Multifunctional and compact spectrometers based on cylindrical beam volume holograms

We propose a new class of slitless spectrometers using cylindrical beam volume holograms. These holograms disperse an input beam in one direction in an output plane while they do not affect the beam in the perpendicular direction. We show that the spectral mapping of the input beam can be obtained in one direction and the beam can be independently modified in the perpendicular direction. Using this unique property, we demonstrate a spectral wrapping technique to considerably increase the operation spectral range of the slitless spectrometers, without sacrificing their resolution.     

Spatial resolution of X-ray line emission in laser produced plasma by shadow techniques

Spatial resolution of X-ray emission from laser-produced plasmas is obtained by placing a 500 μm wire between the plasma and a slitless crystal spectrometer. The sizes of emitting regions of various spectral lines, as well as electron temperature and density spatial profiles are deduced for an Al plasma.     

可获得高分辨率谱线信息的新型太阳极紫外成像仪

极紫外光谱观测和诊断是研究太阳大气基本物理过程的最重要手段之一。但因为波长短,很多可见光仪器的设计方案不再适用,且极紫外观测只能在太空中开展。国际上现有卫星上的太阳极紫外成像仪和光谱仪都有各自的不足,比如极紫外成像仪不能获得高光谱分辨率的谱线信息;狭缝式光谱仪通过扫描可得到活动区域的信息,但扫描时间过长,对于研究剧烈变化的太阳活动有很大的局限性。这些不足制约了对日冕物质抛射(CME)和耀斑等太阳活动的高精度观测及对其机理的研究：无法看到CME在内日冕的加速过程,而且无法将可见光看到的CME现象同极紫外看到的日面源区直接联系;缺少观测目标的视向速度信息,难以识别CME的触发过程。采用多级衍射成像方式的一种新型太阳极紫外成像仪,除实现传统极紫外成像仪功能外,还可以在太阳活动变化过程中同步获得全日面各区域的光谱信息。新型成像仪可以得到高光谱分辨率数据,用于反演低日冕的等离子体视向速度,获得全日面的速度分布,与同时得到的高空间分辨率图像相结合,可以识别太阳活动现象对应的物质运动, 为空间科学研究提供数据;因为没有狭缝和运动部件,可以实现对大视场的太阳活动区域的高时间分辨率成像,有利于捕捉日面活动的快速变化。新型成像仪采用无狭缝光谱分光成像的设计理念,即同一时间把一定光谱带宽的信息记录到一个二维的图像上,此过程可以看成是从某一个角度将空间和光谱数据立方体投影到一个面上,然后再利用反演得到空间分辨图像和光谱信息。多级光谱成像的光学设计与传统光谱仪最大的不同是其不存在逐行扫描的狭缝,这使得其能够同时获得大视场内太阳的空间信息和光谱信息。因为极紫外波段的特殊性,以及本仪器面向卫星遥感应用,不可能像可见光波段或者医用CT机一样实现很多衍射级的同时成像。因此,新型极紫外成像仪光学系统由反射镜、色散光栅和五个探测器组成,入射的太阳极紫外辐射经过光栅色散后分别由五个级次的探测器接收,其中四个探测器分部接收±1和±2衍射级图像,另外一个接收0级图像。空间信息可以直接从0级图像得到,而光谱信息则需要根据五个级次成像的反演结果得出。介绍了光学系统的设计以及反演算法,并分析了反演算法的误差。光路基于变间距光栅设计,可实现空间分辨率1.8 arcsec·pixel-1, 光谱分辨率7.8×10-3 nm·pixel-1,同时减小了体积和重量,适合空间应用。     

一种光谱分辨率可调的新型空间调制傅里叶变换光谱仪

调整光谱仪的光谱分辨率,可使光谱仪在满足不同目标测量需求的同时,减少数据采集、处理和存储的时间,提高仪器的整体性能。为克服传统傅里叶变换光谱仪的光谱分辨率固定的缺点,提出了一种分辨率可调的空间调制傅里叶变换光谱仪。介绍了该新型光谱仪及其干涉仪的工作原理,利用光线追迹的方法推导了光程差和横向剪切量的计算公式,并分析了新型干涉仪的光程等效模型。在此基础上,分析了光谱分辨率的调节原理。结果表明,该光谱分辨率可调的新型空间调制傅里叶变换光谱仪克服了传统光谱仪分辨率固定、稳定性差等缺点,具有分辨率可调、高稳定性、结构灵活和易于装调等特点。该研究内容为分辨率可调的干涉光谱仪的设计提供了理论基础,扩展了傅里叶变换光谱仪的实用范围。     

高反射效率高定向性的热解石墨晶体X射线谱仪

基于高定向热解石墨晶体(highly oriented pyrolitic graphite,HOPG)研制了一种新型反射式X射线谱仪.该谱仪具有高反射效率、较高能谱分辨率及相对较宽的能谱测量范围.根据计算,在相同的入射条件下,该谱仪的效率比一般X射线弯晶谱仪高3个量级;谱仪能谱分辨率理论值最高达350;理论探测范围是6.891keV至9.193 keV.我们将该谱仪应用在高功率密度激光与固体靶相互作用的实验中,发现在普通弯晶谱仪无法采到信号的实验条件下,HOPG谱仪依然采集到清晰的Cu K谱线.分析发现在8.048 keV(Cu的Kα光子能量)附近的能谱分辨能力最高达到40 eV,分辨率大于200.     

High resolution X-ray spherically bent crystal spectrometer for laser-produced plasma diagnostics

A new high spectral resolution crystal spectrometer is designed to measure very low emissive X-ray spectra of laser-produced plasma in 0.5-0.9 nm range. A large open aperture （30 ×20 （mm）） mica （002） spherically bent crystal with curvature radius R = 380 mm is used as dispersive and focusing element. The imaging plate is employed to obtain high spectral resolution with effective area of 30 × 80 （mm）. The long designed path of the X-ray spectrometer beam is 980 mm from the source to the detector via the crystal. Experiment is carried out at a 20-J laser facility. X-ray spectra in an absolute intensity scale is obtained from Al laserproduced plasmas created by laser energy of 6.78 J. Samples of spectra obtained with spectral resolution of up to E/△E - 1500 are presented. The results clearly show that the device is good to diagnose laser high-density plasmas.     

A Novel Crystal Spectrometer in Laser Produced Plasma Diagnostic Experiments

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Optical system design of the Dyson imaging spectrometer based on the Fery prism

Imaging spectrometer has obtained wide development since rich feature information can be obtained by it; now, we focus on its high spectral resolution and miniaturization. In this paper, we design the Dyson imaging spectrometer system based on Fery prism. The average spectral resolution is 4.3 nm and the structure of the total length is 229 mm. It is a small, high-spectrometer imaging system. The front and rear surface of the traditional prism are plane, but the surfaces of the Fery prism are spherical, which can provide some optical power to realize imaging function and produce the dispersion effect. The Fery prism does not need to be placed in the parallel optical path, which simplifies the collimator lens and the imaging lens and are necessary in the prism spectrometer, making it possible to obtain a compact spectrometer. Full-spectrum transmittance of the prism is up to 94 %. Compared to the convex grating, the energy efficiency is greatly improved, and the free spectral range is wider, and its dispersion will not bring higher-order spectral aliasing problem. The small high spectrometer only includes two components. Its spectral range is from 400 to 1000 nm, covering the near-ultraviolet to near-infrared. The various aberrations of the typical spectrum are corrected. The spectrometer is excellent in performance.     

数字微镜哈达玛光谱仪谱线弯曲的分析与修正

由于数字微镜（digital micro-mirror device, DMD)哈达玛变换光谱仪其成本低,光能利用率高及无运动部件等优势,逐渐成为光谱仪领域的研究重点。研制了一款基于DMD的哈达玛变换光谱仪。为了解决光谱仪谱线弯曲造成的光谱分辨率下降的问题,对基于DMD的哈达玛变换光谱仪中的谱线弯曲所引起的谱带混叠进行了分析。首先,导出了谱带混叠与谱线弯曲的关系式。然后,提出了两个过程来解决谱带混叠,一是通过调整DMD编码条纹,使DMD所编码的谱带最大限度地与标准谱带重合; 二是通过数据处理对谱带混叠进行修正。最后,通过对谱线曲率半径为5.8×104,7.8×104和9.7×104 μm等六种情况下谱带混叠进行了分析与修正,拟合出光谱混叠和修正效果与谱线曲率半径的关系。结果表明： 对于不同程度的谱线弯曲经过这两个过程修正后,分辨率都会改善到接近光学系统的分辨率, 说明这两个过程对修正谱线弯曲具有普适性、并且方法简单、有效。     

Effect of the Temperature Gradient on the X-ray Diffraction Spectrum of a Quartz Crystal

The spectra of X-ray diffraction from the reflecting atomic plane (1 0 1? 1) of a quartz single crystal are studied in Laue geometry under the action of temperature gradient on a BDER-KI-11K spectrometer with a resolution of 300 eV on the Am241 line of 17.74 keV. The temperature gradient leads to an increase in the intensity of the diffracted beam depending on the heating temperature. It is shown that the intensity of X-ray diffraction in Laue geometry may increase at a temperature gradient of 250°C/cm by two orders of magnitude in comparison with the uniform temperature state of the crystal. The rocking curve of the reflected beam is obtained at a fixed observation angle of 6° and a specified temperature gradient. It is demonstrated that the intensity of the reflected beam increases with increasing temperature gradient (to a certain value), while the spectral width of the reflection line remains constant and is governed by the energy resolution of the spectrometer. A further growth in the temperature gradient leads to an increase in the spectral width of the reflection line with decreasing intensity of the reflected beam.     

傅里叶变换光谱仪多次反射杂光对调制度的影响分析

为满足遥感探测领域对高光谱干涉探测仪的高信噪比和高光谱分辨率的要求,针对我国目前在研高光谱分辨率傅里叶变换光谱仪,详细分析了采用分束器及补偿器分光方案的迈克尔逊干涉仪中,增透面上多次反射杂光对光谱仪调制度的影响。分析表明增透面透过率越低,光谱仪调制度越低。理论分析发现,引入分束器和补偿器的楔角和倾斜角可以实现正常光斑与多次反射光斑分离,从而减弱甚至消除多次反射杂光的影响。通过理论计算给出了二次反射杂光与正常光路夹角与楔角和倾斜角的关系式,并依据光斑分离要求确定了楔角和倾斜角优化方法。由于干涉仪结构参数的相互关联特性,在优化楔角和倾斜角后,需要对入射角进行调整,使得反射光路与透射光路关于分束面对称,以消除其对光谱分辨率的影响;需要对补偿器厚度进行调整匹配,消除由于角度调整引入的正常光路光程差改变导致的调制度下降。按此步骤进行设计优化,在保持原有高精度设计指标的前提下,可消除干涉仪多次反射杂光的影响,该干涉仪优化设计步骤及结构参数调整方法适用于采用分束器补偿器分光方案的傅里叶变换光谱仪。     

微小型光栅光谱仪光学系统的特点与光谱分辨率的提高

微小型光谱仪的设计制作可以采用多种方法,其结构特点和光谱分辨率也各不相同,目前实用高光谱分辨率微小型光谱仪采用的是光栅色散型光学系统.简要回顾了微小型光谱仪的发展过程,分析了典型的光栅色散型微小型光谱仪采用的光学系统,如基于罗兰圆的光学系统,基于Czerny-Turner的光学系统的特点,总结了提高微小型光栅光谱仪光谱分辨率采用的方法和技术,特别是解决光谱仪的微小型化和光谱分辨率之间的矛盾以及测量光谱范围和光谱分辨率之间的矛盾的方法,从而为新型微小型光谱仪的研制提供经验和借鉴.     

外差式偏振干涉成像光谱技术研究

提出了一种新型的基于Savart偏光镜的外差式偏振干涉成像光谱技术,该技术在偏振干涉成像光谱仪中引入一对平行偏振光栅对,使其得到的干涉图频率与波数相关,具有了波数外差的特点,降低了干涉图频率,从而可利用较少的采样点数实现很高的光谱分辨率.对外差式偏振干涉成像光谱技术的基本原理进行了研究,详细分析了系统光程差、干涉图表达式、光谱分辨率以及光谱复原方法等.最后给出了外差式偏振干涉成像光谱仪的设计实例并进行了计算机仿真模拟,所复原的光谱与输入光谱曲线相符合,验证了方案的正确性.外差式偏振干涉成像光谱仪具有结构紧凑、光通量高、稳定性强、光谱分辨率高的特点,尤其适合超小型高稳定性、高探测灵敏度的高光谱探测应用.     

ENDOR spectroscopy at 275 GHz

A pulsed ENDOR spectrometer operating at a microwave frequency of 275 GHz is described. The results demonstrate that this type of spectroscopy can now be performed routinely at this high microwave frequency. The advantages compared to conventional EPR frequencies are the high spectral resolution, time resolution, and sensitivity.     

激光等离子体球面晶体光谱成像

 利用自聚焦原理,研制了一种新型的球面弯晶谱仪。晶体分析器采用云母材料,其弯曲半径为380 mm,布拉格角为51°。利用成像板接收光谱信号,其有效面积为30 mm×80 mm,从等离子体源经晶体到成像板的光程长为980 mm。物理实验在中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心20 J激光装置上进行,入射激光能量为6.78 J,成像板获得了铝激光等离子体X射线的光谱空间分辨信号。球面云母弯晶谱仪的光谱分辨率达到1 000～1 500,在相同环境放置的PET平晶的光谱分辨率为50～100。结果表明：球面弯晶具有较高的光谱分辨率和信噪比,适合于激光等离子体X射线的光谱学研究。     

Volume Bragg grating stabilized spectrally narrow Tm fiber laser

A Tm-doped large mode area (LMA) silica fiber laser has been locked to a stable wavelength of 2,053.9 nm using a volume Bragg grating (VBG). The measured spectral width of the laser output was <300 pm, limited by the spectrometer resolution. Although this laser had modest output (approximately 5W) and slope efficiency (41%), this new approach to spectrally limiting the output of LMA fiber lasers is inherently extendable to kilowatt powers, opening up several applications including high-power pulsed fiber lasers and spectral beam combining. Performance characteristics of the laser compared to one using a dielectric mirror as a high reflector are described, and the results imply low VBG losses.     

Design and performance analysis of a compact magnetic proton recoil spectrometer for DT neutrons

A magnetic proton recoil (MPR) spectrometer is a novel instrument with superior performance, including high energy resolution, high count rate and good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for measurements of neutron spectra from inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments and high power Tokomaks. In this work, the design of a compact MPR spectrometer (cMPR) was evaluated for deuteron-tritium (DT) neutron spectroscopy. The characteristics of the spectrometer were analyzed using 2-D beam transport simulations, 3-D particle transport calculations and Monte-Carlo simulations. Based on the theoretical results, an instrument design that satisfies special experimental requirements is proposed. The energy resolution and efficiency of the spectrometer are also evaluated. The results indicate that the proposed cMPR spectrometer would achieve a detection efficiency and energy resolution of approximately 10<'-8> and 4%, respectively, for DT neutrons.     

Prism interferometer for a compact Fourier-transform spectroscope

As a step toward a field-use spectrometer based on Fourier-transform spectroscopy, we have developed a prism-scanning interferometer. It consists of a sliding triangular prism with two mirror surfaces attached to a fixed triangular-prism beam splitter. This design eliminates the effect of ambient air and simplifies alignment, which can otherwise be time consuming. It also halves the stage-moving distance, because the optical path difference is doubled, since both mirrors move while the sliding prism is scanning. We have tested the basic operation of the prototype and found that the spectral resolution and the wavelength scale agree well with our simple calculation.     

一套用于研究原子团簇热力学的离子速度成像谱仪

原子团簇的激发温度可由反应产物（出射电子或碎片）的初始平动能这一可观测量间接获得,为了提高原子团簇激发温度的测量精度,设计并搭建了一套具有高动能分辨的离子速度成像谱仪。本谱仪的高动能分辨性能首先借助Simion8.0软件优化静电透镜和分子束限束装置的几何结构来实现,然后通过理论模拟证明本套谱仪具有预期好的动能分辨能力。设备搭建完成后,研究了C₆₀分子束在纳秒激光场中发生的延迟电离过程,获得了C₆₀+离子随延迟时间增加而逐渐变窄的二维时间切片图像。分析表明,激光脉冲产生的多个C₆₀+离子间的库仑耦合作用将会扩展二维切片图像的横向分布,提取库仑耦合作用对C₆₀+离子初始平动能的影响,并通过分析C₆₀+离子间的库仑耦合随延迟时间增加而逐渐变弱的定量依赖关系,证实了本套谱仪具有了设计预期的高动能分辨能力。这一工作为下一步基于离子速度成像技术细致研究分子热力学的相关课题提供技术参考。Excitation temperature of fragmenting atomic clusters can been extracted from the initial kinetic energies of ionic products. To improve the accuracy of the temperature measurements, we have designed an ionic velocity map imaging spectrometer with high kinetic energy resolution. Firstly, based on the simulations using Simion8.0 software, the high resolution is obtained by adjusting the structure of the electrostatic lenses and collimation of molecular beam. According to theoretical analysis, it is proved that the spectrometer has a well defined kinetic energy resolution. Then, we have studied the delay ionization processes of C60 induced by nanosecond laser. A series of narrowed two-dimensional time-sliced velocity images of the C60+ with increasing the delayed time were recorded. Analysis revealed that Coulomb force between C60+ clusters in same laser shots will broadening the transverse distribution of 2D image. Considering the influence of Coulomb force on initial kinetic energy of C60+ clusters, the high resolution has been proved by analysing the negative relationship between Coulomb force and delayed time. It indicates that the establishment of the spectrometer builds up a good basis for next experiments on the studies for molecular thermodynamics in atomic clusters.     

可用于现场快速检测的小型化多通道光谱测量系统

现有商用光谱仪虽然能够以极高的光谱分辨率对目标物进行测量与分析,但是存在系统复杂、体积庞大和价格昂贵等缺点,难以满足现场检测等应用需求.为了解决该问题,提出了可用于现场快速检测的小型化多通道光谱测量系统.相较于传统光谱仪,提出的小型化多通道光谱测量系统不仅结构紧凑而且光谱分辨率高;另外,多通道设计可以用于同时检测多个样...