Slicing the Oppenheimer-Snyder Collapse: Harmonic versus Maximal Slicing

In continuing our studies of temporal slicings of spacetimes, we consider the collapse from rest of an initially homogeneous dust sphere, known as Oppenheimer-Snyder collapse. It is shown that in the case of harmonic slicing the whole spacetime becomes covered by slices extending to spatial infinity in contrast to maximal slicing. The behavior of the lapse function is discussed, especially for various data on the initial slice, and it is demonstrated that not every choice of the initial lapse leads to meaningful slicings.     

The Oppenheimer-Snyder space-time with a cosmological constant

We investigate the Oppenheimer-Snyder space-time with a positive cosmological constant A. The interior of the dust sphere is described by the closed Friedmann-Robertson-Walker space-time while the exterior is the Schwarzschild-de Sitter space-time. Due to the cosmological constant A, when the gravitational massM _o of the dust sphere is very large, there is no collapsing solution with the de Sitter-like asymptotic region which expands exponentially in the expanding universe frame. This fact suggests that the very large initial inhomogeneity does not necessarily lead to the failure of the cosmic no hair conjecture.     

A spherically symmetric gravitational collapse-field with radiation

An interior spherically symmetric solution of Einstein’s field equations corresponding to perfect fluid plus a flowing radiation-field is presented. The physical 3-spacet=constant of our solution is spheroidal. Vaidya’s pure radiation field is taken as the exterior solution. The inward motion of the collapsing boundary surface follows from the equations of fit. An approximation procedure is used to get a generalization of the standard Oppenheimer-Snyder model of collapse with outflow of radiation. One such explicit solution has been given correct to second power of eccentricity of the spheroidal 3-space.     

Gravitational collapse in free fall of a slowly rotating star

The Oppenheimer-Snyder model of a spherically symmetric collapse in free fall is generalized to the case in which the star possesses a small rotation. The exterior geometry is chosen to be the Kerr metric in synchronous coordinates, discarding terms of the order (a/r)². The interior geometry is constructed by adding to the exact metric of the nonrotating case an off-diagonal first-order term in the parametera. This term is determined in part by requiring the validity of the junction conditions at the star's surface and, also, by demanding the conserved angular momentum of the source be equal toMa, in agreement with the value measured by a distant observer. The resulting stress-energy tensor describes a homogeneous, pressureless, ideal fluid (dust) nonuniformly rotating relative to the synchronous frame, which is no longer comoving with the stellar matter. The dynamics of collapse is qualitatively the same as in the spherically symmetric case. Again the star's surface crosses the event horizon when the mass density is finite everywhere, and space-time has not developed any singularity as viewed by freely falling observers at rest in the synchronous frame.Based on a dissertation submitted (by J. C. F.) to the Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile. in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Magister degree.     

Spatial dependence of the local field enhancement in dielectric shell coated silver nanospheres

The dependence of the local field factor around dielectric shell coated silver nanospheres was investigated by theoretical calculation as a function of the spatial distance. The local field factors in the dielectric shell are sensitive to the distance from particle center and shell thickness. When the shell dielectric constant is greater than that of surrounding medium, the maximum of local field factor at inner surface of the shell red shift and increases nonlinearly with increasing the shell thickness. On the contrary, when shell dielectric constant is less than that of surrounding medium, increasing the shell thickness leads the maximum of local field factor at inner surface blue shifts and decreases nonlinearly. However, with increasing the shell thickness, the maximum of local field factor at exterior surface of the shell always decrease nonlinearly. Furthermore, with increasing shell thickness, all these variations get gentle approach to a constant value when the shell thickness is two times of the core radius. When the core and shell diameter have fixed values, the local field factors in dielectric shell decrease with increasing the distance from particle center, but the peak position is not sensitive to the distance.     

Atomistic tight-binding computations of the structural and optical properties of CdTe/CdX (X=S and Se)/ZnS core/shell/shell nanocrystals

A study of CdTe/CdX (X=S and Se)/ZnS core/shell/shell nanocrystals is carried out using atomistic tight-binding theory and the configuration interaction method to provide information for applications in bioimaging, biolabeling, display devices and near-infrared electronic instruments. The calculations yield the dependences of the internal and external passivated shells on the natural behaviours of CdTe/CdX (X=S and Se)/ZnS core/shell/shell nanocrystals. The reduction of the optical band gaps is observed with increasing numbers of monolayers in the external ZnS shell due to quantum confinement. Interestingly, the optical band gaps of CdTe/CdS/ZnS core/shell/shell nanocrystals are greater than those of CdTe/CdSe/ZnS core/shell/shell nanocrystals. In the presence of an external ZnS-coated shell, electron–hole wave function overlaps, oscillation strengths, ground-state exchange energies and Stokes shift are improved, whereas ground-state coulomb energies and fine-structure splitting are reduced. The oscillation strengths, Stokes shift and fine-structure splitting are reduced with the increase in external ZnS shell thickness. The oscillation strengths, Stokes shift and fine-structure splitting of CdTe/CdS/ZnS core/shell/shell nanocrystals are larger than those of CdTe/CdSe/ZnS core/shell/shell nanocrystals. Reduction of the atomistic electron–hole interactions is observed with increasing external ZnS shell size. The strong electron–hole interactions are more probed in CdTe/CdS/ZnS core/shell/shell nanocrystals than in CdTe/CdSe/ZnS core/shell/shell nanocrystals.     

Dynamics of General Relativistic Spherically Symmetric Dust Thick Shells

We consider a spherical thick shell immersed in two different spherically symmetric space-times. Using the fact that the boundaries of the thick shell with two embedding space-times must be nonsingular hypersurfaces, we develop a scheme to obtain the underlying equation of motion for the thick shell in general. As a simple example, the equation of motion of a spherical dustlike shell in vacuum is obtained. To compare our formalism with the thin shell one, the dynamical equation of motion of the thick shell is then expanded to the first order of its thickness. It is easily seen that the thin shell limit of our dynamical equation is exactly that given in the literature for the dynamics of a thin shell. It turns out that the effect of thickness is to speed up the collapse of the shell.     

ZnO/CuO 核壳结构纳米线光致发光性能 与CuO壳层厚度的关系

通过分别生长核层与壳层制备出了ZnO/CuO核壳结构的纳米线。形貌和结构分析表明,ZnO核为单晶纳米线而CuO则以多晶形式覆盖在核层表面上。光致发光(PL)研究表明,ZnO纳米线PL强度随CuO壳层厚度的变化而变化。当壳层比较薄时ZnO的PL强度增大,这主要是由于CuO壳层对ZnO核层的修饰减少了表面态,而当壳层厚度增加到一定程度时,ZnO的PL强度不再变化,这主要是由于在核壳结构中形成了type-I型结构的原因。我们对这一现象做了详细的讨论。     

原子荧光光谱法研究贝壳堤岛贝壳沙中As的空间分布特征

用原子荧光光谱法测定了贝壳沙中As元素含量,研究了As在黄河三角洲贝壳堤岛贝壳沙中的空间分布规律,分析了贝壳沙中As与其他营养元素的相关性,并对影响其含量与空间分布的因素进行探讨。结果表明：贝壳沙样品中As的含量范围为0.78～8.76 mg·kg-1,平均值为3.11 mg·kg-1,整体上处于清洁的水平。贝壳沙中As含量有随剖面深度增加而增大的趋势,贝壳沙粒径大小也影响贝壳沙中As的含量,贝壳沙粒径越小,As含量越高,且不同粒径贝壳沙中As含量差异显著(p≤0.05)。贝壳沙中As与全磷(total phosphor,TP)和全钾(total potassium,TK)以及Cu, Zn, Mn均具有极显著的正相关关系,与全氮(total nitrogen,TN)和Fe的相关性不显著。综合分析认为,贝壳沙中As主要来自于风化后的贝壳沙对环境中As元素的吸附与固定而非贝壳形成过程中对该元素的富集作用。     

激光辐照下充压柱壳的破坏能量阈值数值模拟

采用有限元方法模拟了激光辐照下充压柱壳的热力学响应,计算了不同工况下结构的瞬态温度场和应力场,根据材料强度准则判断了柱壳的破坏时刻,并提出了一种预测激光辐照下充压柱壳破坏能量阈值的数值方法。研究了壳体厚度和内压大小对柱壳破坏能量阈值的影响,并给出了典型工况下柱壳破坏能量阈值同壳体厚度以及充压大小的关系。数值计算结果表明:破坏能量密度阈值与壳体厚度、内压大小近似成线性关系,壳体厚度比内压大小对柱壳的激光破坏能量阈值影响更大。     

核壳型量子点(ME)4@(ME)28(M=Cd/Zn，E=Se/S)核壳间相互作用研究

采用密度泛函理论和自然键轨道理论结合的方法对核壳型量子点团簇(ME)4@(ME)28(M=Cd/Zn,E=Se/S)的几何结构、范德华体积、分子轨道和核层与壳层间的轨道占据进行模拟,分析不同核壳团簇结构中核与壳之间的相互作用。结果显示,核层金属原子与壳层非金属间距离大于核层非金属原子与壳层金属原子间距离,相同壳层时,Zn-Se/S键长小于Cd/Zn-Se键长,孤立的核和壳体积之和大于相应核壳构型的体积;核壳间的相互作用主要源于壳层非金属原子Se的sp杂化轨道和核层金属原子Cd/Zn的s、p及少量的d轨道相互作用。研究表明,一方面,核内原子和壳上的原子之间存在很强的化学键的作用;另一方面,在核与壳之间存在着显著的边界,表明核、壳构型有差异,核壳构型中的核与壳之间存在相互作用且二者相互影响。     

断前粒子发射的壳效应

用推广的裂变扩散模型研究了裂变前壳效应对粒子发射的影响.双幻核²⁰⁸Pb和¹³²Sn被用作例子来展示这个壳效应.计算结果表明壳效应对这两个复合系统断前发射的粒子有影响.对中子,壳的影响非常明显.我们发现壳对中子发射的影响随着裂变系统激发能的增加而逐渐变弱.     

Verification of the Numerical Model in the Problem of Studying Directional Characteristics of Sound Radiation from Inhomogeneous Shells

Results of verifying the levels and directional characteristics of sound radiation are presented for a finite-element numerical model of a submerged inhomogeneous shell. The error in numerical modeling of directional characteristics is determined for sound radiation from shell parts with one-layer (shell–liquid) and multilayer (shell–liquid–shell–liquid) structures.     

Interaction of a spherical acoustic wave with an elastic spherical shell

The interaction of a spherical acoustic wave with an elastic spherical shell is treated analytically. The solution includes the coupling between the acoustic sound field and vibration of the shell with any degree of fluid loading. The formulation for the far-field acoustic pressure is derived in terms of natural spherical wave functions, the properties of the acoustic medium, and the material constants of the shell. The far acoustic field is computed for a thin aluminum shell and several sound source locations over a large range of ka, where k is the wavenumber, and a is the shell radius. It is shown that the acoustic pressure depends significantly on whether the shell is in air or is submerged in water, particularly when the sound source is very near the surface. In air, the sound field of the shell is nearly identical to that of a rigid sphere but, in water, the shell is more compliant, which results in a damped radiation field that is characterized by vibrational resonances throughout the range of frequencies considered. As the sound sources is moved further away from the surface, however, this resonance response decreases very rapidly, and the sound field corresponds more closely to that of the shell in air.     

Calculated Optical Properties of Dielectric Shell Coated Gold Nanorods

Optical absorption spectra of dielectric shell coated gold nanorods are simulated using the discrete dipole ap- proximation method. The influence of the aspect ratio, shell thickness, dielectric constant of the shell, and surrounding medium on the longitudinal resonance mode is investigated. It is found that the coated dielectric shell does not affect the trend in the dependence of resonance position on the aspect ratio, while it broadens the resonant line width and reduces the sensitivity of plasmon resonance in response to changes of the surrounding medium. F~arthermore, the difference of dielectric constants between the shell and surrounding medium plays an important role in determining the resonance position. The screening effect of the dielectric shell tends to be less apparent for a thicker shell thickness.Optical absorption spectra of dielectric shell coated gold nanorods are simulated using the discrete dipole ap- proximation method. The influence of the aspect ratio, shell thickness, dielectric constant of the shell, and surrounding medium on the longitudinal resonance mode is investigated. It is found that the coated dielectric shell does not affect the trend in the dependence of resonance position on the aspect ratio, while it broadens the resonant line width and reduces the sensitivity of plasmon resonance in response to changes of the surrounding medium. F~urthermore, the difference of dielectric constants between the shell and surrounding medium plays an important role in determining the resonance position. The screening effect of the dielectric shell tends to be less apparent for a thicker shell thickness.     

Input power flow in a submerged infinite cylindrical shell with doubly periodic supports

A submerged cylindrical shell reinforced by supports of rings and bulkheads is the primary structure of submarine, torpedo and all kinds of submerged aircrafts, so it is significant to study its characteristics of structure-borne sound. By means of periodic structure theory, the input power flow from a cosine harmonic line force into a submerged infinite cylindrical shell, reinforced by doubly periodic supports of rings and bulkheads, is studied analytically. The harmonic motion of the shell and the sound pressure field in the fluid are described by Flügge shell equations and Helmholtz equation, respectively. Since the fluid radical velocity and the shell radical velocity must be equal at the interface of the outer shell wall and the fluid, the motion equations of this coupled system are obtained. Both four kinds of forces (moments) between rings and shell and four kinds of forces (moments) between bulkheads and shell are considered. The solution is obtained in series form by expanding the system responses in terms of the space harmonics of the spacings of both stiffeners and bulkheads. The input vibrational power flow into the structure is obtained and the influences of different structural parameters on the results are analyzed. The analytic model is close to engineering practice, and it will give some guidelines for noise reduction of this kind of shell.     

Sound scattering from partially water-filled elastic spherical shell with an internal elastic plate

According to the equation of motion in the elastic medium and integral equation of target scattering, the sound scattering from the partially water-filled elastic spherical shells with and without an inner plate is studied using the finite element and boundary element method, and the scattering normalized form functions of the shell filled with different volume of water are computed and the mechanism of resonance scattering is analyzed. The results show that the resonance of the shell with partially water-filled and without the plate is mainly related to the volume of water, and the resonance is produced by inner water and the spherical shell. The resonance characteristics of partially water-filled elastic shell with the plate are similar to that of empty structured elastic spherical shell, and the sound field in inner water is weaker which indicates the main resonance characteristics are decided by spherical shell and the plate. In addition, the scattering characteristics of spherical shell with plate and one side full water-filled are greatly different from the partially water-filled ones.     

Cu/C核/壳纳米结构的气相合成、形成机理及其光学性能研究

采用乙酰丙酮铜为原料, 通过化学气相沉积大批量制备出Cu/C核/壳纳米颗粒和纳米线. 研究结果表明, 通过控制沉积温度可对Cu/C核/壳纳米材料的形貌和结构进行很好的控制. 比如, 沉积温度为400 ℃时可获得直径约200 nm的Cu/C核/壳纳米线, 沉积温度为450 ℃ 时可获得直径约200 nm的Cu/C核/壳纳米颗粒和纳米棒的混合产物, 沉积温度为600 ℃时可获得直径约22 nm的Cu/C核/壳纳米颗粒. 获得的Cu/C核/壳纳米结构是由一个新颖的凝聚机理形成的, 而这种机理不同于著名的溶解-析出机理. 紫外-可见光谱和荧光光谱分析结果表明: Cu/C核/壳纳米线和纳米颗粒均在225 nm处出现Cu的吸收峰, 同时在620 和616 nm处分别出现了纳米线和纳米颗粒的表面等离子共振吸收峰. Cu/C核/壳纳米线在312 和348 nm处、 Cu/C核/壳纳米颗粒在304 和345 nm处出现荧光发射谱峰. 关键词： Cu/C核/壳结构 纳米线 纳米颗粒 光学性能     

丰中子Z=96—102同位素链的N=184闭壳

在相对论平均场理论框架下, 首先证明了对力强度存在明显的壳效应, 然后用此方法研究了Z=96—102区域内超重同位素链中中子壳封闭问题, 证明了在超重元素中,N=184处确实存在壳封闭. 并据此给出了一种检验壳封闭的新方法.     

Wurtzite and zinc-blende CdSe based core/shell semiconductor nanocrystals: Structure, morphology and photoluminescence

We report comparative study of core/shell nanocrystals based on wurtzite and novel zinc-blende CdSe core. Both wurtzite and zinc-blende CdSe are coated with CdS shell or CdS/ZnS multishell under identical synthetic parameters. Crystal structure analysis finds that CdS shell is wurtzite on either wurtzite or zinc-blende CdSe cores. Morphology and photoluminescence studies exhibit that for zinc-blende CdSe based samples, the shell growth is in fine epitaxy and the obtained core/shell nanocrystals show high quantum yield both before and after surface modification process; while wurtzite CdSe based samples have irregular shape indicating inhomogeneous shell growth, and are with lower quantum yield. Furthermore, in the photoluminescence spectra exited with UV radiation, wurtzite CdSe based samples show side peaks of independently nucleated nanocrystals from the shell material; while samples with zinc-blende CdSe cores are potent in restricting these byproducts, which may attribute to the highly effective arrestment of precursor ions onto the zinc-blende CdSe surface. These features manifest that zinc-blende CdSe is more talented than conventional wurtzite CdSe in achieving core/shell nanocrystals with higher qualities.