Comparison of Properties of Pt/PZT/Pt and Ru/PZT/Pt Ferroelectric Capacitors

Pb（Zr0.4Ti0.6）O3 film prepared by sol-gel spin coating on a Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate is applied to ferroelectric capacitors with Pt or Ru as the top electrode. For the Pt/PZT/Pt and Ru/PZT/Pt ferroelectric capacitors, although with the same ferroelectric film, different top electrode materials incur different properties of PZT capacitors, such as fatigue, leakage, remanent and saturated polarization, except the similar crystal orientations of the PZT film. After 10^10 switch cycles, the remanent polarizations of the Ru/PZT/Pt and Pt/PZT/Pt capacitors decrease to 70% and 84%, respectively. The leakage current density of the latter increases obviously at positive bias after 108 switch cycles, compared with the former. Different materials for the top electrode bring different conditions at the PZT/top electrode interface. The influence of oxygen-vacancy concentration at the PZT/electrode interface and the influence of oxides of the electrode material at the PZT/electrode interface to charge injection can explain the difference of properties of the PZT capacitors with Pt or Ru as the top electrodes.     

H2/Pt/Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95/Pt/O2 fuel cell operated in the intermediate temperature range 500 – 700°C

Ce_0.9Gd_0.1O_1.95 (GCO), is one of the potential candidate electrolytes for intermediate temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (ITSOFC). GCO has high oxide ion conductivity in the intermediate temperature range (500 – 700 °C) compared to other Ce_1−yGd_yO_2-2/y compositions and the Gd³⁺ ion is the most appropriate dopant material compared to other rare earth materials such as Sm³⁺, Y³⁺, Zr³⁺, etc. Our results show that the fuel cell H₂/Pt/Ce_0.9Gd_0.1O_1.95/Pt/O₂ operated in the temperature range 500 – 700°C gives the maximum power densities 0.0049 W/cm² at 500 °C and 0.0126 W/cm² at 650 °C for cell voltages 0.6275 V and 0.6278 V, respectively, where the electrolyte was kept in 5% H₂ (+ Argon) for 12 hours before use in the fuel cell. Maximum power densities are 0.0038 W/cm² at 500 °C and 0.0270 W/cm² at 650 °C for cell voltages 0.5986 and 0.5913 V, respectively, where the electrolyte was kept in 2 % O₂ (+ Argon) for 12 hours before use in the fuel cell. Paper presented at the 2nd International Conference on Ionic Devices, Anna University, Chennai, India, Nov. 28–30, 2003.     

Pt/CNTs电催化剂制备的UV-Vis、FTIR和XRD光谱分析

采用在乙二醇溶液中添加十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)作为稳定剂的调变乙二醇还原法,制备了高分散的碳纳米管(CNTs)负载Pt电催化剂Pt/CNTs。利用紫外-可见(UV-Vis)、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)和X射线衍射(XRD)光谱研究了催化剂的制备过程和结构,考察了Pt/CNTs制备过程中SDS的添加对其结构和甲醇电催化氧化活性的影响。结果表明,在乙二醇溶液中PtCl2-₆与SDS形成了配合物,PtCl2-₆能够被乙二醇完全还原;超声处理后的CNTs表面接上了含氧基团,有利于Pt粒子的吸附,催化剂上不残留有SDS;Pt/CNTs电催化剂具有典型的面心立方结构,添加SDS制备的Pt/CNTs-2电催化剂Pt高度分散,粒径更小,达4.5 nm。循环伏安(CV)测试结果表明,添加SDS制备的Pt/CNTs-2电催化剂比传统乙二醇还原法制备的Pt/CNTs-1具有更高的甲醇电催化氧化活性。     

Metamaterial-based fluid sensor for identifying different types of fuel oil samples

In this paper, we present, design and analyze a metamaterial (MTM) based sensor to distinguish different types of gasoline and diesel samples. Electromagnetic characterization of the samples is completed experimentally and the obtained data is used in the numerical analysis and in the design of the proposed sensor. Unlike the other studies performed in the literature, this structure offers a highly efficient sensing ability and operates in x-band frequency regime. The designed structure is fabricated and the experimental studies are carried out in the related frequency range. It is also demonstrated that numerical results are in a good agreement with the measurement results. The proposed sensor has highly enough bandwidth to sense the fuel oil samples including gasoline and diesel with different characteristics. The suggested structure can be used effectively as a fuel oil sensor in automotive industry. Besides, due to its simple design and high efficiency, the proposed structure can be adjusted to any other liquid sensing application in any desired frequency band by simple adjustments on the dimensions of the structure.     

Sites for catalysis and electrochemistry in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anode

Fuel cells represent a challenging overlap of catalysis and electrochemistry. This is illustrated by anode reactions in a solid oxide fuel cell. The sites for catalytic conversion of methane and electrochemical conversion of hydrogen on an SOFC anode appear not to be the same. The fuel (methane, hydrogen, etc.) is activated by chemisorption on the nickel surface of the anode. This is linked to the electrochemical reaction at the interface of the electrolyte and the nickel crystals converting oxygen ions into electrons and water by reactions with adsorbed hydrogen atoms resulting from the activation of the fuel. The sites for these reactions appear not to be the same. This is reflected by different sensitivities of the two steps to sulphur poisoning. The role of different sites on the nickel surface for the steam reforming reaction is well understood in terms of impact on activity for methane activation, carbon formation and sintering. The study is supplemented by an analysis of anodes having been exposed to 13000 of operation using a number of characterisation methods. PACS 82.47.Ed; 82.45.-h; 82.65.-s     

Reversible changes between bipolar and unipolar resistance-switching phenomena in a Pt/SrTiOx/Pt cell

We find that resistance switching (RS) phenomena change reversibly between bipolar RS (BRS) and unipolar RS (URS) in a Pt/SrTiO_x/Pt cell. For an asymmetric electrode configuration of Ti/SrTiO_x/Pt cells whose top and bottom interfaces are Ohmic and Schottky-like rectifying, we determine that BRS only occurs when a positive voltage is applied to the bottom Pt electrode at the forming process. During the set process of BRS in a Pt/SrTiO_x/Pt cell, O₂ bubbles develop on the top Pt electrode. From the experimental results for a single sample in which both BRS and URS occur, O^2? ion movement and consequent interfacial resistance modification might play an important role in BRS but not URS.     

Novel synthesis, structure and catalysis of inverted core/shell structured Pd/Pt bimetallic nanoclusters

The catalytic properties of Pd-core/Pt-shell (inverted core/shell) structured bimetallic nanoclusters, synthesized by a successive addition method using sacrificial hydrogen, were investigated for hydrogenation of methyl acrylate. Partial deposition of Pt atoms on the surface of Pd nanoclusters can enhance the catalytic activity of the Pd atoms remaining in the surface of the inverted core/shell structured Pd/Pt bimetallic nanoclusters. Received 29 November 2000     

Comparison of different types of secondary mirrors for solar application

Two-stage solar concentrators make solar beams downwards providing flexible choices for energy utilization. Five types of secondary mirrors (a flat mirror, an ellipsoidal mirror, a hyperboloidal mirror with upper/lower sheet and a paraboloidal mirror) are compared. Effects of geometry parameters and concentrator precisions on the optical performance are analyzed using Advanced System Analysis Program. The results indicate that concentrators with a flat mirror or hyperboloidal mirror with lower sheet are more sensitive to rim angle or relative location. The secondary mirror is better a convex surface especially when rim angle is more than 90°. A flat mirror or hyperboloidal mirror with lower sheet performs better with higher redirect focal points. A hyperboloidal mirror with upper sheet is the best however numerical aperture changing. The intercept factors decreased with the increase of random errors or optical errors. Both the fabrication and assemblage requirements for a concentrator with a hyperboloidal mirror with lower sheet are the strictest. Experiments are carried out based on a hyperboloidal mirror with upper sheet. The experiments results are in accordance with the ray-tracing results. Therefore, further studies on optimization of the two-stage concentrators using the ray-tracing model can be conducted.     

Preparation of nanocomposite PbO·CuO/CNTs via microemulsion process and its catalysis on thermal decomposition of RDX

Mixture of carbon black, copper and lead was used as catalyst of high-content RDX-composite-modified double base propellant. To enhance the catalytic effect and improve the flaring performance, metal oxide deposited on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are replaced with afore-mentioned catalyst. A new type of nano-combustion catalyst is synthesized with microemulsion process. In present work, ternary diagram was adopted to analyze the essential factors which affect microemulsion, including temperature, surfactant or cosurfactant and concentration of solution in order to find the best technical parameters and thus to control the core formation and growth of oxides on the nano-template. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are applied to characterize the products. Through observation of microstructures and analysis of crystal structure, it is confirmed that nano-oxides are deposited on the surface of carbon nanotubes. Its particle size is below 50 nm. According to propellant components, a certain amount of combustion catalyst and RDX will be mixed. PbO·CuO/CNTs can catalyze thermal decomposition of RDX by thermal analysis. The results show that the new catalysts obviously accelerate the decomposition of RDX, and the peak temperature of decomposition reduce by 14.1 °C. The catalytic effect of nano-catalyst is better than original catalyst.     

不同叶轮形式下离心泵噪声特性对比研究

针对具有无短叶片和有短叶片两种叶轮形式的离心泵,对设计状态下离心泵内部流场进行了全三维、非定常数值模拟,对比分析了其非定常流场特性和噪声辐射特性。流场分析表明:叶轮叶片和蜗舌的相互作用造成了叶片表面强烈的压力脉动,对长短叶片的叶轮形式,在局部增加长叶片表面压力脉动的同时,短叶片表面的压力脉动保持较低水平;同时能够有效降低泵体进口压力脉动,但出口压力脉动有所增强。以叶轮叶片表面作为声源辐射面,对比分析了两种叶轮的偶极子噪声辐射特性,结果表明:长短叶片结构通过改变声能在频域上的分布,从而能有效降低总声压级。     

不同类型核燃料对热管冷却反应堆燃耗性能的影响

热管冷却反应堆采用固态反应堆设计理念,具有功率密度高、结构紧凑、固有安全性高等特点,在深空探索、深海勘探、偏远地区等场景中具有广阔的应用前景。核燃料作为热管冷却反应堆的重要组成部分,不同类型核燃料在堆芯燃耗分析时会呈现不同的中子学性能。基于美国爱达荷国家实验室(INL)提出的热管冷却反应堆INL Design A,利用清华大学蒙特卡罗中子输运程序RMC (Reactor Monte Carlo code)建立堆芯物理模型,选取UO₂,(U_0.9Pu_0.1)O₂,U-10Zr,U-8Pu-10Zr,UN,UC这6种核燃料开展燃耗计算,分析了不同核燃料、不同功率水平对热管冷却反应堆堆芯燃耗性能的影响。计算结果表明:在堆芯燃耗深度相同情况下(20.8 GW·d·t?1),装载U-8Pu-10Zr燃料的堆芯所需235U富集度最低(9.8%),具有较好的U-Pu增殖性能。堆芯功率处于5 MW的热管冷却反应堆,燃料中241Pu的存在不仅没起到增大堆芯燃耗深度的作用,反而导致堆芯剩余反应性和堆芯寿期末次锕系核素(MAs)的产量增大,影响反应堆的安全性与经济性。因此,对于装载含有Pu燃料的小功率长寿期热管冷却反应堆,需重点关注241Pu对堆芯燃耗性能的影响。     

Direct methanol fuel cells: The influence of methanol on the reduction of oxygen over Pt/C catalysts with different particle sizes

Two Pt/C catalysts with different particle sizes (Pt/C: 2.5 nm, Pt/C-700Ar: 5.1 nm) were investigated by applying a half-cell configuration —rotating disk electrode (RDE) technique in H₂SO₄ aqueous solutions in the absence of or in the presence of methanol with different concentrations. Pt/C catalyst exhibited higher mass activity in H₂SO₄ aqueous solution without methanol and slightly lower mass activity in H₂SO₄ plus 0.1 mol/L CH₃OH in comparison with that of Pt/C-700Ar catalyst. On the contrary,single direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) tests showed that Pt/C exhibited higheroxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and better cell performance, mainly due to the different kinds of electrolyte properties. Furthermore, it suggested that a better single DMFC performance could be obtained with a smaller particle size Pt-based cathode catalyst. Paper presented at the Patras Conference on Solid State Ionics — Transport Properties, Patras, Greece, Sept. 14 — 18, 2004.     

金刚石、碳纳米管、碳纳米管/纳米金刚石复合物的制备及生长机制研究

采用PECVD技术,通过对基片使用不同的预处理方法和沉积参数,合成了金刚石、碳纳米管及碳纳米管/纳米金刚石复合物.利用SEM,TEM,拉曼光谱对样品的形貌、成分和结构进行了研究.结果表明,在制备样品的过程中,基片的预处理方法和CH4/H2流量比至关重要,它们将影响所制得样品的晶粒大小、形核密度以及微观结构.     

Anisotropic interface magnetoresistance in Pt/Co/Pt sandwiches

We report on an effect of reduced dimensionality on the magnetotransport in cobalt layers sandwiched by platinum. In a current in-plane geometry it is found that the resistivity depends on the magnetization orientation within the plane perpendicular to the current direction. The resistivity shows a symmetry adapted cos(2) dependence on the angle to the surface normal, with the maximum along the surface normal. The Co thickness dependence of the effect in Pt/Co/Pt sandwiches clearly points out that the mechanism behind this effect originates at the Co/Pt interfaces and is disparate to the texture induced geometrical size effect.     

真空热处理碳纳米管的储氢性能研究

研究了真空热处理对多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)电化学储氢性能的影响.采用化学气相沉积法(CVD)制备碳纳米管，碳纳米管与LaNi₅储氢合金按质量比1∶10混合，制作成CNTs-LaNi₅电极.电解池采用三电极体系，6mol/L KOH为电解液，Ni(OH)₂为正极，Hg/HgO为参比电极.实验结果表明，在相同的充放电条件下，850℃时CNTs-LaNi₅电极的储氢性能最好，克容量最大为503.6mAh/g，相应的平台电压高达1.18V.从500—850℃随着温度升高，放电量有较大幅度的增加，但到950℃时放电量反而下降.由此可见，碳纳米管的热处理温度对碳纳米管的电化学储氢性能有着较大的影响. 关键词： 碳纳米管(CNTs) 储氢性能 5合金')" href="#">LaNi₅合金 化学气相沉积法(CVD法)     

Comparison of the coating properties and corrosion rates in electroless Ni-P/PTFE composites prepared by different types of surfactants

The effects of the addition of three types of surfactants (cationic, anionic, non-ionic) at different concentrations in the plating bath on the deposition rate, PTFE content and surface morphology of electroless Ni-P/PTFE composite coatings were investigated. It was demonstrated that the cationic and non-ionic surfactants created a uniform distribution of PTFE particles in the coatings. The effects of the surfactant type and concentration on the corrosion properties of Ni-P/PTFE coatings were also studied. The corrosion resistance was increased by the incorporation of PTFE particles into the Ni-P matrix. The level of improvement depended largely on the type and concentration of the applied surfactants.     

Pt/Co/Pt/Ni多层膜的磁光特性

用磁控溅射法制备了Pt/Co/Pt/Ni系列样品,其中Ni层具有不同的厚度.通过测量样品的Kerr转角、椭偏率、折射率和吸收率,推算出了四个等效电导张量元σ_1xx,σ_2xx,σ_1xy,σ_2xy随Ni层厚度的变化情况.再结合电导张量元与Kerr角的理论公式,分析了在Ni层厚度的变化过程中,每一个电导张量元对Kerr角的贡献;发现在短波段σ_2xy起主导作用,而在长波段四个电导张量元共同起作用.经分析认为这是由于在Ni层的增厚过程中,Pt 5d带劈裂程度逐渐减小.与纯Pt/Co膜相比,在Ni层的厚度为0.10—0.23nm的范围内样品具有较低的居里温度和较高的Kerr角,这说明Pt/Co/Pt/Ni多层膜具有较高的应用价值. 关键词：     

SiO2 stabilized Pt/C cathode catalyst for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

This paper describes the preparation of SiO₂ stabilized Pt/C catalyst (SiO₂/Pt/C) by the hydrolysis of alkoxysilane, and examines the possibility that the SiO₂/Pt/C is used as a durable cathode catalyst for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). TEM and XRD results revealed that the hydrolysis of alkoxysilane did not significantly change the morphology and crystalline structure of Pt particles. The SiO₂/Pt/C catalyst exhibited higher durability than the Pt/C one, due to the facts that the silica layers covered were beneficial for reducing the Pt aggregation and dissolution as well as increasing the corrosion resistance of supports, although the benefit of silica covering was lower than the case of Pt/CNT catalyst. Also, it was observed that the activity of the SiO₂/Pt/C catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction was somewhat reduced compared to the Pt/C one after the silica covering. This reduction was partially due to the low oxygen kinetics as revealed by the rotating-disk-electrode measurement. Silica covering by hydrolysis of only 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane is able to achieve a good balance between the durability and activity, leading to SiO₂/Pt/C as a promising cathode catalyst for PEMFCs.     

Polymer electrolyte fuel cell performance degradation at different synchrotron beam intensities

The degradation of cell performance of polymer electrolyte fuel cells under monochromatic X‐ray irradiation at 13.5 keV was studied in galvanostatic and potentiostatic operation modes in a through‐plane imaging direction over a range of two orders of magnitude beam intensity at the TOMCAT beamline of the Swiss Light Source. The performance degradation was found to be a function of X‐ray dose and independent of beam intensity, whereas the degradation rate correlates with beam intensity. The cell performance was more sensitive to X‐ray irradiation at higher temperature and gas feed humidity. High‐frequency resistance measurements and the analysis of product water allow conclusions to be drawn on the dominating degradation processes, namely change of hydrophobicity of the electrode and sulfate contamination of the electrocatalyst.     

Field-driven creep motion of a composite domain wall in a Pt/Co/Pt/Co/Pt multilayer wire

We have studied the field-driven motion of a pair of coupled Bloch domain walls in a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy Pt/Co/Pt/Co/Pt multilayer Hall bar. The nucleation of an isolated but coincident pair of walls in the two Co layers, observed by Kerr microscopy, took place at an artificial nucleation site created by Ga⁺ ion irradiation. The average velocity v of the wall motion was calculated from time-resolved magnetotransport measurements at fixed driving field H, where the influence of the extraordinary Hall effect leads to the observation of voltages at the longitudinal resistance probes. We observed a good fit to the scaling relation lnv∝H^−1/4, consistent the motion of a single 1-dimensional wall moving in a 2-dimensional disordered medium in the creep regime: the two walls are coupled together into a 1-dimensional composite object.