光电子能谱(五)

3.配位络合物在过渡金属原子形成的阳离子周围,由一些中性分子和(或)阴离子所环绕,从而生成具有一定形式的配位络合物,这些中性分子及阴离子就称为配位体。配位体的活性有赖于中心离子的性质。配位体接近带高电荷的金属中心离子时,引起分子中的极化,或当配位体将它的电子供给一个阳离子共享后就会发生许多变化,其中最重要的是使给电子原子上的其它键减弱。一系列电子给予体和金属配位时,它将孤对电子或π电子输送给中心过渡金属的空d轨道成σ键,同时充满电子的适当金属d轨道将电子回送给配位基的空反键轨道成dπ-pπ键。由于配位基的不同,金属氧化态的不同,σ给电子能力和π受电子能力有差异,因此金属配合物的活性及配位体中的键强也有差别。光电子能谱通过结合能的测定可以提供电荷转移的信息,成为研究配位键性质的一种工     

配合物[M(CO)3(PPh2py)2](M=Fe,Ru)异构体的理论研究

对PPh2py配合物[M(CO)3(PPh2py)2](M=Fe, Ru)的三种构型的异构体1-6进行了研究. 其中PPh2py以两个P原子与M配位形成HH构型1(Fe)和4(Ru), 以一个P和一个N原子与M配位形成HT构型2(Fe)和5(Ru), 以两个N原子与M配位形成HH’构型3(Fe)和6(Ru). 结果表明, (1) PPh2py中P原子对HOMO轨道的贡献最大, PPh2py作为电子给体时易以P原子与金属原子结合. (2)从分子能量和相互作用能数据表明, 配合物中HH构型最稳定, HH'构型最不稳定, 这与合成产物为HH构型的结果一致. (3) 键长和Wiberg键级均表明P—M键比N—M键结合力强. P、M原子间存在σ键, 而N、Fe原子间仅存在nN→n*M或nN→σ*M-P的电荷转移作用. (4) HH构型中M对HOMO的贡献最大, PPh2py向M的电荷转移最强, 使M的负电荷最大, 故HH构型最易作为电子给体以M原子与第二个金属配位形成双核配合物.     

含氮、硫螯合树脂与Au(Ⅲ)的螯合性能和状态

用光电子能谱(ESCA)和红外光谱等方法测定了螯合树脂中N(ls)、S(2p)和Au(Ⅲ)的电子结合能和络合状态,结果说明N、S都参与了和Au(Ⅲ)的络合,N上的孤对电子向Au(Ⅲ)转移形成配键,而配位基>S除它的价层电子向Au(Ⅲ)转移形成配键外,还有Au(Ⅲ)的5 d轨道上的电子向S(3 d)空轨道转移形成反馈键,但是σ电子给出和π电子接受的作用不一定在同一个配位基>S上发生。     

有机镧系金属络合物的研究(L)——Cp_2′SmI和Cp′SmI_2·2THF的合成和晶体结构测定

本文首次合成了含分子内氧杂原子配位的双-(2-甲氧乙基环戊二烯基)碘化钐CP_2′SmI(Ⅰ)(Cp′=CH_3OCH_2CH_2C_5H_4)及四氢呋喃溶剂化的2-甲氧乙基环戊二烯基二碘化钐Cp′SmI_2·2THF(Ⅱ)。络合物(Ⅰ)和(Ⅱ)经元素分析及质谱等鉴定。并得到了它们的单晶。结构研究表明,晶体(Ⅰ)属于P2_12_12_1空间群,晶胞参数:a=11.074(4)(?),b=12.929(9)(?),c=12.269(4)(?),(Ⅰ)中每个钐原子和两个环戊二烯基,二个醚基取代基上的氧原子和一个碘原子配位,形成单体结构,Sm(Ⅲ)的配位数为9。晶胞中含有4个单体分子,晶体(Ⅱ)属于P2_1/c空间群,晶胞参数:a=16.304(6)(?),b=8.335(2)(?),c=16.527(5)(?),β=111.8(1)°。晶体(Ⅱ)中每个钐通过一个环戊二烯基,一个醚基取代基上的氧原子,二个四氢呋喃的氧原子和二个碘原子配位形成单体结构,Sm(Ⅲ)的配位数为8。晶胞含4个单体分子。     

[(NaC9H6)Me2CC5H4]2Sm(Ⅱ)(THF)2的合成及其催化MMA聚合的研究

以茚基锂与6, 6-二甲基富瓦烯的环外双键加成反应合成了一个新型取代茂基锂 [(C9H7)Me2C]C5H4Li (1, 其中C5H4代表一取代环戊二烯基), (1)与无水三氯化钐按2∶1摩尔比反应后, 再用与稀土钐的摩尔比为3∶1的钠砂处理, 合成了二价钐的三核双金属配合物[(NaC9H6)Me2CC5H4]2Sm(Ⅱ)(THF)2 (2, 其中C9H6代表茚基). 该配合物经元素分析和红外光谱表征, 并发现 (2) 能高活性地催化甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合, 得到等规含量较高的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯.     

[((C_9H_7)_3Ln)_2Cl][Na(OC_4H_8)_6]的合成及其晶体结构

用LnCl_3·nTHF和茚基钠在四氢呋喃溶液中室温下反应,成功得到了[((C_9H_7)_3Ln)_2Cl][Na(OC_4H_8)_6](Ln=Sm,Nd)配合物单晶。元素分析、红外光谱、热失重数据证实了配合物的组成。测定了晶体结构。晶体属三斜晶系,空间群为P,Z=1。它是一个氯原子做桥将两稀土离子连接起来。四氯呋喃分子中的氧原子同金属钠离子键合,Na-O键长2.377A,三个茚基分子中五圆环上碳原子同金属离子间的平均Ln-C键长为2.803A,Ln-Cl键长为2.899A,Ln-Cl-Ln键角为180°。     

镧系元素双三甲基硅胺基络合物(Ln(N(SiMe_3)_2)_3,Ln=Nd,Eu,Yb)的电子结构和化学键

本文采用自旋不限制的INDO方法,首次研究了Ln(N(SiMe_3)_2)_3络合物(Ln=Nd,Eu,Yb)的电子结构和化学键。结果表明,金属和配位体之间的化学键具有很强的共价性,共价性随原子序数增加而减弱。根据5d轨道成键对络合物奇特的三角锥结构提出了新的解释。计算了双三甲基硅胺基铕的OPPh_3加合物的电子结构,并讨论了电子结构和位阻效应在配位化学中的作用。     

三个稀土-主族三金属Ln(Ⅲ)-Sr(Ⅱ)-K(Ⅰ)配合物的结构与发光性质

用2,4,6-吡啶三甲酸和稀土钐、镝或钆的高氯酸盐溶液、碳酸锶、碳酸钾在180℃水热条件下进行反应,制备出3个含有3种金属离子的配位聚合物[Ln Sr K(ptc)2(H2O)]n(Ln=Sm(1)、Dy(2)、Gd(3),H3ptc=2,4,6-吡啶三甲酸)。X射线单晶衍射分析表明三者具有相同的结构,属三斜晶系,P1空间群。配合物中配体2,4,6-吡啶三甲酸根以2种不同的配位方式与3种金属离子配位,一种方式中连接了7个金属离子,另一种方式中连接了8个金属离子。Ln(Ⅲ)为八配位,与羧基上的6个氧原子和2个吡啶环上的2个氮原子配位;Sr(Ⅱ)也是八配位,配位原子均为氧原子;K(Ⅰ)与5个氧原子配位。荧光发射光谱表明,钐和镝的配合物在紫外光激发下均发射Sm(Ⅲ)和Dy(Ⅲ)两种离子的特征荧光,钆的配合物在紫外光激发下由于发生荷移跃迁而发射绿色荧光。     

希土冠醚配合物的电子结构

本文用INDO方法计算了希土冠醚配合物的分子构型、电子结构、电荷分布和键级,讨论了配位前后电荷分布特征,以及由于配位引起L→L_n电荷转移跟配合物电子结合能化学位移和配位活化的关系,解释了因冠醚内腔不同希土冠醚配合物呈现不同构型的内在原因。希土冠醚配合物的占据分子轨道以配位体轨道成分为主体(4f轨道除外),低空轨道以希土原子轨道成分为主体。其占据分子轨道可分为六组。冠醚环上引入苯环后配合物前线轨道呈现π键性质。其价键的主要贡献部份是5d轨道,其次是6p和6s。4f轨道基本上不参与成键。讨论了配合物的化学键性质及高配位数时稳定的因素。     

3d夹心化合物的电子结构

用EHMO方法研究了3d环戊二烯夹心化合物的电子结构。结果表明环戊二烯配位体和过渡金属的化学键,Cp-M,含有σ、π和δ三种键型。以π给予键为主,σ和δ键主要是金属轨道的贡献。讨论了这三种键型对3d过渡金属环戊二烯夹心化合物稳定性的影响。     

ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL BONDING OF TRISINDENYL SAMARIUM

The electronic structure and chemical bonding of Sm(Ind)3 were studied by using INDO calculation method.The results showed that the 6s 6P and 5d orbitals of Sm mixed with the atomic orbitals of ligands to some extent while the 4f orbital of Sm was strongly localized,participating in bonding less than 2%.The HOMO and the LUMO were of π-type.The chemical bond of Sm(Ind)3 is considerably covalent in character.The net charge distribution on the carbon atoms of the indenyl group is unequal.The Some bonds in Sm(Ind)3 THF is discussed.     

How bridging ligands and neighbouring groups tune the gold-gold bond strength

Gold-gold interactions in small polynuclear complexes are analysed using extended Hückel calculations. They are influenced by the nature of the ligand donor atoms, by the bridging ligands, but most by the formal oxidation state of the metal. Au---Au bonds are much stronger in complexes of Au(II) and Au(III), but a weak interaction between two d¹⁰ centres exists for Au(I) complexes, owing to mixing of the s and p orbitals with the d orbitals. Phosphines induce stronger metal-metal bonds when coordinated trans to the Au---Au bond in [Au(II)[(CH₂)₂PPh₂]L]₂ (Ph = phenyl), but have the opposite effect when bonded orthogonally to the metal-metal axis in Au(I) binuclear species. When two gold atoms are bridged by a single carbon atom, belonging either to mesityl (Mes = 2,4,6-Me₃C₆H₂) or CR₂, the former produces stronger Au(I)---Au(I) interactions, reflected in shorter distances. Formal oxidation states are proposed for the gold atoms in two mixed-valence clusters, [Au4(C₆F₅)₂((PPh₃)_{2CH})2(PPh3)2](ClO4)2 and [{(2,4,6-C6F3H2)Au(CH2PPh2CH2)2Au{in2}-Au(CH₂PPh₂CH₂)₂Au](ClO₄)₂. The results suggest a higher oxidation state for the outer gold atoms, in both the T-shaped tetranuclear cluster and the Au₆ linear chain.     

八电子Pd4四面体团簇的电子结构稳定性分析

基于理论计算,我们报道了T_d对称性的[Pd₄(μ₃-SbH₃)₄(SbH₃)₄]团簇及一系列类似物的结构与成键。成键分析表明：每个Pd原子都是sp³杂化,其10个价电子与四个配体提供的8个价电子,满足18电子规则。并且,每个Pd原子与四个桥连的SbH₃配体可以形成四个离域的四中心两电子超级σ键或八中心两电子键。一方面,根据超原子网络模型,这个钯团簇可以描述成四个2电子的超原子网络。另一方面,凝胶模型表明,它可以合理化的作为电子组态是1S²1P⁶的8电子超原子。与此同时,d¹⁰…d¹⁰闭壳层相互作用在稳定Pd₄四面体结构中起到了关键性的作用。密度泛函理论计算表明：T_d对称性[Pd₄(μ₃-SbH₃)₄(SbH₃)₄]团簇表现出高度稳定性,具有充满的电子壳层,大的HOMO-LUMO带隙(2.84 eV)以及负的核独立化学位移(NICS)值。此外,基于[Pd₄(μ₃-SbH₃)₄(SbH₃)₄]结构与成键模式,我们设计了一系列稳定的类似物,其有可能被实验合成出来。     

Synthesis and structure of two lanthanide complexes with isonicotinic acid N-oxide (HL): [Ln(L)2(H2O)4]n·(NO3)n·n(H2O) (Ln = Sm or Tb)

Two new lanthanide complexes of isonicotinic acid N-oxide (HL), namely [Ln(L)₂(H₂O)₄]_n·(NO₃)_n·n(H₂O) for Ln = Sm or Tb, have been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic and crystallographic methods. IR spectra suggest that isonicotinic acid N-oxide acts as a O,O′-bidentate ligand, the N-oxide group as well as the nitrate group are not involved in coordination. Single crystal analyses have shown that both complexes are isomorphous, where the Ln(III) centers are eight coordinated by four O atoms of four water ligands and other four O atoms of two isonicotinic acid N-oxide ligands. The carboxylate groups are only involved in the bidentate syn–syn bridging mode into infinite chains. Hydrogen bonds between aqua ligands, lattice molecules, nitrate and N-oxide groups are formed giving a three-dimensional network.     

Study of the supported zirconocene catalysts by means of UV/vis and DRIFT spectroscopy

UV/vis in diffusion reflection mode (DRS) and DRIFT spectroscopy have been used to study the surface zirconocene species formed at the interaction of Me₂Si(Ind)₂ZrCl₂ and Me₂Si(Ind)₂ZrMe₂ complexes with the MAO/SiO₂ support. Effect of additional activation of these catalysts with TIBA has been studied as well.

Structure of type [Me₂Si(Ind)₂ZrMe]⁺[MeMAO]⁻ (C) is formed at the reaction of Me₂Si(Ind)₂ZrMe₂ complex with MAO/SiO₂ (a.b. at 456 nm in UV/vis spectra). Interaction of this complex with TIBA results in the formation of new structure (D) with a.b. at 496 nm in UV/vis spectra.

The surface species of different composition and structures are formed at interaction of Me₂Si(Ind)₂ZrCl₂ complex with MAO/SiO₂. The ratio between these species depends on the zirconium content in the Me₂Si(Ind)₂ZrCl₂/MAO/SiO₂ catalysts. According to the DRIFTS data (CO and ethylene adsorption) and ethylene polymerization data these catalysts contain active ZrMe bonds but activity of these catalysts at ethylene polymerization is low. Interaction of Me₂Si(Ind)₂ZrCl₂/MAO/SiO₂ with TIBA leads to the formation of the new cationic structure of type (D) with a.b. at 496 nm in UV/vis spectra and great increasing of activity at ethylene polymerization.     

Synthesis and structural characterization of cobalt(II) and zinc(II) complexes with 2-(indazol-1-yl)-2-thiazoline (TnInA). X-ray characterization of [CoCl2(TnInA)2] · C2H6O and [(M)(TnInA)2(H2O)2](NO3)2 (M = Co, Zn)

Several complexes of 2-(indazol-1-yl)-2-thiazoline (TnInA) with the divalent ions Co and Zn have been synthesized by the direct combination of the ligand and the metal chloride or nitrate hydrated salts in ethanol. These complexes have been characterized by a variety of physical–chemical techniques. Moreover, the structures of [CoCl₂(TnInA)₂] · C₂H₆O (1) and [(M)(TnInA)₂(H₂O)₂](NO₃)₂ (M = Co, 3; Zn, 4) were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In all the complexes, the ligand TnInA bonds to the metal ion through the indazole and thiazoline nitrogen atoms. In complex 1 the environment around the cobalt ion may be described as a distorted octahedron with two TnInA ligands and two chlorine ligands. Compounds 3 and 4 are isostructural with a distorted octahedral geometry around the metal center, being linked to two water molecules and two TnInA ligands. However, in complex [ZnCl₂(TnInA)] (2) the zinc atom is four-coordinated with a probable tetrahedral environment with two chloro ligands and one TnInA ligand bonded to the metal ion.     

Monomeric, dimeric and polymeric [Cp2MoH2] complexes with Ag---S bonds

The reaction of [Cp₂MoH₂] and AgBF₄ with the dithio ligands Na(S₂CPh) and K(S₂COⁱPr) afforded the complexes [(Cp₂MoH₂AgS₂CPh)₂] (1) and [(Cp₂MoH₂AgS₂COⁱPr)₂] (2). Using the monothio ligands Na(SC(O)Ph), K(SC(O)CH₃) and Na(S(NHPh)C=C(CN)₂) the complexes [(Cp₂MoH₂AgSC(O)Ph)₂] (3), [((Cp₂MoH₂)₂(AgSC(O)CH₃)₃)_n] (4) and [(Cp₂MoH₂)₂AgS(NHPh)C=C(CN)₂] (6) were formed. The reaction of thiobenzamide and [(Cp₂MoH₂)₂AgCl] gave the complex [(Cp₂MoH₂Ag(Cl)S(NH₂)CPh)₂] (5). Complexes 1 and 2 have a dimeric structure with the two dithio ligands bridging the two silver atoms. Complex 3 is also a dimer, however, the monothio ligands are coordinated with their single sulphur atoms to the silver atoms. In the polymer 4 the thioacetate ligand has the same bonding mode as in 3. The three-dimensional structure of 4 is built-up of parallel strings. In the dimer 5 the thiobenzamide ligands bind with the sulphur atom to a silver atom each. Complex 6 has a monomeric structure in which the silver atom is coordinated to two [Cp₂MoH₂] ligands and to the sulphur atom of the S(NHPh)C=C(CN)₂ ligand. Compounds 1–6 were characterised analytically and spectroscopically and the structures were determined by single crystal X-ray analyses.     

The valence structure analysis for dirhodium(II) tetracarboxylato complexes with nitric oxide as axial ligand

Density functional theory has been used to study the trans-influence of Rh–Rh and Rh–L bonds in dirhodium(II) tetracarboxylates with axial ligands L=H₂O, pyridine, CO, triphenylphosphine, NO and NO₂. The absence of the chemical bond between metal atoms in Rh₂(μ-O₂CR)₄(NO)₂ complexes and the formation of two covalent Rh–NO bonds explain the very long Rh–Rh and very short Rh–N distances in these compounds.     

Al代位合金化对D88-Ti5Si3力学性能与电子结构影响的第一性原理研究

采用基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的第一性原理赝势平面波方法, 计算了不同数量的Al 原子代位六方D8₈结构的Ti₅Si₃晶体中的Si 原子后的形成能(ΔH_f)、结合能(ΔE_coh)、体模量(B)、剪切模量(G)、泊松比(ν)、Cauchy 压力参数(C₁₂―C₆₆,C₁₃―C₄₄)、金属性(f_m)和派-纳力(τ_P-N)等参数, 表征了Al 合金化对D8₈-Ti₅Si₃的结构稳定性和力学性质的影响. 结合态密度、差分电荷密度图和Mulliken 布居等电子结构分析, 揭示了Al 原子的添加量对D8₈-Ti₅Si₃的韧/脆性变化的影响机制. 研究表明, D8₈-Ti₅Si₃晶体中强的Ti^6g―Si^6g方向共价键是导致其室温脆性的主要原因. 当1 个和2 个Al 原子占据D8₈-Ti₅Si₃晶体中Si^6g位置时, 形成了键强较弱的Al^6g―Si^6g键、Ti^6g―Al^6g键和Ti4d―Al^6g键, 同时降低了D8₈-Ti₅Si₃中Ti^6g―Si^6g键的强度和数量, 从而提高了D8₈-Ti₅Si₃的韧性. 当D8₈-Ti₅Si₃晶体中Si^6g位置被3个Al 原子所占时, Al^6g―Si^6g键消失, 而Ti^6g―Si^6g键的强度增加, 导致Ti₅(Si_1-xAl_x)₃的脆性增加.