Characteristics of LM-OSL from several different types of quartz

We present Linear-Modulation OSL (LM-OSL) curves from several different types of quartz, including sedimentary quartz, bulk rock crystal and synthetic quartz. The LM-OSL method consists of linearly increasing the intensity of the stimulation light while continuously monitoring the OSL emission from the sample. With this technique, one obtains peaks of luminescence intensity versus time (Bulur, 1996) in which the position of the peak is inversely related to the photoionization cross-section of the trap. The shape of the LM-OSL curve is directly related to the shape of the conventional OSL decay curve in which the stimulating light source is maintained at constant intensity (so-called Continuous-Wave OSL, or CW-OSL). In the latter, the OSL from the traps with the highest photoionization cross-section decays most rapidly with stimulation time, while OSL from those traps with smaller photoionization cross-sections is characterized by longer decay times. In this paper, data are presented comparing the CW-OSL and LM-OSL curves for several different quartz types with particular focus on the changes in the shapes of each of these curves with sample type pre-heat temperature, and measurement temperature. Several different LM-OSL components are found for each sample, each with different photoionization cross-sections, but a universal behavior for quartz is not observed; each sample is different. From the dependence upon pre-heat temperature, features associated with shallow traps can be identified. Traps which empty very rapidly can be observed more easily in the LM-OSL curves than in the conventional CW-OSL curves, and the temperature dependence of the photoionization cross-section for the various components can be clearly discerned.     

Theoretical Studies on Photoionization Cross Sections of Solid Gold

Accurate expression for photoabsorption (photoionization) cross sections of high density system proposed recently is used to study the photoionization of solid gold. The results show that the present theoretical photoionization cross sections have good agreement both in structure and in magnitude with the experimental results of gold crystal. The studies also indicate that both the real part ε' and the imaginary part ε" of the complex dielectric constant ε, and the dielectric influence function of a nonideal system have rich structures in low energy side with a range about 50 eV, and suggest that the influence of particle interactions of surrounding particles with the photoionized particle on the photoionization cross sections can be easily investigated using the dielectric influence function. The electron overlap effects are suggested to be implemented in the future studies to improve the accuracy of theoretical photoionization cross sections of a solid system.     

Strong-field photoionization of intense laser fields by controlling optical singularities

The spatial features of a light field, such as in the form of the optical singularities, provide a new degree of freedom for the application of light fields in different areas of science and technology. However, although the exploration of structured light is growing rapidly, the investigation of strong-field photoionization using such light fields is noticeably lagging behind. Here, we present an experimental study that reveals the signatures of intense, structured light fields with controlled optical singularities in strong-field photoionization. The different types of optical singularities can be identified through photoionization observables,i.e., photoelectron momentum distributions(PMDs). By concurrently shifting the locations of the phase and polarization singularities, the focal electric field features can be designated, and subsequently, the photoionization appearances can be manipulated. In this process, the behaviors of the different intense optical singularities are clearly visualized by the PMDs. This work will advance both the strong-field science and singularity optics.     

细致能级光电离与辐射复合速率系数的计算及讨论

在以前所计算的细致能级光电过程截面数据的基础上,用修正的Gramm-Schmidt方法做三次样条函数的最小二乘拟合,在LTE近似条件下,取光子分布函数为Planck分布,自由电子分布函数为Maxwel分布,给出了光电离与辐射复合速率系数积分在样条参数下的表达式,并计算了类氦铷、类氦铌离子光电离与辐射复合速率系数。分析了能级跃迁下的速率系数向轨道跃迁速率系数的过渡关系,并对文[1]给出的半经验公式进行了评价。     

Photoionization microscopy of Rydberg hydrogen atom in a non-uniform electrical field

In this paper,we investigate the photoionization microscopy of the Rydberg hydrogen atom in a gradient electric field for the first time.The observed oscillatory patterns in the photoionization microscopy are explained within the framework of the semiclassical theory,which can be considered as a manifestation of interference between various electron trajectories arriving at a given point on the detector plane.In contrast with the photoionization microscopy in the uniform electric field,the trajectories of the ionized electron in the gradient electric field will become chaotic.An infinite set of different electron trajectories can arrive at a given point on the detector plane,which makes the interference pattern of the electron probability density distribution extremely complicated.Our calculation results suggest that the oscillatory pattern in the electron probability density distribution depends sensitively on the electric field gradient,the scaled energy and the position of the detector plane.Through our research,we predict that the interference pattern in the electron probability density distribution can be observed in an actual photoionization microscopy experiment once the external electric field strength and the position of the electron detector plane are reasonable.This study provides some references for the future experimental research on the photoionization microscopy of the Rydberg atom in the non-uniform external fields.     

ASYMMETRY PARAMETERS AND DIFFERENTIAL CROSSSECTIONS FOR PHOTOIONIZATION-EXCITATION OF HELIUM

Asymmetry parameterβ2 for photoionization of helium leaving the He+ ion in the n = 2 level and differential cross sections(DCSs) in the n = 2, 3, 4 levels with photon emission angle θ=90°are provided at photon energies 69－76.8 eV employing the R-matrix method with a 20-term target representation, in which five polarization orbitals 6l are included. The asymmetry parameter β2 and the DCS, in the n=2 level in the region of 69－73eV, are in good agreement with available experimental and theoretical results. Above the n = 3 threshold, we present new theoretical results along with measurements. No theoretical and experimental results can be used to compare with the present calculations of the DCSs for photoionization into the He+ ion in the n = 3, 4 levels.     

基于激光共振电离质谱的钆奇宇称高激发态研究

钆同位素可作为生产医用同位素¹⁶¹Tb等的靶材,受限于高效光电离路径缺失等问题,目前仅能通过电磁方法生产,为实现钆的多步光电离,需要获取高激发态等光谱数据.基于国内自主研发的高分辨激光共振电离质谱,利用双色三步光电离方案,扫描了钆的36900～37700 cm^-1能区,首次获取了7条奇宇称高激发态能级,能级位置准确度可达±0.1 cm^-1,并根据角动量选择定则确定了可能的J值,同时发现了可用于质谱性能检验的单色光电离谱线.     

Theoretical studies on the photoionization cross-sections of solid silver

An alternative expression for photoionization cross-section of atoms or molecules and a dielectric influence function （DIF） in a high-density system proposed recently are used to study the photoionization cross-sections of solid silver. It is suggested that a density turning point （DTP） of a photoionized system may be viewed as the critical point where the photoionization properties of atoms in a real system may have a notable change. The results show that the present theoretical photoionization cross-sections are in good agreement with the experimental results of a silver crystal both in structure and in magnitude.     

用于真空紫外光吸收和光电离截面测量的多电极光电离室装置

详细介绍了所制的多电极真空紫外光电离室实验装置。它主要由光学聚焦系统、真空系统、多级光电离吸收室和数据采集系统四部分组成。其主要特点是使用圆筒形多级电极收集光电离产生的电子和离子，并能精确地测量分子的绝对光吸收、光电离和光离解截面，以及光电离量子产率和光学振子强度分布等。结合光电离质谱技术，可获得碎片离子的部分光电离截面。最后给出初步实验结果。     

Study of photoionization cross section of shallow donors in CdTe

The photoionization cross section of single crystals CdTe with different amounts of impurities has been studied at 4.2 K, both experimentally and theoretically. It has been found that for highly pure samples the photoionization peak is narrow. The observed behaviour can be explained with the help of a parameter χ, which is related to the region of the localization of the 1s electron of the impurity atom.     

Molecular photoelectron momentum and angular distributions of N_2 molecules by ultrashort attosecond laser pulses

The ultrafast photoionization dynamics of N_2 molecules by x-ray/XUV laser pulses is investigated.The molecular frame photoelectron momentum distributions(MF-PMDs) and the molecular frame photoelectron angular distributions(MF-PADs) are obtained by numerically solving 2 D time-dependent Schrodinger equations within the single-electron approximation(SEA) frame.The results show that the molecular photoionization diffraction appears in 5 nm laser fields.However,when the laser wavelength is 30 nm,the molecular photoionization diffraction disappears and the MF-PMDs show four-lobe pattern.The ultrafast photoionization model can be employed to describe the MF-PMDs and MF-PADs of N_2 molecules.     

ASYMMETRY PARAMETERS AND DIFFERENTIAL CROSS SECTIONS FOR PHOTOIONIZATION-EXCITATION OF HELIUM

Asymmetry parameter β₂ for photoionization of helium leaving the He⁺ ion in the n=2 level and differential cross sections(DCSs) in the n=2,3,4 levels with photon emission angle θ=90⁰ are provided at photon energies 69-76.8 eV employing the R-matrix method with a 20-term target representation, in which five polarization orbitals \bar{6}l are included. The asymmetry parameter β₂ and the DCS, in the n=2 level in the region of 69-73 eV, are in good agreement with available experimental and theoretical results. Above the n=3 threshold, we present new theoretical results along with measurements. No theoretical and experimental results can be used to compare with the present calculations of the DCSs for photoionization into the He⁺ ion in the n=3,4 levels.     

Photoionization microscopy

We present the first experimental results of a technique called photoionization microscopy. Photoelectrons ejected in threshold photoionization of Xe are detected in a velocity map imaging apparatus, and interferences between various trajectories by which the electron moves from the atom to the detector are observed. The structure of the interference pattern, which contains the transverse component of the electronic wave function, evolves smoothly with the excess energy above the saddle point. The main observed features are interpreted within the framework of the semiclassical approximation.     

高密度体系光电离截面新表达式的应用

利用实验光谱学的Beer Lambert定律和介质中的麦克斯韦方程组，建立了精确的光吸收（光电离）截面表达式，并通过一个随体系粒子数密度和宏观复介电常数而变化的变换函数，将严格截面公式与Fano和Cooper 1968年建立的理想气体的光电离截面公式直接联系起来.建议：1)当知道某密度下正确的体系宏观复介电常数β,γ时，可直接由严格表达式求得高密度下非理想状态的正确光电离截面；2)或当知道该体系的粒子微观极化率η,ζ和其理想气体的精确截面时，用上述变换公式间接求得其他密度时的光电离截面.对氩原子和氙原子的应用表明：当缺乏β,γ时，可由某一合理的宏观电极化率物理（例如克劳修斯-莫索缔）模型来计算β,γ，从而获得高密度体系的截面.这样获得的结果符合被散射物质的光电离（光吸收）截面随体系粒子数密度增大而增加的客观散射现象.而且，考虑了高密度真实体系中粒子间相互作用的宏观电极化率模型越正确，如此求得的散射截面的误差就越小. 关键词： 光电离截面 光吸收截面 介电常数 极化率     

The origin and elimination of spurious peaks in threshold electron photoionization spectra

Autoionization electrons in threshold photoionization spectra are known to occur. The effect of such electrons on the interpretation of threshold electron spectra is discussed and a new method is described which enables one to discriminate between zero kinetic energy electrons and energetic electrons in photoionization experiments with little ambiguity. The method largely overcomes the main problem present in some previously described threshold electron studies; namely, the line-of-sight transmission of energetic electrons which gives rise to non-threshold electron peaks. A rejection ratio of 25 is readily obtained for 0.038 eV electrons compared with threshold (zero kinetic energy) electrons and the (small) transition probability for energetic electrons falls off more rapidly than for analysers previously described. Design parameters based on electron trajectory calculations are given for the analyser used, and photoionization results on argon are presented.     

可扩展到生物医药激光检测的新方法和新技术

可见光波段激光"多色多光子光谱技术"应用到生物样品方面可替代紫外光,因为紫外光容易将生物分子打成碎片而破坏生物分子.可见光波段的激光多色多光子有选择地多步激发同样可达到紫外光所激发的能级位置,甚至可达到更高的激发能位,并不破坏生物样品,分辨率、灵敏度、选择性和探测目标的准确性更高.用一束二倍频Nd:YAG激光(重复频率10次·s-1)同步泵浦三台脉冲可调谐染料激光器、含微通道板组件的飞行时间质谱仪、纳秒示波器和Boxcar等测量了UI的多色三光子共振光电离谱和高时间分辨激光光谱;文章多项创新点在于:首次用激光诱导量子布居的图型法,给出了在三色三光子共振光电离实验中单色和双色三光子共振光电离谱峰产生的原因;解决了如何避免产生单色和双色峰的问题,也就是解决了如何避免产生"假峰"的问题,使多色三光子共振光电离纯度显著提高;在此基础上,不仪将相距很近、能级位置仪差0.642 cm-1、很难分开的铀同位素A和B两个谱峰很好地分开了,而且分别测得了这两个能级的激发态寿命值等.此技术不仪限于铀光谱研究,更重要的是提供了它的通用性新信息.这项基础研究新方法和新技术可扩展到生物和医药样品激光检测和分析研究领域.     

燃烧:一个不息的话题--同步辐射单光子电离技术在燃烧研究中的应用

燃烧应用于工业、农业、交通运输、国防等各个领域，提供了当今社会极大部分的能量需求。100多万年前人类就开始利用燃烧，人类研究燃烧已经有150多年的历史。本文介绍了将同步辐射真空紫外单光子电离技术结合分子束取样，应用于燃烧研究中，可以探测到燃烧中的各种中间物，包括稳定的和不稳定的产物。通过扫描光子能量，测量产物的光电离效率谱，可以区分其同分异构体，因此，利用这种新的诊断技术，在150年后的今天，我们仍然可以在火焰中发现很多新的燃烧中间体，为发展燃烧动力学模型提供精确的实验数据。最后，展望该方法在其它学科中的可能应用。     

燃烧：一个不息的话题——同步辐射单光子电离技术在燃烧研究中的应用

燃烧应用于工业、农业、交通运输、国防等各个领域,提供了当今社会极大部分的能量需求.100多万年前人类就开始利用燃烧,人类研究燃烧已经有150多年的历史.本文介绍了将同步辐射真空紫外单光子电离技术结合分子束取样,应用于燃烧研究中,可以探测到燃烧中的各种中间物,包括稳定的和不稳定的产物.通过扫描光子能量,测量产物的光电离效率谱,可以区分其同分异构体.因此,利用这种新的诊断技术,在150年后的今天,我们仍然可以在火焰中发现很多新的燃烧中间体,为发展燃烧动力学模型提供精确的实验数据.最后,展望该方法在其它学科中的可能应用.     

用组态相互作用理论研究He原子的非谐振光致电离

本文用组态相互作用理论研究Ｈｅ原子的非谐振光致电离。本文详细分析双重激发自电离态，考察第一电离阈值附近的非谐振谱，计算非谐振区的ｅ－Ｈｅ＋，１，３Ｐ散射位相移动及来自ｌｓｎｓ１，３Ｓ的光致电离截面，本文计算结果与实验观测值及现有的理论结果相比较，相当符合。     

Two-color photoionization and photoelectron studies by combining infrared and vacuum ultraviolet

Recent developments of two-color infrared (IR)-vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and VUV-IR photoionization and photoelectron detection schemes for spectroscopic studies are described. By preparing molecules in selected rovibrational states by IR excitation prior to VUV-photoionization, state-selected and state-to-state photoionization cross sections can be obtained by IR-VUV-photoionization efficiency (IR-VUV-PIE) and IR-VUV-pulsed field ionization-photoelectron (IR-VUV-PFI-PE) measurements, respectively. Rotationally resolved autoionizing Rydberg states converging to excited ionic states, which cannot be observed by single-photon VUV-PIE measurements, can be examined by the IR-VUV-PIE scheme. By monitoring the photoion and the PFI-PE intensities at a fixed VUV energy as a function of IR frequency, the respective IR photoion and IR absorption spectra of the corresponding neutral molecule can be measured. Two-color VUV-IR photo-induced Rydberg ionization (PIRI) experiment, in which high-n Rydberg states are prepared by VUV-photoexcitation followed by IR-induced autoionization, has also been demonstrated. Since the IR-VUV-PIE, IR-VUV-PFI-PE, and VUV-IR-PIRI methods do not require the existence of a bound intermediate electronic state in the UV and are generally applicable to all molecules, the development of these two-color photoionization and photoelectron schemes is expected to significantly enhance the scope of VUV spectroscopy and chemistry.