表面弹性对含可溶性活性剂垂直液膜排液的影响

针对含可溶性活性剂的垂直液膜排液过程,在考虑表面弹性作用的基础上,采用润滑理论建立了液膜厚度、表面速度、表面和内部活性剂浓度的演化方程组,通过数值计算分析了表面弹性和活性剂溶解度耦合作用下的液膜演化特征.结果表明：表面弹性是影响可溶性活性剂垂直液膜排液过程中必不可少的因素.排液初期,随表面弹性增加,液膜初始厚度增大,表面更趋于刚性化.随排液进行,弹性不同的液膜呈现不同的典型排液特征：当弹性较小时,液膜上部表面张力高,下部表面张力低,产生正向的马兰戈尼效应,与重力作用相抗衡.当弹性较大时,膜上部表面张力低,下部表面张力高,产生逆向的马兰戈尼效应,促使液膜排液加速,更易发生失稳.活性剂溶解度通过控制液膜表面的活性剂分子吸附量,进而影响表面弹性：当活性剂溶解度较大时,液膜厚度较小,很快发生破断;随溶解度降低,液膜稳定性增加,初始表面弹性也随之增大,并随液膜变薄逐渐接近极限膨胀弹性值.     

可压缩气体中带电Newton流体平面液膜的不稳定性分析

液体雾化被广泛应用于工业、农业等领域,雾化过程中液体首先形成液膜,液膜在气液边界层内出现不稳定,导致液膜破碎。因此液膜的不稳定性对液体雾化起着非常重要的作用,有必要对液膜的不稳定性进行研究。采用数值计算的方法对可压缩气体中黏性平面液膜的不稳定性进行了研究,首先对黏性平面液膜和气体的速度分布进行推导,在此基础上采用谱方法对黏性平面液膜的不稳定性进行了研究。研究发现：在正弦和曲张模式下,施加电场会加速平面液膜的破碎;正弦模式比曲张模式更加不稳定,说明正弦模式在平面液膜不稳定中起主导作用;气体Mach数、电Euler数、气体Reynolds数、 Weber数和动量通量比的增加会加速液膜的破裂;随着气体边界层与液膜厚度比和液体Reynolds数的增加,扰动波的增长速率降低,液膜变得更加稳定。     

活性剂浓度分布对液膜排液过程的影响

针对含不溶性活性剂的垂直液膜排液过程,考虑分离压和表面黏度的作用,应用润滑理论建立液膜厚度、活性剂浓度和表面速度的控制方程组,分析初始活性剂浓度及梯度对排液过程的影响.结果表明：当液膜表面不含活性剂时,其排液历程很短,很快发生破断.当液膜表面添加活性剂时,可以延长液膜存续时间.而当液膜表面活性剂浓度较低时,其诱发的Marangoni效应不足以克服重力的排液作用,其形成的"黑膜"不能稳定存在.随活性剂浓度增大,液膜表面流动速度减小,液膜表面更加"坚固",所形成的"黑膜"非常稳定.当考虑初始活性剂浓度梯度时,其影响主要体现在减缓排液初期的表面速度.     

随活性剂浓度变化的分离压对垂直液膜排液过程的影响

针对含不溶性活性剂的垂直液膜排液过程,基于文献实验结果进一步完善了受活性剂浓度影响的分离压(disjoining pressure)模型,应用润滑理论建立了液膜厚度、活性剂浓度和液膜表面速度的演化方程组,通过数值计算分析了在不同分离压作用下含不溶性活性剂液膜的演化特征.结果表明,垂直液膜的排液过程通常经历两个阶段:首先是厚膜阶段,此时重力对排液过程起主导作用.在随后的薄膜阶段,毛细作用和分离压作用影响逐渐增大,其中分离压将控制液膜的演化历程.分离压对垂直液膜排液过程的影响与活性剂类型及活性剂浓度与静电作用力的关联强度密切相关.当分离压与活性剂浓度正相关时,随斥力关联系数α增大,液膜的排液和变薄过程得以减缓,由此增强了液膜稳定性;当分离压与活性剂浓度负相关时,随斥力关联系数α绝对值增大,液膜排液过程加速,由此加大液膜失稳的风险.     

吸收器水平管外降膜流动数值模拟研究

建立了吸收式制冷机组吸收器水平管外气液降膜流动数值模型,分析了布液高度、布液孔大小、水平管直径及液体入口速度对液膜流动特性的影响,探讨了不同液体入口温度下液膜表面的温度分布。结果表明:液体铺展过程中液膜前端出现小液滴的分离;液膜厚度随周向角的增加先减小后增加,液膜Y方向速度呈相反的变化趋势;随液体入口流速的增加,液膜厚度增加,管壁下方的"干区"面积随之增加;随布液孔孔径的增大,液膜厚度及Y方向速度增加;随布液高度及降膜管直径的增加,液膜厚度减小,Y方向速度增加;随周向角的增加,液膜表面温度逐渐降低,并随着温差的增加,液膜温度降低幅度较大。     

表面弹性和分离压耦合作用下的垂直液膜排液过程

针对含不溶性活性剂的垂直液膜排液过程,在考虑表面弹性和分离压耦合作用的基础上,采用润滑理论建立了液膜厚度、表面速度和活性剂浓度的演化方程组,通过数值计算分析了表面弹性和分离压单独作用和耦合作用下的液膜演化特征.结果表明:表面弹性与分离压均对垂直液膜排液过程有显著影响.表面弹性单独作用时,液膜初始厚度随弹性增大,黑膜仅在液膜顶部形成,长度较短且不能稳定存在;分离压单独作用时,活性剂随流体不断汇集在底端,液膜表面无法形成表面张力梯度,不发生逆流现象;当二者耦合作用时,可得到较稳定的液膜,排液前期增加表面弹性可提高液膜的厚度、降低表面速度和促使液体逆流,从而减缓排液过程;后期出现黑膜后,分离压中的静电斥力起主要作用,延缓液膜"老化".     

基于微肋管的微沟槽表面薄液膜沸腾理论模型

本文提出了基于微肋管的薄液膜蒸发沸腾的输运现象数学模型及其有限差分求解方法。数值模拟结果表明,在蒸发扩张半月形液膜中,非蒸发液膜区域液膜形状主要取决于分子膨胀压力;在薄液膜区域与非蒸发区域的连接处存在着一个强烈的蒸发点,这是膨胀压力和表面张力共同作用的结果;在本征半月形液膜区域压力梯度几乎完全取决于表面张力,因而在该区域内液膜形状可以假定为圆弧形状。     

波纹管内R113降膜流动特性的结构影响研究

为设计适用于有机工质余热发电降膜蒸发装置,采用FLUENT VOF法建立了气-液两相逆流流动CFD模型,对氟利昂(R113)波纹管内气液两相逆流降膜进行数值模拟,研究了管长、波峰、波间距对波纹管内降膜流动的影响。研究结果表明:在一定喷淋密度下,液膜稳定性随波纹管长的增大而降低,液膜的波动性随波纹管长的增大而增强,当管长小于某个值时,液膜沿壁面均匀分布,存在最佳管长;波间距越大,液膜波动越强,增加波间距能够增加液膜稳定性;波峰越大,液膜沿管长方向的变化越剧烈,减小波动幅度可以增加液膜均匀性。     

连续凹槽基底对含非溶性活性剂薄液膜流动特性的影响

针对连续凹槽基底上含非溶性活性剂液膜的流动过程, 采用润滑理论建立了液膜厚度和活性剂浓度演化模型, 利用PDECOL程序数值模拟得到了液膜流动的动力学特征及基底结构参数的影响. 研究表明: 活性剂液膜流经连续凹槽时, 负向台阶处形成凹陷, 正向台阶处形成隆起, 且随时间逐渐增大; 与平整基底相比, 连续凹槽下的活性剂液膜铺展速度加快; 基底凹槽的高度增加或斜度减小可加速液膜破断的可能性; 增大凹槽宽度可促进液膜流动; 减小斜度会使液膜进入第一凹槽前形成隆起特征; 重力在液膜的爬坡和下坡过程中具有相反的作用, 但均使得流动稳定性变差; 分子间作用力形成的结合压可加速液膜流动, 进而引发去湿润现象, 分离压则与之相反. 关键词： 活性剂液膜 非平整基底 铺展 分子间作用力     

壁面涂层构型对垂直降膜流动特性的影响

利用特种表面涂层材料对实验管壁进行改性,使液膜形成沟流,实现液膜的内外表面溶液重新掺混;管外涂层的不同构型形成表面张力梯度表面,在吸收过程中可引导液滴向液膜方向运动,促进液膜扰动,从而达到强化传质的目的.通过液膜流动的可视化照片和液膜波动特性的实验结果,对不同状况下的流动形态进行初步分析.     

利用线性液膜的红外热像测定YBCO的湿法化学刻蚀启动时长

提出了一种测定YBCO(YBa2Cu3O7-x)高温超导薄膜湿法腐蚀启动时长的红外热像新方法。该方法的实质是利用YBCO腐蚀时必然有化学热吸收或释放,从而引起YBCO表面液膜温度变化这一特点,通过红外热像实时监测系统,采集液膜温度变化过程的红外热像,从而判断反应启动时长。理论分析和实验结果均表明,YBCO表面2 mm宽线性液膜是较为理想的监测对象,因其同时具备温度变化信息和空间分布信息,可以将线性液膜中心作为理想的观测特征点;由滑动腐蚀液滴形成残留线性液膜具有温度变化灵敏度高的特点,YBCO(衬底为LaAlO3)竖直放置,可以表面避免液膜重力对启动时长的影响,获得更为准确的监测数据。由线性液膜的横向剖面灰度变化得到在本实验条件下YBCO薄膜与体积比H3PO4∶H2O=1∶300腐蚀液的反应启动时长介于0.3~0.4 s之间。     

润湿性及磁场对液态金属自由表面膜流流动状态的影响

通过数值模拟及实验研究了润湿性及磁场对液态金属膜流流动状态的影响。首先,通过数值模拟研究了润湿性对膜流流动状态的影响。结果表明,当润湿性不好时,液态金属膜流容易发展为溪状流而不能完全覆盖底壁,入口膜厚较薄时更易发展为溪状流;在入口膜厚及其它情况相同时,密度越小越易发展为溪状流。其次,研究了磁场对膜流流动状态的影响。结果表明,槽道与流体润湿性不好时,有磁场情况下液态金属膜流覆盖底壁的区域较无磁场时增加,强磁场对膜流的湍流有抑制作用。最后,液态金属膜流实验结果表明,润湿性不好时,镓铟锡合金膜流容易收缩发展为溪状流,这与数值模拟的结果是一致的。上述研究结果对磁约束聚变堆液态第一壁的设计具有指导意义。     

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通过数值模拟及实验研究了润湿性及磁场对液态金属膜流流动状态的影响.首先,通过数值模拟研究了润湿性对膜流流动状态的影响.结果表明,当润湿性不好时,液态金属膜流容易发展为溪状流而不能完全覆盖底壁,入口膜厚较薄时更易发展为溪状流;在入口膜厚及其它情况相同时,密度越小越易发展为溪状流.其次,研究了磁场对膜流流动状态的影响.结果表明,槽道与流体润湿性不好时,有磁场情况下液态金属膜流覆盖底壁的区域较无磁场时增加,强磁场对膜流的湍流有抑制作用.最后,液态金属膜流实验结果表明,润湿性不好时,镓铟锡合金膜流容易收缩发展为溪状流,这与数值模拟的结果是一致的.上述研究结果对磁约束聚变堆液态第一壁的设计具有指导意义.     

用于电响应红外反射窗的液晶聚合物薄膜特性研究

提出了一种红外反射器件,通过载体液晶在电场下的转向控制胆甾型液晶聚合物粒子在器件中的排布方向,实现红外反射与透射之间切换.其中,胆甾型液晶聚合物粒子是实现红外反射关键.介绍了胆甾型液晶聚合物薄膜的制备方法,并采用超声波破碎的方法制备液晶粒子.研究了液晶混合物中不同比例的交联剂液晶1对液晶聚合物薄膜脆性和反射波段的影响,发现当液晶1占100%时,液晶聚合物薄膜的脆性最大,且其清亮点最高,并且薄膜的反射波段随着液晶1比例的增加而向短波方向偏移.同时,研究了薄膜厚度对液晶聚合物粒子的影响,发现液晶薄膜厚度越小,制备的液晶聚合物粒子越小且越均匀,其制成的器件电驱动性更好.该研究有利于帮助电响应红外反射窗的性能优化.     

Optical measurement of instantaneous liquid film thickness based on total internal reflection

An optical method of measuring the instantaneous transparent liquid film thickness, based on the effect of total internal reflection by the gas-liquid interface, is represented. A light circle whose diameter is proportional to the liquid film thickness and eccentricity is proportional to the slope gradient of the liquid film surface in the measurement region is formed around a small-size light source in the plane of vessel bottom. Using several light sources, the method allows measurement of the liquid film thickness field. The method is implemented in a multichannel meter of transparent liquid film thickness and curvature surface, with computer image processing.     

A Thin Liquid Film and Its Effects in an Atomic Force Microscopy Measurement

Recently, it has been observed that a liquid film spreading on a sample surface will significantly distort atomic force microscopy （AFM） measurements. In order to elaborate on the effect, we establish an equation governing the deformation of liquid film under its interaction with the AFM tip and substrate. A key issue is the critical liquid bump height yoc, at which the liquid film jumps to contact the AFM tip. It is found that there are three distinct regimes in the variation of yoc with film thickness H, depending on Hamaker constants of tip, sample and liquid. Noticeably, there is a characteristic thickness H^＊ physically defining what a thin film is; namely, once the film thickness H is the same order as H^＊, the effect of film thickness should be taken into account. The value of H^＊ is dependent on Hamaker constants and liquid surface tension as well as tip radius.     

Spray impingement wall film breakup by wave entrainment

Fuel spray impingement on engine wall and piston in the spark-ignition direct-injection (SIDI) setting has been considered a major concern in the aspect of engine emission and combustion efficiency. Excess wall film will result in deterioration of engine friction, incomplete combustion, and substantial cycle-to-cycle variations. These effects are more pronounced during engine cold-start process. Therefore, the formation of wall film on engine wall/piston and the dynamic process of the wall film interacting with impinging spray and spray-induced gas flow are of great significance for reducing wall film mass. However, the dynamic process of wall film was not investigated thoroughly in existing literatures. This work will present a high-speed, simultaneous measurement of a single-hole spray structure, as well as wall film geometry and thickness, via Mie scattering and volumetric laser-induced fluorescence, respectively. Quantitative film thickness measurement was achieved via fluorescence intensity signal calibration with a known, wedge-shape liquid film apparatus. Remarkable wall film droplet entrainment at the leading edge of the liquid film waves was revealed in the measurement, which has not been adequately depicted or analyzed in existing spray impingement studies. A considerable amount of liquid droplets detaches from the liquid film via liquid film fingering, during which process the quantity of liquid mass on the wall is decreased. Quantitative analysis of such phenomenon is performed and we estimated that a liquid mass equivalent to 30–40% of the residual liquid film mass is detached from the liquid film via wave entrainment. Furthermore, through the comparative study of the side view of the spray and the liquid film caused by spray impingement, it is shown that non-uniform spray structure is likely the cause of liquid film wavy motions. These observations suggest that wave entrainment should be considered by numerical models and experimental designs to accurately predict spray impingement phenomenon.     

Numerical Simulation for Falling Film Flow Characteristics of Refrigerant on the Smooth and Structured Surfaces

Flow characteristics of a liquid film flowing over a smooth surface and structured surface with the Reynolds number range from 10 to 1121 are studied. The mixture of R21 and R114 refrigerants is used as the test liquid. The 3D transient simulations are taken to capture the liquid film’s dynamic characteristics and spatial distribution. Effects of the inlet dimension, inlet flow rates, surface tension, and surface structuring on the wettability, average velocity, and film thickness are studied systematically. The obtained results show that surface tension is essential for an accurate simulation, while inlet width has no effect on the liquid film parameters in the steady-state flow regime. For low flow rates, wetting area and film thickness both are small, and a suggested range of Reynolds number is chosen to simulate further heat transfer in order to balance the film thickness and dry spots generation. It is shown that a ripple surface structure hinders the liquid film movement, reflected in a lower velocity and a larger film thickness compared to the smooth surface. Lateral movement of a liquid film can also be observed at the structured surface.