镧不同施用方式对吸收差异型小白菜镉、铬吸收及生物量的影响

为探讨轻稀土La在Cd/Cr复合污染土壤种植条件下作物的生长发育效应和抗重金属胁迫生物效应,进一步为农用稀土肥料的科学施用提供借鉴。选用土壤盆栽方法和不同施肥技术(土壤混施、土壤灌施和叶面喷施),研究La对吸收差异型(低吸收累积型和高吸收累积型)小白菜Cd, Cr吸收和生物量的影响。结果表明:La不同施用方式对吸收差异型小白菜茎叶生物量的增产效应总体表现为低吸收累积型显著高于高吸收累积型,其中低吸收累积型以叶面喷施和土壤灌施处理较对照增产显著,而高吸收累积型均未表现增产效果; La不同施用方式对吸收差异型小白菜Cd, Cr吸收的抑制能力效应分别表现为Cd低吸收累积型高于高吸收累积型, Cr高吸收累积型高于低吸收累积型,其中低吸收累积型以叶面喷施和土壤灌施处理抑制Cd, Cr吸收的效应显著,而高吸收累积型抑制Cr吸收显著,抑制Cd吸收不显著或无抑制; La处理对吸收差异型小白菜Cd和Cr转运系数的降低效应变化规律与Cd和Cr抑制能力效应规律基本一致,转运系数降低效应越大,抑制重金属Cd和Cr的吸收作用越显著;外源La显著影响小白菜植株La的吸收与分布,土壤混施和土壤灌施主要以根系吸收积累为主,叶面喷施主要以茎叶吸收积累为主。表明La对Cd/Cr复合污染土壤种植作物重金属抗胁迫能力大小与作物品种重金属吸收差异和施肥技术作用机制不同有关。     

La3+,Ce3+溶液中樟子松吸收的差异性研究

选用樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv.)为研究对象,分析其在水培条件下吸收稀土可溶态镧、铈离子(六水硝酸镧、六水硝酸铈,七水氯化镧、七水氯化铈,八水硫酸镧和八水硫酸铈)的过程,揭示樟子松修复镧、铈离子污染的机制。本研究应用吸收动力学的方法探究了樟子松在不同时间内吸收镧、铈离子的含量和速率;并通过回归分析法探究了樟子松-水培体系中吸收镧和铈离子的实测值与预测值之间的相关性。水培溶液中的镧和铈离子浓度分别设置为100, 300, 500, 1000 mg·L^-1。试验结果表明,樟子松体内的镧、铈离子含量随着水培溶液浓度升高而增加,其中,La₂(SO₄)₃, La(NO₃)₃, LaCl₃的含量范围分别为0.0014～0.0142 g, 0.0009～0.0115 g, 0.0017～0.0195 g; Ce2(SO₄)₃,Ce(NO₃     

原子吸收光度法测定工业氟硅酸中铜含量

工业氟硅酸是磷肥生产的副产品 ,是一种强酸性、有毒、腐蚀性液体 ,质量分数一般为 2 2 %左右 ,主要成分是水、氟硅酸、游离氟。可用于高纯有色金属电解液的配制 ,其中铜含量是重要的质量控制指标。常规的工业氟硅酸中铜的测定 ,采用铜试剂吸光光度法[1] ,需要分离氟硅酸和铜 ,并使用有强烈异味的乙酸乙酯萃取 ,以及使用 10余种试剂 ,分析步骤繁琐 ,时间长 ,不能满足工业生产的要求。本法探索了在大量氟硅酸和游离氟存在下 ,采用原子吸收光度法直接测定铜的可行性 ,研究了大量氟硅酸及游离氟对铜测定和对原子吸收光度计的影响。本法采用标准…     

镧对水稻磷吸收及其形态的影响

用分根营养液培养法研究了镧对水稻生长, 根、茎、籽粒磷含量, 磷吸收及体内磷形态的影响. 结果表明低浓度镧(0.05～1.5 mg·L-1)提高水稻产量;高浓度镧 (9 mg·L-1～30 mg·L-1) 降低水稻产量. 当镧浓度为0.05～0.75 mg·L-1时, La对水稻茎杆和根干重没有显著促进作用. 在La浓度为6～30 mg·L-1时, 水稻根重显著降低. 镧显著增加根中磷的含量, 降低茎和籽粒中磷的含量, 显著增加根对磷的吸收. 低浓度镧 (0.05～3 mg·L-1) 促进籽粒磷吸收, 而高浓度镧 (6～30 mg·L-1) 减少籽粒磷吸收. 镧显著增加茎和根中络合态磷(EDTA-P)和无机态磷(inorganic-P)含量, 且根中络合态磷和无机态磷的增加占根中总磷增加的80%以上. 当镧浓度为0.05～0.75 mg·L-1, La增加根中核磷(nucleic-P)含量, 而当镧浓度为30 mg·L-1, La降低根中核磷和酯磷(ester-P)含量; La增加根和茎中残渣态磷(residue-P)含量. 文中还讨论了磷的形态与作物磷吸收的关系.     

烧绿石结构La2Ti2-xCoxO7的制备及可见光分解水性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了烧绿石结构的光催化剂La2Ti2-xCoxO7 (x=0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20), 通过XRD、FT-IR、BET、UV-Vis漫反射光谱等测试手段对催化剂的晶体结构、比表面积以及漫反射光谱进行了表征, 采用光催化反应装置和气相色谱仪对产氢速率进行了测定.研究结果表明, La2Ti2O7只在紫外光下有吸收, 而Co对La2Ti2O7的B位掺杂能使其在可见光区有明显的吸收; La2Ti2O7的Co掺杂不仅提高了其在紫外光照射下分解水制氢的能力, 而且可使其在可见光照射下分解水制氢; 在La2Ti2-xCoxO7(x=0-0.20)系列中, La2Ti1.9Co0.1O7分解水制氢能力最强.     

镧氢Y型分子筛的催化裂化活性、水热稳定性与活性中心特征的研究

研究了LaHY分子筛体系在不同热处理、水热处理条件下,La的交换度对异丙苯裂解活性、水热稳定性和表面酸性的影响。结果表明,La有抑制分子筛骨架脱铝和结构崩塌的作用。La交换度对LaHY活性、稳定性的影响与处理条件的苛刻程度有关。在较缓和的条件下,La交换度在25～70％范围内,催化活性没有明显的改变,当超过80％后,活性显著下降。经高温水热处理后,催化活性在75～90％La交换度附近有最高值。应用吡啶吸附红外光谱法鉴定表面酸的类型,发现540℃热处理后质子酸与非质子酸中心都存在。当La交换度达80％后,出现吡啶与La离子吸附络合物的吸收带。异丙苯裂解的活性中心与H_0≤-5.6的酸中心有密切关系。差热分析和X光衍射测定骨架外阳离子位置表明,La优先占据分子筛β笼的位置,形成稳定的配位络合物。讨论了La极化水产生酸性羟基的机理和La对分子筛的稳定作用。     

恒容吸收系统中水和稀硝酸对NO2的吸收过程研究

采用恒容吸收系统研究了水和稀硝酸对二氧化氮气体的吸收行为,通过测量吸收液的组成和气相压力来考察吸收剂浓度、吸收剂的量和吸收压力对NO2吸收效率和产物的影响。增加水的质量,则吸收效率增加,而所得硝酸的浓度先增加后减小。随着NO2初始压强的增加,水对NO2的吸收效率和所得硝酸浓度均增加。结果表明二氧化氮在稀硝酸中的吸收速度比在水中快,较高的气相初始压力(>90 kPa)或较高的硝酸浓度(>7wt%)都有利于吸收效率的提高。从反应关系分析计算,可获得气相组成、N2O4的转化率和HNO2的分解率等参数,发现随着水的量的增加,N2O4的转化率逐渐增大,而HNO2的分解率先增大后减小,在NO2和水的物质的量的比为0.024时达到最大值。     

土壤-植物体系稀土元素的分异现象

用仪器中子活化分析测定了从同一地点采集的9种不同植物根和叶中8个稀土元素（La,Ce,Nd,Sm,Eu,Tb,Yb和Lu)的含量，研究了稀土元素在植物根、叶及相应母土中的分布特征。结果表明，同一植物的根、叶和母土中稀土分布模式均有较大差异。生长在同一地点不同植物根中稀土分布模式非常相似，而叶中分布规模差别较明显。说明根对单一稀土元素的吸收主要取决于这个元素在土壤中有效态的含量，而在稀土从根到叶的运输和积累过程中出现的分异则由植物自身的结构特征决定。     

铜在鱼体中的积累规律研究

采用实验室模拟对鱼所生存的人工水环境中投Cu的方式,通过鱼对Cu的吸收富集研究了鱼体中Cu的积累规律及其Cu对部分鱼内脏的毒性影响。揭示不同质量浓度下,单一重金属离子在鲫鱼体内积累的动态变化规律以及铜对鲫鱼属于剧毒重金属。结果表明,在较低的质量浓度下Cu在鲫鱼各组织器官中的积累量随质量浓度的增加而增加、随时间的延长而增加,达到一定时间后积累趋于平衡;在高质量浓度环境下Cu在鲫鱼各组织器官中的积累量有时随时间的延长反而有所下降,但针对不同组织来说其积累能力由大到小顺序一般为:内脏,鱼鳃,肌肉。采用主要的分析方法是微波溶样消解法和火焰原子吸收分光光度法。     

火焰原子吸收法测定工业硅中铁

工业硅中铁量的测定,目前尚未见报道,工业硅是铸造铝合金的重要原材料之一,其含铁量的高低,直接影响产品的质量。为了提高工业硅中铁含量测试的准确性,我们采用火焰原子吸收光度法对工业硅中铁量的测定进行了试验,获得了较为满意的效果。 1 试验部分 1.1 主要仪器与试剂 WFX-Ⅱ型原子吸收分光光度计(新天光学精密仪器厂) 试剂均为优级纯 1.2 试验方法 称取经120目筛过的工业纯硅试样0.2500g置于铂金蒸发皿内,加入少许水浸润,加硝酸3ml,滴加氢氟酸4ml,剧烈作用后,置于中温电炉上加热,至近干,冷却,加入高氯酸2ml,冒烟,蒸干,再加入盐酸2ml,加热溶解,稀至100ml量瓶,用原于吸收法测定。     

Calcium binding by fulvic acids studied by an ion selective electrode an ultrafiltration method

The interaction between Ca(2+) and two well-characterized fulvic acids (Armadale and Laurentide FA) has been studied at 0.100 and 0.010M sodium nitrate using a fixed concentration of fulvic acid (100 ppm) and varying amounts of calcium (0.005-0.020 mmoles). Free calcium concentration was determined by in situ measurements employing a calcium electrode. For Armadale FA, free calcium was additionally determined via an ultrafiltration technique followed by atomic absorption measurements. For both fulvic acids, Ca(2+) binding was observed to be decreased by an increase in the ionic strength of the system. At the lower ionic strength the tendency for binding is dependent on the fulvic acid-to-metal ratio while at the higher ionic strength, the binding is insensitive to changes in the fulvic acid-to-metal ratio (an observation corroborating the contention that calcium binding to humic substances is primarily electrostatic). Comparison of the computed overall complex formation functions shows that values obtained from the ultrafiltration method were higher than those obtained using the calcium electrode. The binding of calcium was similar for the two fulvic acids.     

Vapor-pressure osmometric study of the molecular weight and aggregation tendency of a reference-soil fulvic acid

The molecular weight and aggregation tendency of a reference-soil fulvic acid in Armadale horizon Bh were determined by vapor-pressure osmometry using tetrahydrofuran and water as solvents. With tetrahydrofuran, number-average molecular weight values of 767 ± 34 and 699 ± 8 daltons were obtained from two separate sets of measurements. Two sets of measurements with water also yielded values within this range (754 ± 70 daltons) provided that the fulvic acid concentration in water did not exceed 7 mg ml^?1; at higher concentrations (9.1–13.7 mg ml^?1) a number-average molecular weight of 956 ± 25 daltons was resolved, providing evidence of molecular aggregation. Extension of these studies to 80% neutralized fulvic acid showed that a sizeable fraction of the sodium counter ion is not osmotically active.     

Study of arsenic reabsorption in the body by the neutron activation analysis after thermal springs treatments

At French spa, La Bourboule, arsenical mineral waters are applicated by several ways. The process and degree of absorption of water are not well known; so, we tried to study absorption, measuring arsenic concentration in the blood and in some organs. On rabbits, thirty minutes after the animal had drunk mineral water, the increase of arsenic concentration in its blood is about twenty times and it is only about three to nine time in lungs, bronchia and traches. On human subjects, it was observed an increase of five times in the blood, two hours after treatment.     

Determination of dissolved organic matter based on UV-light induced reduction of ionic silver to metallic nanoparticles by humic and fulvic acids

We describe a novel solution-based method for the determination of dissolved organic matter (DOM) relying on the formation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) via photo-stimulated reduction of silver ions by humic and fulvic acids. The method is based on natural driven formation of nanoscale materials yielding a direct relationship between DOM concentration and AgNPs formation. The aqueous dispersion of the formed AgNPs show strong and uniform UV–Vis absorption bands between 450 and 550 nm irrespectively of DOM nature and properties (i.e. humic or fulvic acids). The ensuing chromatic shift accompanying the appearance of the new absorption bands is easily conceivable by a simple spectrophotometer and the bare eye, holding great promise for the on-site, instrumental-free screening of DOM levels. Under the optimum experimental conditions the determination of DOM was successfully demonstrated to various water samples with high sensitivity (<1.0 mg L⁻¹), satisfactory recoveries (87.5–123.5%) and reproducibility (5.87–6.73%).     

A Multicomponent Model of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter Photobleaching¶§

Light absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) plays a number of roles in natural waters, including both control of the underwater light field and the initiation of many photochemical reactions. A multicomponent analysis was used to describe the effects of UV and visible radiation on the optical absorption spectra of two natural water samples, a Suwannee River fulvic acid standard (SRFA) and a Delaware Bay water sample. This analysis used a constrained minimization technique to fit independent spectral components to the observed bleaching behavior of the water samples under monochromatic irradiation. Spectra derived from these fits were used to predict the bleaching behavior of both samples under polychromatic irradiation (λ< 320 nm). This approach reproduces the kinetics and spectral behavior of polychromatic photobleaching very well at times <48 h, but underpredicts the bleaching at longer time periods.     

Flocculation of humic substances with metal ions as followed by capillary zone electrophoresis

Humic and fulvic acids from various sources have been shown to give different electropherograms by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), depending on the pH of the electrolyte. This CZE work is extended here through investigations involving the titration of humic and fulvic acids with Fe(III) and Cu(II) cations. As increasing amounts of these cations were added to the humic substances (HUS), flocculation of metal-humic complexes occurred. This is believed to be caused by binding of the metal cations with negative carboxyl and phenolic sites on the HUS, resulting in a decrease of the repulsive forces that keep the HUS in a conformation more suitable for water solubility. The flocculated complexes were separated from the supernatant by centrifugation, and the supernatants were characterized as to total organic carbon (TOC) content, molecular weight (MW) using gel permeation chromatography, and average electrophoretic mobility (AEM) using CZE. The extent of flocculation correlated with both TOC and quantitative CZE measurements. The MW of the HUS remaining in solution actually decreased, presumably because of precipitation of larger molecules as they became insoluble because of reactions with the metals. Humic acids showed total precipitation of TOC with both metals at a concentration equivalent to their measured acidity. CZE demonstrated that certain fulvic acid fractions (low molecular weight phenolic acids) remained in solution even at high metal concentrations. In summary, changes in electrophoretic behavior of the soluble HUS could be related to changes in charge-to-mass ratios (charge densities) of both humic and fulvic acids with increasing metal cation concentration (neutralization). The copper treated HUS showed changes in their electrophoretic behavior even at low metal concentrations before flocculation, whereas the iron treated HUS flocculated uniformally over the range of added iron without significant changes in AEM. Thus these changes in CZE patterns illustrate different specific binding sites of the HUS for each metal.     

Flocculation of humic substances with metal ions as followed by capillary zone electrophoresis

Humic and fulvic acids from various sources have been shown to give different electropherograms by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), depending on the pH of the electrolyte. This CZE work is extended here through investigations involving the titration of humic and fulvic acids with Fe(III) and Cu(II) cations. As increasing amounts of these cations were added to the humic substances (HUS), flocculation of metal-humic complexes occurred. This is believed to be caused by binding of the metal cations with negative carboxyl and phenolic sites on the HUS, resulting in a decrease of the repulsive forces that keep the HUS in a conformation more suitable for water solubility. The flocculated complexes were separated from the supernatant by centrifugation, and the supernatants were characterized as to total organic carbon (TOC) content, molecular weight (MW) using gel permeation chromatography, and average electrophoretic mobility (AEM) using CZE. The extent of flocculation correlated with both TOC and quantitative CZE measurements. The MW of the HUS remaining in solution actually decreased, presumably because of precipitation of larger molecules as they became insoluble because of reactions with the metals. Humic acids showed total precipitation of TOC with both metals at a concentration equivalent to their measured acidity. CZE demonstrated that certain fulvic acid fractions (low molecular weight phenolic acids) remained in solution even at high metal concentrations. In summary, changes in electrophoretic behavior of the soluble HUS could be related to changes in charge-to-mass ratios (charge densities) of both humic and fulvic acids with increasing metal cation concentration (neutralization). The copper treated HUS showed changes in their electrophoretic behavior even at low metal concentrations before flocculation, whereas the iron treated HUS flocculated uniformally over the range of added iron without significant changes in AEM. Thus these changes in CZE patterns illustrate different specific binding sites of the HUS for each metal.     

Use of65Zn as a radioactive tracer in the bioaccumulation study of zinc byPoecilia reticulata

The bioaccumulation of zinc byPoecilia reticulata from water as well as the elimination of the metal previously absorbed were determined by using⁶⁵Zn as radioactive tracer. The exposure time varied from 18 days to 30 days. The results obtained show that the absorption and elimination of zinc byPoecilia reticulata is slow, 30 days being necessary for the elimination of 70% of the previously absorbed zinc. The same experiment was also carried out by feeding fish with⁶⁵Zn contaminated food. The results obtained show that in 30 days only 40% of the zinc previously absorbed is eliminated by the fish.     

稀土元素镧对中国樱桃试管苗生长的影响

研究了La对中国樱桃试管苗再生与生长的作用。结果表明，适宜浓度的La（10－40mg/L）能够促进樱桃试管苗的生长与分化，有利于对培养基中微量元素的吸收。但高浓度La抑制樱桃幼苗的生长。     

Separation and determination of dissolved and particulate humic substances in river water

Distribution of humic and fulvic acids in participate or dissolved form is studied by using simple leaching and sorption techniques. After filtration of water sample (100–200 ml), the filter along with suspended particles is treated with 5 ml of chloroform and 3 ml of 0.1 mol/l sodium hydroxide solution. The filter dissolves completely in the organic phase, while the suspended particles remain in the aqueous phase enabling a leaching of humic substances. The leaching is repeated once more with 2 ml of 0.1 mol/l sodium hydroxide solution. The humic and fulvic acids in the combined solution are fractionated at pH l by filtration, where the membrane filter is preliminarily coated with sodium dodecyl sulfate. On the other hand, dissolved humic substances are concentrated from a 50-ml filtered sample by sorption on a DEAE-cellulose column. They are desorbed with 5 ml of 0.1 mol/l sodium hydroxide solution and fractionated at pH 1. The spectrophotometric analysis of river water reveals that fulvic acid is predominant in suspended particles as well as in filtered samples. The concentration of dissolved humic and fulvic acids is approximately ten times that of suspended particles.