���뼤����Cu�к�CH���໥���ò����Ŀ��������ʵ���о�

为了研究靶材料对快电子能量分布的影响,采用电子谱仪测量了飞秒激光与Cu和CH靶相互作用中在靶前和靶后产生的快电子能谱。结果显示,在靶前Cu和CH靶的快电子能谱相似,反应了快电子发射对靶材料的依赖性较弱;在靶后Cu和CH靶的快电子能谱具有明显的差异,说明电子的输运过程与靶材料密切相关。冷电子环流以及自生磁场是导致Cu靶快电子能谱"软化"的原因,而对于CH靶麦克斯韦分布的快电子能谱主要由碰撞机制决定。     

����-��Ĥ���໥������ǰ���ȵ��� �IJ������ת��Ч��

采用飞秒激光与薄膜靶相互作用测量了前向超热电子的分布和能谱。结果显示,前向超热电子主要集中在靶背法线方向附近区域发射,而超热电子的能谱呈双温类麦克斯韦分布。根据所测超热电子能谱和分布推算出前向超热电子总产额约1.23×108shot-1和前向超热电子的总能量约4.65×1011keV.shot-1,最后给出激光能量转化为前向超热电子能量的转化效率约5.72×10-4,这些结果与文献[17]的较好地一致。     

Particle acceleration in ultra-intense laser plasma interaction

The acceleration of electrons in laser plasma interaction has been observed since the seventies, when it was initially considered as a deleterious effect, as, in the inertial fusion context, the so-called suprathermal electrons preheat the target. However, it has been quickly observed that a large benefit could be taken from these electrons. Two main directions are now followed. In the first direction, one tries to accelerate electrons to high energy, presently in the GeV range. The electrons may originate from a pre-accelerated beam, or directly from a gas target instantaneously transformed in a plasma by the ultra-intense laser pulse. In the second direction, one tries to transfer the energy of the electrons to fast ions, especially protons, presently in the few tens of MeV range. Thin targets are used for this transformation, the electrons being accelerated at the front of the target, while the ions may originate from the front part or the back part of the target, or from inside the target, depending on the parameters of the experiment. While the maximum energy was the initial goal of the pioneer experiments, there are now strong experimental efforts to improve the quality of the beams, in terms of luminosity, emittance, and energy spectrum. In the recent years, quasi-monoenergetic beams were obtained both for electrons and for ions.     

飞秒激光-金属薄膜靶相互作用中靶前后超热电子能谱的比较

采用电子谱仪测量了飞秒激光-金属薄膜靶相互作用中靶前和靶后产生的超热电子能谱.结果显示：靶前超热电子能谱的峰出现在约430 keV处，靶后超热电子能谱的峰出现在约175 keV处；靶前超热电子的有效温度分别为218 keV和425 keV，靶后超热电子能谱出现“软化”现象，其有效温度分别为96 keV和347 keV.靶前和靶后超热电子能谱明显不同是由于超热电子输运穿越过密等离子体和冷材料的靶，并在靶后建立Debye鞘，鞘电场使靶后超热电子能谱峰向低能端移动，鞘电场和自生磁场导致靶后超热电子能谱产生“软化”，估算出的鞘电场小于激光电场.     

Generation of a dense electron beam in a thin film using an ultraintense femtosecond laser pulse

Electron dynamics in a thin target irradiated with femtosecond laser pulses at an intensity of 10²⁰ W/cm² is studied in the framework of the kinetic theory of laser plasma based on the construction of propagators (in classical limit) for electron and ion distribution functions in plasma. The calculations are performed for real densities and charges of plasma ions. Electrons are partly ejected from the target. The laser pulse energy is predominantly absorbed by electrons, and the electrons are accelerated to relatively high energies.     

Study of forward accelerated fast electrons in ultrashort Ti <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">K</Emphasis><Subscript><Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">α</Emphasis></Subscript> sources

The results of an experiment aimed at studying hot electrons emerging from a target rear side in ultrashort laser-based [ _]Kα sources are described. In particular, forward accelerated fast electrons propagating through a Ti foil are found to be emitted in a cone perpendicular to the target surface. The energy of these electrons is estimated as well as their divergence. A comparison of the experimental findings with the results of a PIC simulation is also reported, aimed at identifying the physical processes responsible for the production of this forward propagating electron population. PACS 52.38.-r; 52.38.kd; 52.38.Ph     

Features of the scattering of protons and relativistic electrons intersecting a thin planar target at a small angle to its surface

The processes of scattering of protons and relativistic electrons incident on a planar target at a small angle to its surface have been simulated by the Monte Carlo method. The spatial and energy distributions of the beams of particles both passed through the target and reflected from it have been calculated. The dependence of the characteristics of beams on the initial energy and direction of injection of particles, as well as on the material and thickness of the target, has been considered. The transmission, reflection, and absorption coefficients for electrons in the target have been calculated. The initial energy in the calculations is varied in the range of 7–100 MeV and the angle between the trajectory of particles and the surface of the target is in the range of 1°–45°. The thickness of the target varies from 0.2 to 3 mm. Aluminum, iron, and copper targets have been considered. It has been shown that the intersection of targets at small angles not only increases the transverse dimensions of a beam, but also changes the direction of its motion. The results of the reported calculations of the scattering of relativistic electrons intersecting a foil at small angles to its surface are in qualitative agreement with experimental data.     

Determination of the thickness of a gold layer deposited onto silicon via reflected electron spectroscopy

The energy spectra of electrons reflected from a gold layer deposited onto a silicon substrate have been measured when the energy losses are comparable with the energy of a probe electron beam (5 keV) and the elastic energy losses correspond to an electron-beam energy of 14 keV. A subsequent theory for calculating the energy spectra of electrons and light ions reflected from a multilayer target, which is used to interpret the energy spectra measured in the wide range of energy losses, has been developed. It is found that the elastic scattering processes in the gold layer (the thickness of which is tens of monolayers) substantially affect formation of the energy spectra. The Au layer thicknesses calculated by means of the developed theory are compared with those determined from the spectra of elastically reflected electrons. The errors of the Au layer thickness measurements via the proposed method are discussed.     

超短超强激光产生正电子的蒙特卡罗模拟

通过理论分析,建立了超短超强激光与固体靶作用产生正电子的蒙特卡罗模拟模型及Geant4模拟程序。模拟研究了靶材料、靶厚度及超热电子温度等对正电子产额的影响,结果表明:对铝、铜、锡、钽、金、铅6种靶材料,金靶的正电子产额最高,是优秀的正电子产生靶;不同超热电子温度下存在不同的最佳靶厚度,在最佳靶厚度以下,正电子产额随靶厚度增长而增大,靶厚度取3 mm较为合适;超热电子温度越高,正电子产额也越高,提高激光强度是增加正电子产额的有效途径。模拟研究给出了正电子角分布及其能谱,结果显示,正电子发射明显前倾,从大于90方向范围发射的正电子数量极少,且超热电子温度越高前倾特点越明显,能量呈类麦克斯韦分布,靶背法线方向出射的正电子的温度随超热电子温度升高而升高。     

Near QED regime of laser interaction with overdense plasmas

Interaction of laser plulses with intensities up to 10²⁵?W/cm² with overdense plasma targets is investigated via three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. At these intensities, radiation of electrons in the laser field becomes important. Electrons transfer a significant fraction of their energy to γ-photons and obtain strong feedbacks due to radiation reaction (RR) force. The RR effect on the distribution of laser energies among three main species: electrons, ions and photons is studied. The RR and electron-positron pair creation are implemented by a QED model. As the laser intensity inreases, the ratio of laser energy coupled to electrons drops while the one for γ-photons reaches up to 35%. Two distinctive plasma density regimes of the high-density carbon target and low-density solid hydrogen target are identified from the laser energy partitions and angular distributions of photons. The power-laws of absorption efficiency versus laser intensity and the transition of photon divergence are revealed. These show enhanced generation of γ-photon beams with improved collimation in the relativistically transparent regime. A new effect of transverse trapping of electrons inside the laser field caused by the RR force is observed: electrons can be unexpectedly confined by the intense laser field when the RR force is comparable to the Lorentz force. Finally, the RR effect and different regions of photon emission in laser-foil interactions are clarified.     

通道靶对超强激光加速质子束的聚焦效应

发散角过大是制约超强激光与固体靶相互作用加速产生高能质子束应用的一个重大物理难题.本文提出了一种结构化的通道靶型,与超强激光相互作用可提高质子束的发散特性,通道壁上产生的横向电荷分离静电场可对质子有效聚焦.采用二维particle-in-cell粒子模拟程序对激光通道靶相互作用过程进行了研究,分析了加速质子束的性能特点.模拟结果表明,与传统平面靶相比,通道靶可以在不过多损失能量的情况下产生具有更好准直性的质子束,尤其当通道靶的直径与激光焦斑尺寸和质子源尺寸相当时,横向静电场能够有效聚焦质子束,并且可保证相对较高的激光能量利用率.     

Aspects of Modeling the Electron Probe Heating of a Semiconductor Target

The problem of heat distribution in semiconductor materials irradiated by finely focused electron beams with no exchange of heat between the target and environment is investigated by means of mathematical modeling. In quantitatively describing the energy loss of probe electrons, a model applicable to a wide range of solids and primary electron energies is used that describes separately the contributions from absorbed and backscattered electrons to the energy dissipated in the target. The nonmonotonic dependence of the maximum target heating temperature on the primary electron energy is explained using aspects of the proposed approach. Some results are illustrated using the example of semiconductor electronic materials.     

激光与固体靶相互作用中低密度预等离子体对高能电子产生的影响

 对线极化、圆极化的超短超强激光脉冲与靶前有一段低密度预等离子体的固体靶的相互作用进行了理论和粒子模拟研究。激光通过有质动力加速机制加速预等离子体中的电子，研究了电子获得的最大能量随激光强度和预等离子体密度的变化。当激光脉冲与靶直接作用时，靶中的电子由于J×B机制而得到加速，所获得的能量比预等离子体中电子低。研究表明，在超短超强激光脉冲与固体靶相互作用中，预等离子体的存在有利于高能电子的产生。     

超强飞秒激光与固体靶产生的超热电子加热机制

 在SILEX-1激光器上测量了超强飞秒激光与Ta靶相互作用产生的出射超热电子能谱及角分布,研究了出射超热电子加热机制。激光脉宽为 30 fs,激光功率密度为8.5×10¹⁸ W/cm²。靶前法线方向超热电子温度为550 keV。从实验结果可知：共振吸收是靶前法线方向超热电子主要加热机制,这与靶前存在大密度标长预等离子体的实验条件吻合。靶厚为6～50 μm时,靶后超热电子沿法线方向出射;靶厚为2 mm时,该发射峰消失。     

Inelastic energy loss in solids

The dependence on the bombarding energy of the number of ejected electrons from a policrystalline Ag target is determined. Statistical methods are used in the calculation of the inelastic energy loss due to binary atomic collisions and in that of the electronic stopping cross-section. The calculation is executed for the case of Se⁺ bombarding ion in the 10–200 keV energy range.     

微结构X射线源中电子与阳极作用的蒙特卡罗模拟

根据电子多重散射理论,基于蒙特卡罗方法研究不同能量电子垂直入射不同材料的阳极靶后,电子在阳极靶内的沉积能量分布,及X射线发射位置的能量分布.结果表明：电子在靶内的轨迹扩展和入射电子能量、靶材料有关,99%电子能量沉积在近似圆柱形区域内.且电子在入射方向上的沉积能量分布不是直接递减,而是先递增到一定深度后再递减,符合电子背散射理论.说明X射线产生区域是在距表面一定深度区域内.另外,通过对比分析发现金刚石膜作为电子吸收光栅是不可行的,但作为热沉材料有很大的潜力.这些结论可为微结构X射线源研究及高亮度高相干X射线源设计提供参考.     

强激光与锥型结构靶相互作用准直电子束粒子模拟研究

利用PIC(particle-in-cell)方法模拟研究了超短强激光与锥型三明治结构靶相互作用快电子束的产生和传输,并与锥通道靶、锥丝靶和锥靶在相同激光参数下的作用结果进行了比较.研究发现强激光与锥三明治靶作用产生的快电子能被不同密度材料产生的准静态界面强磁场有效地准直传输.相对其他三种锥型结构靶,锥三明治靶能产生更多数目及更高能量的快电子,提高了激光到快电子的能量转换效率和快电子束的品质,这对快点火能量沉积是有利的.     

On the role of secondary interactions in the production of bremsstrahlung spectra from a thick target

Bremsstrahlung emission, or radiation loss, is the dominant mechanism of energy dissipation of electrons at relativistic energies greater than a few MeV when it is subjected to acceleration in the field of the nucleus or of the electrons. In this study, the Monte Carlo calculations for bremsstrahlung spectra have been described for the case of a thick tungsten target with incident electron beams from 10 to 50 MeV, where secondary interactions induced by the electrons and photons in the target, such as energy loss, absorption, scattering, and (e ⁺, e ⁻)-pair production effects, were taken into account. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

强激光与细锥靶相互作用产生强流高能电子束的研究

本文提出采用了强激光与细锥形靶作用, 产生大量定向高能电子, 用于快点火激光聚变方案研究. 通过PIC 模拟, 研究了细锥靶和激光脉冲的各项参数, 对产生高能电子的影响. 模拟发现, 细锥靶开口10° 时能够产生较多的高能电子, 当开口角度逐渐增大时, 高能电子的能量和数目都有一定程度下降. 若为细锥靶加上预等离子体, 产生的高能电子的数目将大大提高, 而最高的电子能量将会下降. 中等能量的电子加速主要由于激光有质动力加速, 而高能量的电子加速主要由于电子感应加速. 随着激光脉宽的增加, 高能电子的数量直线上升. 关键词： 细锥形靶 电子加速 感应共振加速     

Explicit designs of spin chains for perfect quantum state transfer

For the process of electron-electron (e-e) bremsstrahlung the momentum and energy distributions of the recoiling electrons are calculated in the laboratory frame. In order to get the differential cross section and the photon spectrum for target electrons which are bound to an atom, these formulae are multiplied by the incoherent scattering function and numerically integrated over the recoil energy. The effect of atomic binding is most pronounced at low energies of the incident electrons and for target atoms of high atomic numbers. The results are compared to those of previous calculations.