管道结构中的类兰姆波层析成像

理论和实验上研究了层析成像在管道结构导波检测中的适用性。在管的两个圆周带上分别布置发射和接收换能器,形成多点发射-多点接收的几何结构。将管中绕管道沿最短路径的螺旋方向到达接收换能器的模式作为感兴趣的模式,它们看起来像在弯曲的板中传播,称之为类兰姆波模式。给出了类兰姆波各射线路径走时的理论计算方法,并采用联合迭代重建技术(SIRT)对走时数据进行慢度图像重建。数值模拟和实验研究了管中横穿孔缺陷层析成像的输出并对健康管和缺陷管中类兰姆波的走时数据进行比较,发现穿过缺陷区域的类兰姆波因为绕过缺陷传播而呈现出更长的走时。文中也给出了两缺陷管道类兰姆波层析成像的数值模拟和实验结果,相比单缺陷的情况,射线较少穿过区域缺陷的重建图像质量下降。研究结果为采用类兰姆波模式进行管道缺陷无损评价提供了理论依据。      

基于RSSI和改进MCL算法的移动节点定位跟踪设计

由于传统节点定位方法大多针对静止传感器网络,不能适用于网络结构和节点位置动态变化的移动传感器网络,提出了一种基于RSSI测距和改进的MCL (Monte Carlo Localization)算法的移动传感器节点定位跟踪方法;首先描述了经典MCL算法和接收信号强度RSSI测距方法,然后设计了一种改进的MCL算法,将传统的MCL方法预测粒子位置的过程即预测和滤波两个阶段,更新为锚节点TTL受控泛洪方式广播自身位置、采用拉格朗日插值法预测节点下一时刻的位置和速度、求取锚盒采样区域、k 跳锚节点粒子滤波和根据预测下一时刻的节点位置和速度与当前时刻的位置信息确定各粒子权重的5个阶段;采用仿真器MCL-Simulator进行仿真,结果证明:文中方法能有效实现移动节点的定位,与其它方法相比,具有较小的平均定位误差,具有很强的可行性。     

基于时间反转理论的聚焦Lamb波结构损伤成像

从理论和实验上研究了时间反转法在频散和多模式的Lamb波结构健康检测方面的应用.当Lamb波在包含有损伤的板类结构中传播时,损伤的存在表现为一个被动波源.采用分布式传感器网络,基于传递函数的观点,通过推导由损伤这个被动波源产生的时间反转波场幅值的表达式,证实了当观察点位于损伤位置时,时间反转波场的幅值最大.为验证时间反转方法的聚焦效应,提出了一种适合于分布的激励/接收传感器网络的成像方法,该方法可以对损伤定位并近似确定损伤尺寸.结合有限元的实验结果显示了Lamb波检测信号的能量可在损伤处聚焦,表明时间反转     

薄板声-超声检测超声传播模式的实验研究

在声－超声检测中,人们用纵波换能器在被测板材表面的某一位置向试件中发射宽带超声波,接收换能器则设置在试件同一表面的另一位置,因此,正确认识这种检测形式下的超声波传播特性是有效应用该技术的基础。本文通过实验研究证实,薄板在声－超声检测形式下激发出的超声波的主要成分是多模式的兰姆波。文中用声－超声方法在两种厚度的铝板中激发并接收到了宽带的兰姆波。     

各向同性薄板中横穿孔缺陷的超声兰姆波层析成像

本文将地球物理中的跨孔层析重建技术用于兰姆波的定量无损评价。综合射线追踪与代数重建技术(ART),发展了横穿孔缺陷的超声兰姆波层析成像方法。基于Snell定律和费马原理,采用射线追踪方法寻求发射和接收换能器之间超声兰姆波的实际传播路径并计算走时,然后采用ART算法对走时数据进行速度图像重建。给出了具有人工横穿孔缺陷铝板的数值模拟和实验数据的直射线和弯曲射线重建图像。结果表明,弯曲射线ART方法比直射线ART方法重建的缺陷尺寸更接近于缺陷的真实尺寸,并且当考虑射线弯曲时,重建图像的赝象也有所降低。     

基于概率假设密度的无线传感器网络多目标跟踪算法

针对无线传感器网络多目标跟踪过程中杂波难以去除以及由数据关联复杂带来的计算复杂度高的问题,将概率假设密度滤波器应用于无线传感器网络,以更好地对多目标状态信息进行融合估计;首先,建立簇-树型无线传感器网络模型,并运用随机有限集理论对目标状态模型和传感器观测模型进行描述;然后,根据目标与节点之间的距离设置观测阈值,当传感器节点测量值小于观测阈值时,概率假设密度滤波器将实时对该组测量数据进行处理,从而实现传感器网络对目标状态的联合检测与跟踪;仿真结果表明,在无线传感器网络的多目标跟踪应用中,该算法比粒子滤波算法具有更高的跟踪效率和精度。     

基于GPS与GPRS的远程健康监护系统的设计

为实现对存在健康隐患人群的位置及生命特征信息远程监测,设计了基于GPS(Global Positioning System)与GPRS(General Packet Radio Service)的远程健康监护系统,系统由监测节点、数据处理服务平台、各监控终端等组成。以STM32为主处理器完成对监测节点的软、硬件设计,根据生命特征传感器采集的信号特点设计驱动电路,在GPS与GPRS网络的基础上,设计监测节点软件,完成了对人体心电、温度及位置信息的实时采集和转发。数据处理服务平台负责信息存储、分析和发布,各监控终端也可以通过数据处理服务平台查询被监测者的位置与生命特征信息。测试结果表明,系统能够实现相应功能,满足应用需求。     

基于改进免疫遗传算法的K覆盖异构传感器节点调度

为了实现无线传感器网络监测区域目标点的多重覆盖,设计了一种基于改进免疫遗传算法的异构传感器节点调度算法实现目标点的K重覆盖;首先,在传统的概率感知模型中加入剩余能量和感知能力因素,得到改进的概率感知模型,并设计了以最小化节点数并满足覆盖度约束的目标函数;然后,采用改进的免疫遗传算法对节点进行调度,最后,给出了具体的采用改进免疫遗传算法实现WSN异构节点调度的具体算法;仿真实验表明:文中方法能在满足K覆盖约束前提下实现监测区域的节点调度,与其他方法相比,活动节点数平均多7%,具有较长的网络生命周期和较少的网络能耗。     

基于多Agent的无线传感器网络分层融合框架研究

客户端/服务器（C/S）模式和移动代理（MA）模式是无线传感器网络中的两种最主要的计算模式,MA计算模式可以弥补C/S计算模式能量消耗大、延时长等方面的不足。为了更好的降低能量消耗和缩短网络中数据融合时间,提出一种基于多Agent的无线传感器网络分层融合框架。将无线传感器网络监测区域分层若干个区域,将每个小的监测区域分为簇头―sink和簇头―簇成员节点两层,由sink节点根据用户需求向每个监测区域派遣移动Agent并完成数据采集和数据融合。这种模式可以有效地缩短网络中数据融合时间和降低能量消耗。     

兰姆波非线性效应的实验观察

对兰姆波非线性效应进行了实验观察。首先,对实验所采用的Ritec系统进行了介绍,尤其对实验系统的声学部分进行了详细考虑,特别是对二次谐波的时域响应进行了简洁直观的分析。根据兰姆波具有强烈非线性效应的条件,采用斜劈换能器发射和接收兰姆波。改变发射与接收斜劈换能器的间距,对一定频率范围内的兰姆波及二次谐波在固体板表面的振幅进行了测量。在基频与二倍频兰姆波相速度相等所对应的频率附近,分析了二次谐波振幅随传播距离的定量关系,从实验上证实了二次谐波在传播过程中具有积累增长效应的结论。     

采用单个压电传感器的单模式兰姆波激发频率的选择

考虑了压电传感器(PZT)与板之间的耦合作用,从理论上研究了单个压电传感器激发时产生单模式兰姆波的频率调节方法,实验给出了模式选择在兰姆波结构健康监测中的应用. 在板材、板厚以及PZT尺寸一定的情况下,从理论上能够预测到作为频率函数的各兰姆波模式的幅值变化. 根据某特定兰姆波模式的幅值最大而其他模式幅值相对最小时所对应的频率,即可识别出该兰姆波模式优化的激发频率. 数值仿真验证了理论的有效性以及单模式兰姆波选择的可能性. 在不同的激发频率下,分别激发了优化的A0 模式,优化的S0模式以及共存的A0和S0模 关键词： 兰姆波 压电传感器 激发频率 结构健康监测     

A time reversal damage imaging method for structure health monitoring using Lamb waves

This paper investigates the Lamb wave imaging method combining time reversal for health monitoring of a metal-lic plate structure.The temporal focusing effect of the time reversal Lamb waves is investigated theoretically.It demonstrates that the focusing effect is related to the frequency dependency of the time reversal operation.Numerical simulations are conducted to study the time reversal behaviour of Lamb wave modes under broadband and narrowband excitations.The results show that the reconstructed time reversed wave exhibits close similarity to the reversed nar-rowband tone burst signal validating the theoretical model.To enhance the similarity,the cycle number of the excited signal should be increased.Experiments combining finite element model are then conducted to study the imaging method in the presence of damage like hole in the plate structure.In this work,the time reversal technique is used for the recompression of Lamb wave signals.Damage imaging results with time reversal using broadband and narrowband excitations are compared to those without time reversal.It suggests that the narrowband excitation combined time reversal can locate and determine the size of structural damage more precisely,but the cycle number of the excited signal should be chosen reasonably.     

利用扩散场信息的超声兰姆波全聚焦成像

利用兰姆波的扩散场信号,实现了距离传感器较近缺陷的全聚焦成像.通过两传感器接收的扩散场全矩阵信号进行互相关,恢复出两传感器之间的格林函数响应,重建新的全矩阵.该重建全矩阵削弱了直接耦合采集响应信号中存在的早期饱和非线性效应信号,恢复了被遮盖的近距离缺陷散射信号.在含缺陷的各向同性铝板中激发兰姆波,重建信号的早期信息与直接俘获信号的后期信息相结合形成混合全矩阵,结合全聚焦成像,优化成像效果.所提方法为薄板类结构中距离传感器较近缺陷的兰姆波无损检测提供了理论指导.     

Time reversal technique for health monitoring of metallic structure using Lamb waves

Time reversal active sensing using Lamb waves is investigated for health monitoring of a metallic structure. Experiments were conducted on an aluminum plate to study the time reversal behavior of A₀ and S₀ Lamb wave modes under narrow band and broad band pulse excitation. Damage in the form of a notch was introduced in the plate to study the changes in the characteristics of the time reversed Lamb wave modes experimentally. Time–frequency analysis of the time reversed signal was carried out to extract the damage information. A measure of damage based on wavelet transform was derived to quantify the hidden damage information in the time reversed signal. It has been shown that time reversal can be used to achieve temporal recompression of Lamb waves under broadband signal excitation. Further, the broad band excitation can also improve the resolution of the technique in detecting closely located defects. This is demonstrated by picking up the reflection of waves from the edge of the plate, from a defect close to the edge of the plate and from defects located near to each other. This study shows the effectiveness of Lamb wave time reversal for temporal recompression of dispersive Lamb waves for damage detection in health monitoring applications.     

Lamb波多特征参数的复合材料损伤程度 评估方法*

航空航天飞行器、风电等工程机械结构的安全性保障至关重要,复合材料等新材料的大量应用,进一步提升了对结构健康监测的难度和要求。裂纹、脱层等复合材料结构典型损伤形成机理复杂、易扩展,损伤程度累积严重时会造成结构的突然失效。面向复合材料结构的损伤监测与诊断,现有的方法大多很难实现对结构损伤程度的跟踪评估,进而无法对结构的安全性评价提供依据。采用Lamb波监测理论,基于其传播距离远、对小损伤敏感等特点,通过研究分析典型损伤对Lamb波结构响应信号传播的多个特征作用过程和机理,采用多尺度分析,提取结构损伤时频域多特征参数;借助于神经网络的非线性映射能力,构建多特征复合材料结构损伤程度评估模型,实现对不同程度下典型结构损伤的评估。在环氧玻璃纤维复合材料板结构上的实验验证结果表明：提取的Lamb波时频域多特征参数,对不同程度典型损伤有一定的敏感性,所构建的损伤程度评估系统可以较为有效的实现损伤的程度估计。     

Laser ultrasonic propagation imaging method in the frequency domain based on wavelet transformation

A wavelet-transformed ultrasonic propagation imaging method capable of ultrasonic propagation imaging in the frequency domain was developed and applied as a new structural damage or flaw visualization algorithm. Since the wavelet-transformed ultrasonic propagation imaging method has strong frequency selectivity, it can visualize the propagation of ultrasonic waves of a specific frequency (for example, to isolate ultrasonic mode of interest and a damage-related ultrasonic wave). The strong frequency selectivity of the wavelet-transformed ultrasonic propagation imaging method was demonstrated, isolating only the zeroth-order asymmetrical mode of the fundamental Lamb wave modes in an anisotropic carbon fiber-reinforced plastic plate with a thickness of 5 mm. The wavelet-transformed ultrasonic propagation imaging method can also convert a complex time domain multiple wavefield into a simple frequency domain single wavefield. This feature enables easy interpretation of the results, and facilitates the precise evaluation of the location and size of structural damage or flaws. We demonstrated this capability by detecting a disbond in a sandwich structure made of Al-alloy skins and a foam core. A disbond with a diameter of 20 mm, which is representative of a common manufacturing flaw, was successfully detected, localized, and evaluated. Since a method to determine the allowable maximum pulse repetition frequency depending on target materials and structures was found by investigating the residual wave caused from the previous laser impinging, our laser ultrasonic system can scan rapidly the target with an optimal pulse repetition rate. In addition, the proposed wavelet-transformed ultrasonic propagation imaging method can visualize damage or flaw without the need for reference data from the intact state of the structure. Hence, we propose the wavelet-transformed ultrasonic propagation imaging approach for automatic inspection of in-service engineering structures, or in-process quality inspection in manufacturing.     

Reflection of Lamb waves obliquely incident on the free edge of a plate

The reflection of obliquely incident symmetric and anti-symmetric Lamb wave modes at the edge of a plate is studied. Both in-plane and Shear-Horizontal (SH) reflected wave modes are spawned by an obliquely incident in-plane Lamb wave mode. Energy reflection coefficients are calculated for the reflected wave modes as a function of frequency and angle of incidence. This is done by using the method of orthogonal mode decomposition and by enforcing traction free conditions at the plate edge using the method of collocation. A PZT sensor network, affixed to an Aluminum plate, is used to experimentally verify the predictions of the analysis. Experimental results provide support for the analytically determined results.     

Temperature effects in ultrasonic Lamb wave structural health monitoring systems

There is a need to better understand the effect of temperature changes on the response of ultrasonic guided-wave pitch-catch systems used for structural health monitoring. A model is proposed to account for all relevant temperature-dependent parameters of a pitch-catch system on an isotropic plate, including the actuator-plate and plate-sensor interactions through shear-lag behavior, the piezoelectric and dielectric permittivity properties of the transducers, and the Lamb wave dispersion properties of the substrate plate. The model is used to predict the S(0) and A(0) response spectra in aluminum plates for the temperature range of -40-+60 degrees C, which accounts for normal aircraft operations. The transducers examined are monolithic PZT-5A [PZT denotes Pb(Zr-Ti)O3] patches and flexible macrofiber composite type P1 patches. The study shows substantial changes in Lamb wave amplitude response caused solely by temperature excursions. It is also shown that, for the transducers considered, the response amplitude changes follow two opposite trends below and above ambient temperature (20 degrees C), respectively. These results can provide a basis for the compensation of temperature effects in guided-wave damage detection systems.     

Importance of the near Lamb mode imaging of multilayered composite plates.

In recent years Lamb waves are being used for internal defect detection in multilayered composite plates. Different Lamb modes generate various stress levels in different layers. As a result, all Lamb modes are not equally sensitive to internal defects of various layers. A number of studies have been carried out to identify which Lamb mode is most effective for detecting defects in a specific layer. However, one shortcoming of the Lamb wave inspection technique is that in a symmetrically layered composite plate stress and displacement magnitudes and energy distribution profiles for all Lamb modes are symmetric about the central plane of the plate. As a result, the ability of a Lamb mode to detect defects in a specific layer of the plate is identical to its ability to detect defects in the corresponding layer of mirror symmetry. Hence, from the Lamb wave generated image one cannot distinguish between the defects in these two layers of mirror symmetry. In this paper it is investigated how by fine-tuning the frequency and the striking angle of the incident beam in the neighborhood of a Lamb mode one can separately detect internal defects in layers of mirror symmetry in the upper and lower halves of a plate.