analysis and statistic analysis, we calculated the water area and volume variations of the Nam Co Lake from 1971-2004, and discussed their influence factors from the viewpoints of climatic change and water balance. Data source in this study includes bathymetric data of the lake, aerial surveyed topographic maps of 1970, remote sensing images of 1991 and 2004 in the lake catchment, meteorological data from 17 stations within 1971-2004 in the adjacent area...     

引江济太措施对望虞河西部污染物滞留和转移风险分析

引水调控措施是改善太湖流域区域性水环境的应急措施,多年试验研究成果证明了引水措施的有效性。由于调水工程的复杂性以及受到诸多不确定性因素的影响,引水调控措施在改善区域水环境的同时,也会对引水沿线周边区域水环境带来一定的影响,尤其是望虞河西部区域,河网水流受阻,存在武锡澄虞河网区污水滞留或向其他地方转移的风险。针对4个引排水方案,分析了引水对河网水动力条件的变化,比较了引水对望虞河西部河网地区水质影响,分析了河网河道污水滞流时间、强度及迁移长度,评价了污水滞留风险,提出了相应的应急对策。     

2002—2011年河北省植被LAI时空变化特征

利用2002—2011年EOS/MODIS数据的植被指数产品MOD15A2和植被类型产品MCD12Q1及气象观测资料,对比分析了7种典型植被的叶面积指数(LAI)的变化趋势,探讨了河北省植被生长季(5—10月)LAI的时空变化特征及其与气温和降水等影响因子的关系。结果表明:河北省植被生长季年均LAI变化在1.0~1.3之间,2008年最高(1.286),2002年最低(1.066);多年平均LAI的空间分布表现为位于东北部的承德地区最高(可达5.0以上),位于西北部的张家口地区最低(小于0.5);7种典型植被生长季年均LAI差异很大,LAI从高到低依次为阔叶林(2.765)、混交林(2.535)、灌丛(1.867)、稀树草原(1.476)、针叶林(1.331)、农田(1.116)和草原(0.967)。显著影响LAI变化的因子有降水、气温、地形、植被类型及其物候期等,且各因子对植被LAI的影响程度不同。     

陕北神木地区沙漠化动态演化分析

通过神木地区的1∶5万生态地质填图,以实际调查为基础,结合20世纪80年代、2000年等不同时期的航空、航天信息资料和历史文字、图形、图表等对神木地区沙质荒漠化(简称沙漠化)的特点、影响因素、动态演化趋势进行了分析,认为地质因素是沙漠化的内因,是沙漠化的物质基础,气候和人类经济活动是沙漠化的外因,影响着神木地区沙漠化的进程与速度.以地质因子调查为基础,以卫星遥感技术为手段,初步查明了沙漠化的物质来源、分布特点,并建立了神木地区沙漠化动态分析模型;分别编制了20世纪80年代及2000年两个时段的沙漠分布图,总结了20年间神木地区沙漠化发展趋势,将该地区沙漠化演化类型划分为逆转型、扩大型、活化型和无明显变化型.神木地区以逆转型为主导,表现在流动沙丘及半固定沙丘的面积逐步减少,而固定沙丘的范围在快速扩大,其变化速率分别为-5.725、-9.603和16.218 km2/a.对神木地区今后沙漠化演化趋势进行了预测分析,并根据研究区的实际情况提出了沙漠化的防治措施.     

中国干旱半干旱地区地理环境建设战略意义初探

根据我国干旱半干旱区的地理位置和基本自然条件,论述了该区域自然环境稳定性差、气候旱化趋势强、资源与环境协调性差和有效环境容量小等特征,指出该区域对我国地理环境的影响;由此认为加强我国干旱半干旱区地理环境建设,不仅对该区域而且对全国的可持续发展均具有重要的战略意义,并提出进行地理环境建设的基本措施．     

A wetness index derived from tree-rings in the Mt. Yishan area of China since 1755 AD and its agricultural implications

Dendroclimatological techniques were employed to investigate the relationship between Chinese Pinus(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) growth and climatic variability in the Mt.Yishan region of Shandong Province, China, over the past253 years. Using regression analysis, the wetness index(WI)was reconstructed for the Mt. Yishan area for the period1755–2007 AD based on tree-ring widths; predictor variables accounted for 40 % of the variance. The reconstructed timeseries displayed an increasing trend after the late 1960 s. Both the estimated and the observed WI for May–August were better correlated with precipitation than temperature during the period 1958–2007 AD, indicating that the contribution of precipitation to the WI was larger than temperature in the study area. The reconstructed WI was compared with the dryness/wetness index of China and land areas that were affected by droughts and floods using the agricultural statistics for Shandong Province. In addition, the WI time-series corresponded well with the peanut yield in Shandong Province at high frequency, which may be reasonable in the context of agriculture in Shandong. The 3-, 5- to 6- and 9- to10-year periodicities detected in the time-series suggested that the reconstructed WI in the Mt. Yishan area may be related to large-scale climate variations.     

The distribution of the oil derived from Cambrian source rocks in Lunnan area,the Tarim Basin,China

There are great differences in biomarks between Cambrian oil and Middle-Upper Ordovician oil. In this stuty, the authors analyzed 40 oils found in Lunnan area by GC-MS and calculated the content of Cambrian oil in the 40 oils according to the steroid indexes of typical oil mixture and match experiment. The results show that it is a general phenomenon in Ordovician reservoir that the oil derived from Cambrian source rock mixed with the oil derived from Middle-Upper Ordovician source rock in Lunnan area, the mixture degree of the two oils is lower in Carboniferous reservoir than in Ordovician reservoir, and the oils kept in Triassic reservoir have single source, Middle-Upper Ordovician source rock. The mixture oils mainly composed of Cambrian oil (>50%) distributed in Sangtamu fault zone, and the oils found in Lunnan fault zone are Middle-Upper Ordovician oil. This distribution of oils in Lunnan area is owing to that Lunnan fault zone is located in anticline axis part, Lunnan fault zone underwent serious erosion, and the oils from Cambrian source rock accumulated in Lunnan fault zone were degraded completely during Caledonian-Hercynian movement. But the Cambrian oil accumulated in Sangtamu fault zone was not degraded completely and some of them were left for the location of Sangtamu fault zone is lower than Lunnan fault zone. Later, the oil derived from Middle-Upper Ordovician source rock mixed with the remained Cambrian oil, and the mixture oil formed in Sangtamu fault zone.     

The distribution of the oil derived from Cambrian source rocks in Lunnan area, the Tarim Basin, China

There are great differences in biomarks between Cambrian oil and Middle-Upper Ordovician oil. In this stuty, the authors analyzed 40 oils found in Lunnan area by GC-MS and calculated the content of Cambrian oil in the 40 oils according to the steroid indexes of typical oil mixture and match experiment. The results show that it is a general phenomenon in Ordovician reservoir that the oil derived from Cambrian source rock mixed with the oil derived from Middle-Upper Ordovician source rock in Lunnan area, the mixture degree of the two oils is lower in Carboniferous reservoir than in Ordovician reservoir, and the oils kept in Triassic reservoir have single source, Middle-Upper Ordoviclan source rock. The mixture oils mainly composed of Cambrian oil （〉50%） distributed in Sangtamu fault zone, and the oils found in Lunnan fault zone are Middle-Upper Ordovician oil. This distribution of oils in Lunnan area is owing to that Lunnan fault zone is located in anticline axis part, Lunnan fault zone underwent serious erosion, and the oils from Cambrian source rock accumulated in Lunnan fault zone were degraded completely during Caledonian-Hercynian movement. But the Cambrian oil accumulated in Sangtamu fault zone was not degraded completely and some of them were left for the location of Sangtamu fault zone is lower than Lunnan fault zone. Later, the oil derived from Middle-Upper Ordovician source rock mixed with the remained Cambrian oil, and the mixture oil formed in Sangtamu fault zone.     

中国南方海相页岩气有利目标区优选的模糊相似法

有利目标区优选是页岩气勘探开发的前提.根据中国南方海相页岩气成藏特点,筛选了页岩有效厚度、有机碳含量、孔隙度等13项页岩气有利目标区优选评价指标,并且结合国内外页岩气勘探开发经验,建立了评价指标的分级分类评价标准.针对页岩气储层的厚度大、非均质性以及勘探早期对评价指标值的地质认识准确度较低,用区间数距离体现页岩气有利目标区优选的不确定信息评价指标值差异,应用模糊相似理论,建立了页岩气有利目标区优选的分级、分类并能区分优劣的模糊相似方法.实例计算分析结果表明,该方法与综合信息叠合法相比,评价结果可靠程度高,而且能判明被评价页岩气区的有利类型和优劣顺序.     

特征、逻辑与走向:中国文化科技融合政策的变迁研究——基于2011—2020年39项政策文本的实证分析

文化科技融合政策的变迁是文化科技融合创新的发展结果和导向。基于2011—2020年39项政策文本,采用内容分析法和政策文本量化分析等基本统计分析方法的研究表明,文化与科技融合政策的嬗变,是从探索阶段的松散、多点式的初级特征到创新阶段的深层次、宽领域、多方向的系统性布局扩展的,政策内容从简单集中到类型多元,政策目标从相加、相融到深度融合,政策趋向从科技引领、产业主导到双轮驱动、民生为本转变。这些特征客观反映出政府决策关注点、政策结构、政策价值取向的变化,预示着中国文化与科技融合政策将进一步以新发展理念统领文化建设和科技创新,推动制度优势转化效率优势,充分发挥科技创新在文化强国建设中的支撑作用。