钯催化C-H乙酰氧基化反应

Pd催化的C—H官能化反应是目前有机合成方法学的一个重要研究热点.毫无疑问,这种温和又有选择性地转化方式广泛运用于化学各个领域.钯催化反应在近十年内得到了很大的发展,但是对于有机化学家来说仍然是一个挑战.综述了近十年来关于在C(sp2)—H和C(sp3)—H乙酰氧基化反应的研究进展及其应用,并提出了今后的研究重点和发展趋势.     

甲烷C-H键催化活化研究新进展

简要综述了近年来甲烷C-H键活化的一些研究进展。重点评述了该领域理论和实验研究的进展及前景。参考文献46篇。     

前言:C-H键催化活化专刊

化学科学与工程对人类社会所担负的责任是提供人类所需要的能源和化学品.迄今为止, 人类的主要能源仍然是含碳能源.以碳和氢为基础结构组成了万千变化的有机化合物.能源体系的多样化所基于的要素可以说就是碳氢键的构建、活化和转化.新能源的发展并不可能也不需要完全摒弃含碳能源,而是与现有的能源体系融合形成符合绿色生态需求的新的复合...     

C-H键选择性直接电氧化研究

C-H键是有机化合物中最基本的化学键,C-H键的活化和直接转化避免了反应物的预先官能化,是最终实现烷烃类化合物转化为不同种类有机化合物最直接、高效的转换方式,通过C-H键构建C-X键（X=O、C、N）是非常重要和具有挑战性的研究. C-H键直接电氧化活化过程中以“电子”参与反应,不需要加入额外的催化剂,并可通过选择合适的电极材料、支持电解质、溶剂和反应温度,通过恒电流或者恒电位电解,进行具有特定的反应选择性和区域选择性的C-H键电氧化活化,从而获得含其他活性基团的目标产物.     

C-H⋯O, O-H⋯C, and C-H⋯C interactions in complexes of carbocations and carboanions

Molecular complexes formed by different forms of carbocations (carbenium ions) and carboanions with water, acetylene, and methane molecules have been calculated by the MP2/6-311++G(2df,2pd) method. In complexes with water where the carbon atom of the carbocation (carboanion) acts as the proton donor (acceptor), the energies of the C-H?O and O-H?C hydrogen bonds turn out to be approximately the same being 13–20 kcal/mol for carbocation (carboanion) species differing in the valence state of the carbon atom. Two types of C-H?C interactions have been revealed depending on the charge at the bridging hydrogen atom, which is determined by the hybridization of the donor carbon atom. The C-H?C interaction energy in molecular complexes with the positively charged hydrogen atom (carboanion complexes with acetylene) is an order of magnitude higher than in the complexes where the bridging hydrogen atom has an excess of electron density (carbocation complexes with methane). In all the complexes under consideration, the covalent C-H bond involved in interaction is elongated, and the negative charge is transferred from the acceptor to the donor.     

Ru催化的C-H键的活化反应

概述了Ru催化的碳氢键的活化反应，包括C-H/烯烃，C-H/炔径和C-H/CO/烯烃 偶联反应，加氢酰化反应，硅化反应。     

甲烷C-H键的活化及其官能团化反应

本文研究了在[Rh(COD)(dppe)]Cl(COD=1,5-环辛二烯;dppe=Ph_2PCH_2CH_2PPH_2)和CO存在下,甲烷与邻二氯苯之间的H/Cl交换反应,反应的活性物种是一个含羰基和dppe的铑配合物.在trans-PtHL_2X(L=PEt_3,P(n-Pr)_3,P(n-Bu)_3,PPh_3, X=Cl~-,Br~-,I~-,CN~-)配合物存在下的甲烷氧化氯化反应中,配合物的催化活性与叔膦配体的供电性,圆锥角以及阴离子X配体的反位效应有关.此外,还考察了在含双氮螯合配体的铂配合物存在下,乙炔插入甲烷C-H键的反应,在实验和量子化学计算的基础上提出了可能的反应机理.     

二维红外光谱法分析聚丙烯C-H伸缩振动

在3 000~2 800cm~(-1)范围内,分别测定聚丙烯C-H伸缩振动(νC-H)的一维红外光谱、二阶导数红外光谱和四阶导数红外光谱来确定聚丙烯的分子结构。试验发现聚丙烯νC-H主要包括甲基碳氢不对称伸缩振动模式(ν_(as)CH_3)、甲基碳氢对称伸缩振动模式(ν_sCH_3)、亚甲基碳氢不对称伸缩振动模式(ν_(as)CH_2)、亚甲基碳氢对称伸缩振动模式(ν_sCH_2)和次甲基碳氢伸缩振动模式(νCH)。进一步采用二维红外光谱研究了温度对聚丙烯νC-H的影响。研究发现,随着温度的升高,聚丙烯分子中νC-H红外吸收强度变化快慢顺序为2875cm~(-1)(ν_sCH_3),2 890cm~(-1)(νCH),2 932cm~(-1)(νasCH_2),2 975cm~(-1)(νasCH_3),2 855cm~(-1)(ν_sCH_2)。     

基于钯催化C-H键活化的多米诺反应

近年来,多米诺反应作为一种合成复杂分子的高效手段已得到有机合成化学家的广泛关注。该反应过程中,不需改变反应条件和添加试剂,中间体也无需分离和提纯,实现了原子经济和环境友好。通过C-H键活化直接构建碳-碳键和碳-杂原子键,大大拓展了传统偶联反应的底物范围,同样具有高原子经济性,已经广泛地作为多米诺反应中的一个高效步骤。此外,钯催化剂运用广泛,能够与多种官能团兼容,是多米诺反应的理想金属催化剂。本文综述了基于钯催化C-H键活化的多米诺反应的最新研究进展,以反应中钯的价态变化进行分类,介绍有关反应的特点、优势及其在天然产物合成中的应用。     

饱和烃C-H键的活化及其配位催化反应

本文评述了饱和烃C—H键活化的最近进展,从配位催化和量子化学的观点,推断了饱和烃C—H键活化及其配位催化反应的机理:首先是它的非定域轨道里的电子对配位在催化剂中心金属的d_z~2/d_■~2-■~2混合轨道上,然后电子从催化剂的HOMO流向底物的LUMO,发生氧化加成反应,生成烷基金属氢化物过渡态,最后经插入反应、还原消除反应,完成整个催化循环。此外,还展望了未来的发展前景。     

C-H/π-interaction-guided self-assembly in π-conjugated oligomers

We report CH/π hydrogen-bond-driven self-assembly in π-conjugated skeletons based on oligophenylenevinylenes (OPVs) and trace the origin of interactions at the molecular level by using single-crystal structures. OPVs were designed with appropriate pendants in the aromatic core and varied by hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon tails along the molecular axis. The roles of aromatic π-stack, van der Waals forces, fluorophobic effect and CH/π interactions were investigated on the theromotropic liquid crystallinity of OPV molecules. Single-crystal structures of hydrocarbon OPVs provided direct evidence for the existence of CH/π interactions between the π-ring (H-bond acceptor) and alkyl C-H (H-bond donor). The four important crystallographic parameters, d(c-x)=3.79 ?, θ=21.49°, φ=150.25° and d(Hp-x)=0.73 ?, matched in accordance with typical CH/π interactions. The CH/π interactions facilitate the close-packing of mesogens in x-y planes, which were further protruded along the c axis producing a lamellar structure. In the absence of CH/π interactions, van der Waals interactions drove the assembly towards a Schlieren nematic texture. Fluorocarbon OPVs exhibited smectic liquid-crystalline textures that further underwent Smectic A (SmA) to Smectic C (SmC) phase transitions with shrinkage up to 11%. The orientation and translational ordering of mesogens in the liquid-crystalline (LC) phases induced H- and J-type molecular arrangements in fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon OPVs, respectively. Upon photoexcitation, the H- and J-type molecular arrangements were found to emit a blue or yellowish/green colour. Time-resolved fluorescence decay measurements confirmed longer lifetimes for H-type smectic OPVs relative to that of loosely packed one-dimensional nematic hydrocarbon-tailed OPVs.     

Pinning-down molecules in their self-assemblies with multiple weak hydrogen bonds of C-H···F and C-H···N

Two-dimensional self-assemblies of four partially fluorinated molecules, 1,4-bis(2,6-difluoropyridin-4-yl)benzene, 4,4'-bis(2,6-difluoropyridin-4-yl)-1,1'-biphenyl, 4,4'-bis(2,6-difluoropyridin-4-yl)-1,1':4',1'-terphenyl and 4,4'-bis(2,6-difluoropyridin-3-yl)-1,1'-biphenyl, involving weak intermolecular C-H···F and C-H···N hydrogen bonds were systematically investigated on Au(111) with low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. The inter-molecular connecting modes and binding sites were closely related to the backbones of the building blocks, i.e., the molecule length determines its binding sites with neighboring molecules in the assemblies while the attaching positions of the N and F atoms dictate its approaching and docking angles. The experimental results demonstrate that multiple weak hydrogen bonds such as C-H···F and C-H···N can be efficiently applied to tune the molecular orientations and the self-assembly structures accordingly.     

催化研究的新希望:烷烃C-H键的活化

选择性是催化反应的精髓。近几年通过金属有机化合物,高选择性的活化饱和烷烃中的不活泼碳-氢键获得成功。反应在均相体系和温和条件下进行,反应选择性发生在饱和碳氢键的伯碳位置。饱和碳氢化合物中的碳氢键与金属有机络合物首先发生氧化加成,然后进行还原消除,生成金属-碳σ键化合物。类似结构的铑络合物也能活化丙烷中的C-H键。     

C-H Bond Functionalization via Hydride Transfer: Formation of α-Arylated Piperidines and 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinolines via Stereoselective Intramolecular Amination of Benzylic C-H Bonds

We here report a study of the intramolecular amination of sp(3) C-H bonds via the hydride transfer cyclization of N-tosylimines (HT-amination). In this transformation, 5-aryl aldehydes are subjected to N-toluenesulfonamide in the presence of BF(3)·OEt(2) to effect imine formation and HT-cyclization, leading to 2-arylpiperidines and 3-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines in a one-pot procedure. We examined the reactivity of a range of aldehyde substrates as a function of their conformational flexibility. Substrates of higher conformational rigidity were more reactive, giving higher yields of the desired products. However, a single substituent on the alkyl chain linking the N-tosylimine and the benzylic sp(3) C-H bonds was sufficient for HT-cyclization to occur. In addition, an examination of various arenes revealed that the electronic character of the hydridic C-H bonds dramatically affects the efficiency of the reaction. We also found that this transformation is highly stereoselective; 2-substituted aldehydes yield cis-2,5-disubstituted piperidines, while 3-substituted aldehydes afford trans-2,4-disubstituted piperidines. The stereoselectivity is a consequence of thermodynamic control. The pseudoallylic strain between the arene and tosyl group on the piperidine ring is proposed to rationalize the greater stability of the isomer with the aryl ring in the axial position. This preferential placement of the arene is proposed to affect the observed stereoselectivity.     

纳米碘化亚铜催化杂环C-H烯基化反应

杂环是一类非常重要的有机化合物,存在于许多天然产物和人工合成的化合物中.其中烯基化杂环化合物不仅可以作为某些高活性聚合物分子的单体,而且在药物、光电材料等合成方面都有非常重要的应用价值.发展了以纳米碘化亚铜为催化剂,磷酸钾为碱,1,10-邻啡啰啉为配体,二乙二醇二甲醚为溶剂,在氩气保护下加热回流24 h来促使杂环和溴代烯烃反应生成烯基化杂环化合物.催化使用的纳米碘化亚铜制备简单,性质稳定,在反应后可以回收循环使用,催化活性没有明显降低.而且该催化体系适用于多种芳香杂环,杂环C—H键酸性越强,越容易发生烯基化反应,产率越高.本工作共得到18个反式的烯基化杂环产物,并对这些化合物进行了结构表征.     

Br+活化甲烷C-H键反应机理的理论研究

使用量子化学从头算方法和密度泛函理论对溴正离子活化甲烷分C-H键的反应机理进行了理论研究,以探讨溴正离了成为一种活化甲烷催化剂的可能性.在B3LYP/6-311 G(3df,3p)和MP2/6-311 G(3df,3p)水平下优化了反应通道上各驻点(反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物)的儿何构型.在G2M( )水平下计算了各物种的能量.研究结果表明:CH4与Br (3P)反应存在三条不同的吸热反应途径,与Br (1D)反应存在二条不同的放热反应通道.反应更易于通过单重态反应通道进行.理论结果不仅较好地解释了实验事实,还说明Br 有可能成为一种活化甲烷的催化剂.     

过渡金属催化C-H键活化的硅氢化反应

过渡金属催化C-H键活化的硅氢化反应在材料科学和合成化学领域里具有重要意义。有机硅化合物在纺织、橡胶、机械、日化等材料领域有广泛应用,此外,它还是重要的有机合成中间体,作为亲核试剂应用到Hiyama偶联反应,反应具有经济、高效、环境友好等特点。近些年来,很多课题组在该领域进行研究,并取得了一定的成果_^[1]。我们将从过渡金属催化芳基/烷基C-H键活化的硅氢化反应出发,介绍近些年在此领域的研究进展。     

过渡金属催化的C-H键硅烷化反应研究进展

有机硅烷化合物在药物化学、材料科学和有机合成中占据着重要地位,过渡金属催化C-H键的直接硅烷化反应作为合成有机硅烷最简洁高效的方法之一,近年来发展迅速.主要综述了2015年以来过渡金属催化C-H键硅烷化反应的最新研究进展.     

配位化学中的C-H…π非键弱相互作用

随着超分子化学研究的深入和发展,C-H…π非键弱相互作用越来越多地在晶体工程学、分子识别、主客体化学、自组装超分子体系以及生物大分子与配体相互作用等领域中被关注。本文综述了在配位化学中的C-H…π非键弱相互作用,它不仅存在于配合物分子内,亦可在配合物分子间观察到,并对利用配合物体系进行C-H…π非键弱相互作用体系研究提出一些设想。     

PMMA塑料光纤中C-H谐波吸收损耗的计算

通过对PMMA塑料光纤中的主要损耗因素C-H谐波吸收进行了理论分析,并进行了定量计算,结果与实际测量数据一致.并从理论上验证了氘化、氟化降低塑料光纤损耗的机理.得到不同量子数的伸缩振动和弯曲振动的吸收波数和损耗.随着波长的增加,C-H谐波吸收损耗增加,而伸缩振动的吸收损耗比弯曲振动高一个数量级,且两者分别与量子数呈线性关系.