THERMODYNAMIC AND PARTICLE-DYNAMIC STUDIES ON SYNTHESIS OF SILICA NANOPARTICLES USING MICROWAVE-INDUCED PLASMA CVD

1. Introduction1.1 Silica nanoparticles and synthesis methods Silica (SiO2) nanoparticles are widely used in industry asan active filler for polymer reinforcement, a rheologicaladditive in fluids, a free flow agent in powders, and anagent for chemical mechanical polishing during IC (inte-grated circuit) fabrication (Sniegowski & de Boer, 2000).Silica powder is also used for producing silicon carbide(Koc & Cattamanchi, 1998) or opaque silica aerosols (Leeet al., 1995). Many methods can …     

THERMODYNAMIC AND PARTICLE-DYNAMIC STUDY FOR COMBUSTION SYNTHESIS OF TITANIA NANOPARTICLES

Recent referential studies on combustion synthesis of titania nanoparticles were briefly reviewed. Computations based on the minimization of Gibbs free energy were conducted to find the equilibrium compositions, the optimal reaction temperature, the suitable mole ratio of oxygen to titanium tetrachloride, and the best inlet positions of titanium tetrachloride. The mean particle diameter was obtained from particle-dynamic simulation. A combustion apparatuswas setup to synthesize titania nanoparticles by the oxidation and hydrolysis of titanium tetrachloride at high temperatures. Experimental investigation verified some results obtained from thermodynamic and particle-dynamic computations.     

润滑油中含水量对氮化硅陶瓷摩擦学性能的影响

本文对氮化硅陶瓷(Si_3N_4)在含水润滑油中的摩擦学性能进行了试验研究。结果表明,在本试验条件下,润滑油的含水量越大,氮化硅陶瓷的摩擦系数越高,磨损量也越大。     

陶瓷人工关节的跑合和摩擦性能研究

研究３种生物陶瓷材料（氧化铝，氮化硅和碳化硅）在水中的跑合及其摩擦特性。结果表明：跑合前，氮化硅－氮化硅摩擦副的起始摩擦因数和稳态摩擦因数最高，碳化硅－碳化硅磨擦副的起始摩擦因数和稳态摩擦因数最低，跑合后，氧化铝－氧化铝摩擦副的稳态摩擦因数最高，碳化硅－碳化硅摩擦副的起始摩擦因数和稳态摩擦因数仍然最低。当摩擦副表面均加工到超光洁状态（表面粗糙度Ｒａ为纳米数量级）时，碳化硅－碳化硅摩擦副的摩擦性能最     

某公路路基填土工程地质性质研究

盱眙地区软土成因复杂,矿物成分特殊,本文通过对其矿物成分、化学成分、颗粒分析、物理指标、膨胀性、压缩性等试验研究,对该软土的工程性质取得一些认识。结果认为该类软土中粘土矿物含量高、亲水性强,填土液塑限高、有机质含量高;在含水量高时碾压成饼状,含水量低时坚硬难以破碎,不能直接做路基填料,采用常规的掺灰处理效果不理想,是一种特殊性软土。     

含氮类金刚石薄膜的力学和摩擦学性能的研究

利用脉冲等离子体增强化学气相沉积系统沉积了含氮类金刚石碳薄膜.利用X射线光电子能谱和红外光谱分析了薄膜的化学键状态,在UMT摩擦磨损试验机上考察了薄膜的摩擦学性能,利用扫描电子显微镜分析了摩擦对偶球表面的转移膜形貌.结果表明:随着薄膜中氮含量的增加,薄膜中的sp2C含量增加,硬度有所降低,薄膜的平均摩擦系数先减小后增加.     

TA2表面磁控溅射CNx/SiC薄膜的纳米压痕与摩擦磨损性能

采用室温磁控溅射技术在工业纯钛(TA2)表面制备出氮化碳/碳化硅(CNx/SiC)双层薄膜,SiC为中间层.研究了CNx薄膜的纳米压痕行为和摩擦磨损性能.试验结果表明:CNx薄膜的纳米硬度(H)为15.80 GPa,杨氏弹性模量(E)为130.88 GPa,硬度与弹性模量比值(H/E)为0.121;与φ4mm的氮化硅球对摩,在载荷1.96 N、室温Kokubo人体模拟体液条件下,CNx薄膜的磨损速率为10-6mm3/(m·N)级,摩擦系数约为0.124,磨损后薄膜未出现裂纹和剥落.分析表明,薄膜具有的良好抗磨性能与其H/E高、抗腐蚀性强以及摩擦系统摩擦系数低相一致.     

镁合金表面磁控溅射CNx/SiC/Ti多层膜的摩擦磨损性能

采用室温磁控溅射技术在镁合金(AZ91D)表面制备了CNx/SiC/Ti(氮化碳/碳化硅/钛)多层膜(SiC、Ti为中间层),研究了CNx薄膜的纳米压痕行为和摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:CNx薄膜具有低的纳米硬度(6.67GPa)、低的弹性模量(54.68GPa)和高的硬度与弹性模量比值(0.122);在以氮化硅球为对摩副的室温干摩擦条件下摩擦系数约为0.162,磨损率在10-6mm3/(m.N)级,薄膜经长时间(3.5h)磨损后未出现裂纹和剥落.分析表明,摩擦化学和硬度与弹性模量比值对摩擦系数和磨损率有重要影响.     

Comparison of tensile and bulge tests for thin-film silicon nitride

The mechanical properties of thin-film, low-pressure chemical vapor deposited silicon nitride were measured in uniaxial tension and by a bulge test method suitable for wafer-level testing. This research compares the two approaches and presents additional data on silicon nitride. The common property from the two test methods is the Young's modulus. Tensile tests performed at the Johns Hopkins University provided a value of 257±5 GPa. Bulge tests conducted by Exponent, Inc., an engineering and scientific consulting firm, yielded a value of 258±1 GPa. It is concluded that this bulge test is a valid wafer-level test method. These tensile results, when added to earlier results, yield the following properties for low-stress silicon nitride: Young's modulus =255±5 GPa, Poisson ratio=0.23±0.02, and fracture strength=5.87±0.62 GPa.     

几种铝锡硅铜合金的摩擦磨损特性

采用环－块摩擦磨损试验机，考察了含Ｓｉ质量分数为１％～５％的Ａｌ－２０Ｓｎ－Ｓｉ－１Ｃｕ合金及传统的Ａｌ－２０Ｓｎ－１Ｃｕ合金的摩擦磨损性能．结果表明：几种Ａｌ－２０Ｓｎ－Ｓｉ－１Ｃｕ合金的磨损率低于Ａｌ－２０Ｓｎ－１Ｃｕ合金的磨损率，并且随Ｓｉ含量的增加而降低．干摩擦时，摩擦因数随Ｓｉ含量的增加无明显变化；油润滑时摩擦因数则随Ｓｉ含量的增加而略微减小．两类合金的摩擦因数均随滑动速度的增加而减小，随摩擦时间的增加先增加后减小并趋于稳定．磨损表面的ＳＥＭ分析表明：Ａｌ－２０Ｓｎ－Ｓｉ－１Ｃｕ合金在干摩擦下的磨损机制主要是磨粒磨损和氧化磨损，而Ａｌ－２０Ｓｎ－１Ｃｕ合金则包括粘着、疲劳及磨粒磨损等多种形式．在油润滑下，两者的磨损机理则分别为犁削作用和疲劳磨损及分层磨损．     

Defect nucleation in SOI wafers due to hydrogen ion implantation

Hydrogen ion implantation in the Smart-Cut production process leads to fracture of Si–Si bonds, formation of microcavities and splitting of a single-crystal silicon wafer. In the present paper, an analysis model for defect nucleation induced by hydrogen ion implantation is established based on the continuum mechanics theory accounting for the crystal structure of silicon. Using this model and probability theory, an analytical expression is derived to calculate the defect density as a function of the hydrogen ion implantation dose and the temperature.     

Effect of pressure on mass absorption in an ammonia–water absorption system

Absorption phenomenon of ammonia vapor into ammonia water solution has been investigated experimentally, by inserting superheated ammonia vapor into a test cell containing a stagnant pool of ammonia water solution. Before commencing the experiment, the pressure in the test cell corresponds to the equilibrium vapor of the ammonia–water system at room temperature. When the valve is opened, mechanical equilibrium is established quickly and the pressure in the test cell becomes equal to that of the ammonia vapor cylinder. The difference between the initial pressure in the vapor cylinder and the initial pressure in the test cell is found to have a major influence on the absorption rate. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of this initial pressure difference on the absorption rate of ammonia vapor. A correlation which gives the total absorbed mass of ammonia as a function of the initial concentration, the initial pressure difference and time is derived. In addition the absorbed mass at no pressure difference could be estimated from the absorbed mass at initial pressure difference.     

Laser-Raman remote temperature sensing in liquids

A feasibility study has been conducted on the use of laser-Raman spectroscopy as a remote temperature sensing technique for liquids. Empirical relations between the temperature and parameters describing Raman band intensities were determined over a temperature range of 15 to 65 °C in carbon tetrachloride, benzene, ethylene glycol, aqueous sodium nitrate (5 M), and water. Using a 2-W argon ion laser and two 0.25-m monochromators in tandem, it was possible to measure temperatures in water to within 2 °C and, in ethylene glycol, to within 4 °C.     

Criterion for establishing deviations from the local thermodynamic equilibrium in atmospheric pressure plasma jets

In this paper a dimensionless parameter is defined which allows the prediction of the thermodynamic state in the field-free plasma jet of D. C. operated plasma torches of various designs. This dimensionless parameterP is derived from the conservation equations applied to a two-step temperature and velocity model and contains only quantities which can be experimentally determined without using sophisticated equipment. Critical values ofP based on a critical electron density of 10¹⁶ cm^?3 have been calculated for argon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and helium and corresponding values of P_crit have been determined experimentally for two different D. C. operated argon plasma torches using various diagnostic techniques. The experimental values corroborate the assumptions made for the calculation of P_crit. ForP < P_crit, substantial deviations from the local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) may occur.     

羽状氮化碳水润滑剂对环氧树脂-不锈钢配副摩擦学性能的影响

随着人们环保意识的逐渐增强,对可能存在污染或破坏环境且造成资源浪费的生产活动以及设备的更新升级提出了新的更高的要求. 对于介质润滑领域,尤其是应用广泛且节能环保的水润滑领域,相比传统的润滑油,水作为润滑剂除了安全性高和具有冷却作用外,最大特点就是绿色环保、节约资源且成本低廉. 但是,纯水本身具有一些不足之处,比如黏度低、耐极压能力差、承载和润滑性能差等,导致纯水不适合直接作为润滑剂,这在很大程度上限制了涉及水润滑相关产业的发展. 基于此,在本文中以柠檬酸和尿素为原料,采用一步水热法合成了羽状氮化碳材料. 此方法的特点在于可将氮化碳原位分散于水中,制成水基润滑剂,既实现了溶质的均匀分散和有效抑制团聚,同时可以制备微米级分布的水溶性氮化碳材料. 将其作为水润滑剂,利用环-块摩擦磨损试验机,以逐滴滴加的方式考察了不同质量分数羽状氮化碳对环氧树脂-不锈钢配副在苛刻边界润滑条件下的摩擦学性能. 材料的微观形貌表征结果表明:体相氮化碳在水热条件下直接发生了层间剥离,生成了层间结构蓬松的羽状结构材料. 由于水热条件下的高温和高压环境,导致其层间结合强度显著降低. 同时,蓬松的层间结构有利于氮化碳材料在摩擦过程中向界面转移,在界面形成薄而连续的转移膜. 界面转移物质的拉曼分析结果表明:相较于单纯去离子水,以羽状氮化碳为水润滑剂时,金属对偶表面转移的含碳物质的有序化程度显著提高,而且有序化程度随着水润滑剂中氮化碳含量的增加而逐步提高,间接表明氮化碳材料在界面形成了结构有序的转移膜. 而且氮化碳基转移膜的承载能力和润滑性能俱佳,它可有效保护环氧树脂(EP)-不锈钢配副,避免单纯去离子水润滑时因其承载和润滑性能差导致EP严重磨损的发生. 纯去离子水作为润滑剂时,配副的摩擦系数和EP磨损量分别为0.56和2.92×10?4 mm3/(N·m). 而逐滴添加质量分数20%的羽状氮化碳水润滑剂,上述配副的摩擦系数和EP磨损量分别下降了71.4%和78.1%. 原位水基羽状氮化碳作为一种新型绿色环保水润滑剂,在聚合物-金属配副的润滑设计和使用寿命延长方面具有一定的研究价值和应用潜力.      

碳化硅陶瓷基复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

以不同孔隙率的C/C复合材料为预制体,以甲基三氯硅烷(CH3SiCl3)为反应源气、氩气为载气、高纯氢气为稀释气体,采用化学气相渗透法(CVI)制备一系列C/C-SiC复合材料,在MM-1000型摩擦磨损试验机上对C/C-SiC复合材料的摩擦磨损性能进行评价,分析不同原始密度及组分含量等因素对复合材料摩擦性能的影响.结果表明:随着预制体密度增加,C/C-SiC复合材料的平均摩擦系数、摩擦力矩和平均单位面积吸收功率等增大,刹车时间和线磨损率降低;C/C-SiC复合材料具有较高的静摩擦系数,其中预制体原始密度为1.44 g/cm3的复合材料较适用于刹车材料.     

环境水氧对纳米氮化铝/聚四氟乙烯复合材料摩擦学性能的影响

采用超声分散法制备出纳米氮化铝/聚四氟乙烯(AlN/PTFE)复合材料,使用线性往复摩擦磨损试验机在大气和干燥氩气中对比测试了该复合材料摩擦学性能. 结果表明:大气环境下,纳米氮化铝质量分数为5%时可以将聚四氟乙烯磨损率降低4个数量级[1×10?7 mm3/(N·m)]. 而在同样摩擦测试条件的干燥氩气环境中,使用纳米氮化铝只能将聚四氟乙烯磨损率降低2个数量级[1×10?5 mm3/(N·m)]. 利用三维轮廓仪、扫描电镜、红外光谱仪和光电子能谱仪对金属对偶表面形成转移膜的形貌和化学成分进行分析. 研究发现:大气环境的摩擦过程中,聚四氟乙烯与环境水氧发生摩擦化学反应生成了富含羧酸盐的转移膜,显著提高了复合材料耐磨性能;干燥氩气中,水氧的缺失使复合材料无法在摩擦中生成富含羧酸盐的转移膜,影响材料耐磨性能的进一步提高.      

直流法制备类富勒烯碳氢薄膜的摩擦学性能研究

采用直流等离子体化学气相沉积(dc-PECVD)技术,以甲烷为前驱体,在单晶硅表面制备了含氢类富勒烯(FL-C∶H)薄膜.简化了含氢类富勒烯(FL-C∶H)薄膜的脉冲偏压协助等离子体化学气相制备过程(mcPECVD),通过高分辨率透射电镜和拉曼光谱确定了FL-C∶H薄膜的微观结构和薄膜内的富勒烯含量;通过纳米压痕和往复摩擦试验对比了两种方法制备的FL-C∶H与传统的DLC薄膜的硬度及摩擦性能.结果表明:与用脉冲偏压协助方案制备的含氢类富勒烯薄膜相比,直流方案制备的FL-C∶H薄膜具有相似的微观结构,更优异的机械特性及摩擦学性能,同时该薄膜表现出对载荷、频率和相对湿度的低敏感性.     

拜耳法干式赤泥基本特性及堆场运行特征分析

拜耳法赤泥矿物成分特殊,力学性能较差,平果铝赤泥堆场利用拜耳法赤泥筑坝在国内尚属首次。通过对拜耳法赤泥颗分情况、矿物及化学组成、物理力学特性等进行试验研究,认为赤泥中Fe2O3含量较高、粒径较细且属于级配不良的土; 结合平果铝赤泥堆场目前的运行情况,分析了赤泥堆场目前运行时存在的排水系统、赤泥固结等几个问题,指出了赤泥堆场堆存后期有可能由于赤泥排水缓慢而导致堆场底部赤泥长期被水浸泡,从而对堆场的稳定性造成一定影响。     

The Use of Chemical Potential to Describe Water Transfer in Complex Media with Strong Solid–Liquid Bonding

We consider a complex medium composed of finely intertwined micro-skeletons and micro-compartments where water transfer can occur. In these media, at low moisture content, water pressure measurement is not longer possible. Mass transfer is then expressed in terms of chemical potential gradient. The assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium, resulting in the uniformity of water chemical potential in all microstructures, is essential to define a sorption isotherm reflecting the relationship between water activity and average moisture content. In this case, it is also possible to describe water transfer by using the chemical potential gradient. Radial water transfer in wood is examined using a destructive method for calculating water flux and chemical potential gradient at the same position and at the same time. We deduce the variation of transport coefficient as a function of moisture content.