渐变截面热声波导管内的声流解析模型

建立了二维渐变截面热声波导管内的声流模型,分别考虑了封闭直管和环形回路两种不同结构,获得了更为普适的解析结果。封闭直管结构的声流结果可应用于任意宽度的波导管,环路结构的结果考虑了渐变截面管段宽度远大于热、黏穿透深度的情形。研究结果表明,渐变截面热声波导管内的声流主要受声场结构、截面变化及轴向时均温度分布的影响,在其它参量不变时声流量值及分布随波导管特征尺度的不同而变化。该解析模型可应用于热声及其它物理背景下的声流分析。      

谐振管形状对热声发动机内非线性声场的影响

研究了谐振管一端受活塞声源激励,另一端刚性封闭条件下,管道形状对热声发动机谐振管内部非线性声场的影响。基于流体力学基本方程建立了渐变截面谐振管内一维非线性声场的模型,考虑了黏性耗散及非线性效应的影响。利用伽辽金法数值求解了该模型的速度势方程,分析了谐振管形状、活塞振动速度及激励频率对管内声场的影响。将双曲形、指数形、锥形、正弦形等四种变截面谐振管内的非线性声场与圆柱形直管的情况进行了比较。结果反映了谐振管内声场的压力波动受活塞振动速度及谐振管形状的影响;显示了当活塞振动幅度较大时,谐振管内出现的波形畸变、频率曲线偏移、共振频率滞后等非线性现象;揭示了变截面谐振管在抑制管内的高阶谐波及提高压比等方面的优越性。      

时均流诱导声振荡的数值计算研究

时均流诱导的声振荡可以为热声制冷提供驱动源或驱动发电机和换能器发电,为风能利用提供了新思路,是热声领域的最新研究方向之一。本文基于计算流体动力学(CFD)方法,建立了正十字型时均流激声发动机的三维数学模型,采用大涡模拟湍流模型计算。计算结果验证了时均流诱导声振荡效应,揭示出谐振管内声场分布和谐振管内部压力与开口处涡的关系,为后续的实验研究奠定了理论基础。     

时均流激声发动机声场特性实验研究

时均流激声发动机利用流体诱导声振荡效应把自然界的风和管道气体的动能转化为声场能,可驱动热声制冷机制冷或驱动发电机和换能器发电,为风能利用提供了新思路。在国内首次搭建了正十字型时均流激声发动机实验台,以一台高压风机提供的气流模拟自然风,获得了稳定的驻波声场。在此基础上,揭示了时均流速、平均压力、斯特劳哈尔数等对时均流诱导声振荡的影响。在平均压力为106.19 kPa、时均流速为50.52 m/s、谐振管长度为0.96 m的条件下,该正十字型时均流激声发动机谐振管内的压力振幅达6.20 kPa,约为平均压力的5.80%,为时均流激声发动机驱动发电装置和热声制冷研究奠定了实验基础。     

声边界层外非线性声流旋涡的理论及数值模拟

非线性声流旋涡在加速热、质传输过程和清除固体表面积灰等方面具有显著的优势。为探究换热管声边界层外非线性声流旋涡的流场特性,采用Nyborg极限滑移速度法数值模拟了平面驻波声场和行波场中二维换热管周围的非线性声流现象。与经典Rayleigh声流的解析解对比,验证了数值方法的可行性。数值计算表明,在驻波场中,换热管处于声压波节和声压波腹位置时,换热管外分别呈现出4个和8个轴对称分布的声流旋涡结构;当换热管偏离声压波节或声压波腹位置时,换热管外的声流旋涡结构不再呈轴对称分布。滑移速度分布的波峰和波腹总个数决定了声流旋涡的个数。在行波场中,声流旋涡的流场特性与声波频率f和声压级L呈现出强的非线性依赖关系,声流强度满足：U_{2 max}=6.95388e^-72L^33.50669f^-0.98828。     

近临界区CO_2对热声谐振管性能的影响分析

谐振管是热声热机的主要部件之一,减小声功在谐振管中的耗散对改善热声热机输出特性具有积极意义。由于近临界区流体的热物性具有特殊性,用其作为工质时将会对谐振管内的声功损耗产生重要影响。本文对声功在以近临界区CO_2为工质的谐振管中的损耗情况进行了计算和分析。结果显示,在本文的计算条件下,相较于压力较低的CO_2,采用近临界区CO_2作为工质可降低谐振管内的声功损耗,并在工作压力略低于临界压力时,谐振管内的声功损耗可达到最小值.此外,在保持谐振频率不变的情况下,采用近临界区CO_2作为工质可一定程度上缩短谐振管的长度。     

锥型热声谐振管内非线性声场的数值模拟研究

从声学角度出发,考虑粘性耗散、非线性效应及管型结构变化的影响,利用伽辽金法,对锥型热声谐振管内的一维声场进行了数值模拟研究,对谐振管结构参数对声场的影响进行了分析,给出了锥型管内压比随谐振管结构参数变化的规律,通过与圆柱型直管的比较,揭示了锥型管在抑制谐波及提高压比等方面的优越性。     

非均匀波导中的声聚焦

理论研究了声波在非均匀波导中的空间聚焦问题,利用多模态导纳法构建波导内任意位置处声压与入射声压在模态域的映射关系,计算使声波聚焦于空间某位置时的最佳入射波,并画出了相应的聚焦声场.研究了三种非均匀情况:水平变截面波导、含散射体波导以及声速垂直变化波导.结果表明,当输入最佳入射波时,在非均匀波导中可以产生良好的单点或多点声聚焦效果,声波的聚焦过程充分地利用了波导结构及介质非均匀性对声波的散射作用.     

95 GHz TE03模回旋管内置渐变波导设计

在耦合波理论的基础上,结合波导渐变曲线给出了普适高阶渐变波导设计方法,研究了95 GHz回旋管内置 TE03模式改进Dolph-Chebychev渐变波导。采用编制的数值计算程序进行优化,得到了可靠的最优几何参量,设计出了紧凑的95 GHz渐变波导。经全电磁场仿真验证,该内置渐变输出结构对杂模的抑制达30 dB,满足设计要求。回旋管的热测实验中测出的模式样图表明,所设计的内置渐变波导有效地实现了回旋管内径变化。该方法可以高效地指导高阶过模圆波导渐变结构的设计。     

指数型热声谐振管的固有频率

采用计算流体力学软件Fluent模拟研究了11种不同形状参数的指数型热声谐振管内二维非线性声场特性,分析了驱动频率和驱动强度对管内声压演化过程及固有频率的影响,并探索了指数管的固有频率与理论计算谐频之间的关系.研究发现:当驱动频率偏离谐振管固有频率时,管内将出现明显的"拍"现象;指数管的固有频率随驱动强度的增加而增加,呈现硬弹簧效应,但驱动强度对固有频率的影响较小并且在任何驱动下指数管的固有频率均小于理论计算谐频.针对所研究的指数型管,获得了其固有频率与理论计算谐频之间的关系式.结果表明,相同驱动下,形状参数m值约等于2.8的指数管所能获得的压力幅值及压比最大,且m=2.8指数管的固有频率与理论计算谐频之间的关系式与其他管型略有不同.      

Investigation on influencing factors of acoustic streaming in thermoacoustic waveguides with slowly varying cross-section

The influencing factors of acoustic streaming in thermoacoustic waveguides with slowly varying cross-section are analyzed based on theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. The distribution curves of acoustic streaming velocity in waveguides with different characteristic scales are presented in several specific cases.The results show that appropriate forms of varying cross-section can strengthen or weaken acoustic streaming for specific acoustic fields and the thermophysical parameters have no effect on this part.In addition,the influence of time-average temperature distribution on acoustic streaming is substantial in tubes with a width of the order of the thermal penetration depth.Without time-average temperature distribution,the effect of heat conduction on acoustic streaming is great in tubes whose width is an order of about 10 to 20 times the viscous penetration depth.     

Analytic model of acoustic streaming in thermoacoustic waveguides with slowly varying cross-section

An analytic model of acoustic streaming generated in two-dimensional thermoa-coustic waveguides with slowly varying cross-section was developed for more general applications. The analytical solutions of acoustic streaming characteristics in the closed straight tube and the annular tube are given based on the model.The solution for the closed straight tube can be applied to the case with any transverse scale.The solution for the annular tube is obtained under the assumption that the width of the varying cross-section part is much larger than the viscous and thermal penetration depths.The effects of cross-section variation,time-averaged temperature distribution and components of sound field are reflected in the analytic solutions. The magnitude and distribution of acoustic streaming velocity vary with the characteristic scale of the waveguides.The analytic model of acoustic streaming can be applied in research under thermoacoustic and other physical backgrounds.     

Frequency modulation of waveguides in acoustic band-gap materials consisting of solid cylinders in viscous liquid

We investigated waveguides in acoustic band-gap materials consisting of steel cylinders in a liquid with viscous damping. Numerical results show that when the viscous penetration depth is comparable to the structural length scale, linear defect states fall in complete acoustic band gaps forming waveguides. It is also found that the magnitude of the viscosity in the liquid has an influence on the frequency of waveguides, that large viscous damping can make the defect modes ascend. An expected frequency of waveguides can be obtained by modulating the viscous damping parameter θ.     

New parameter correlations for deep penetration welding with high energy focused beams

As a result of the unification of two models previously described by the author, a three-dimensional treatment of the workpiece temperature distribution, which takes into consideration the solid to liquid phase change of the processed material, is presented for deep penetration welding (d.p.w.) with high energy focused beans.The new model improves the accuracy of weld geometry prediction by better correlating the shape, width and depth of the cross-section of the resolidified weld with beam characteristics, material thermophysical properties, workpiece velocity and preheating temperature.     

Buried ion-exchanged glass waveguides: burial-depth dependence on waveguide width

A detailed theoretical and experimental study of the depth dependence of buried ion-exchanged waveguides on waveguide width is reported. Modeling, which includes the effect of nonhomogeneous time-dependent electric field distribution, agrees well with our experiments showing that burial depth increases linearly with waveguide width. These results may be used in the proper design of integrated optical circuits that need waveguides of different widths at different sections, such as arrayed waveguide gratings.     

Magnetic resonance imaging of acoustic streaming: absorption coefficient and acoustic field shape estimation

In this study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to visualize acoustic streaming in liquids. A single-shot spin echo sequence (HASTE) with a saturation band perpendicular to the acoustic beam permits the acquisition of an instantaneous image of the flow due to the application of ultrasound. An average acoustic streaming velocity can be estimated from the MR images, from which the ultrasonic absorption coefficient and the bulk viscosity of different glycerol-water mixtures can be deduced. In the same way, this MRI method could be used to assess the acoustic field and time-average power of ultrasonic transducers in water (or other liquids with known physical properties), after calibration of a geometrical parameter that is dependent on the experimental setup.     

The preheating temperature parameter for deep penetration welding with high energy focused beams

The effects of workpiece preheating at steady state deep penetration welding with high energy focused beams upon weld cross-section width and depth are investigated theoretically.Parameter correlations, with special attention focused on the preheating of the workpiece are presented as analytic expressions and visualized in a nomograph. Preheating leads to weld width and depth increase. The theoretical correlations are in qualitative agreement with experimental results reported in the literature.     

Specific features of the space-time structure of acoustic signals in multimode waveguides

The effect of the diffraction focusing of an acoustic field on the space-time intensity distribution of narrow-band pulsed signals in multimode oceanic waveguides is analytically and numerically studied. The laws governing this effect and its specific features are illustrated by the results of calculations based on the standard ray approximation and the mode theory for the acoustic field in an isovelocity waveguide.