Partial Exclusion of the Local Effect from the Assessment of Recognized Illuminant Using Depth Separation II: Influence of Depth Separation under Chromatic Illumination

In the previous work we investigated the influence of depth separation on exclusion of the local effect from the assessment of the recognized illuminant. Under whitish illumination, only a portion of the local effect was excluded, while this study, we extended the range of illumination from whitish to chromatic illuminant. We evaluated how the depth separation influences the amount of local effect under the chromatic illumination. Subjects did perceptual achromatic setting under various combinations of local surround and illumination conditions. We found that under chromatic illumination, depth separation is more effective to exclude the local effect even though the local effect was smaller than under whitish chromatic illumination.     

Lightness Change as Perceived in Relation to the Size of Recognized Visual Space of Illumination

According to the concept of the recognized visual space of illumination (RVSI) the lightness of an object surface is perceived in relation to its conceptualized size. To prove this proposition the lightness of gray test patches was judged when they were located at various positions inside an illuminated space composed of two rooms in the depth direction from a subject. No retinal image arrangement was changed in the test patch and its immediate surroundings, but the front room had walls, floors and furniture lower in lightness by the amount of N1.5 than the back room to make the RVSI of the former smaller despite the illuminance in the entire space being the same. The results showed that the apparent lightness of the patches was perceived higher by amount of about 13 in L units for the N4 test patch and about 20 for N6 when the patches were located in the front room, in accordance with the prediction. It was stressed that the experiment of lightness judgment should be conducted in a three dimensional space rather than two dimensional plane as done by several investigators.     

Room Illuminance rather than Immediate Surrounding Luminance Determines Natural to Unnatural Color of an Object Border

The color of an object placed in a room goes through various modes of color appearance if its luminance is increased independently from the room illumination; from the natural object color to an unnatural object color, and to the light source color having two borders. We were interested in investigating the determining factor for the first border as it is useful in lighting design. It has been thought without a specific theory that it is the surrounding luminance that determines the border. According to a new concept of the recognized visual space of illumination (RVSI), the border is solely determined by the room illumination, and not by the luminance of the immediate surroundings of the object. In the first experiment of the present paper the border of a test stimulus was determined for various room illuminance while keeping the luminance of the immediate surroundings constant. It was shown that the border luminance was roughly proportional to the room illuminance, confirming the prediction based on the RVSI theory. In the second experiment the border was determined for varying luminance of the immediate surroundings while maintaining constant room illuminance. The border did not change, again confirming the prediction based on this theory.     

Equal Insistence of Proportion of Colour on a 2D Surface

Katz conducted experiments on Insistence and Equal Insistence, using an episcotister, chromatic, and achromatic papers which he viewed under different intensities of a light sources and chromatic illumination. His principle of Equal Insistence, combined with Goethe's reputed proportions of surface colours according to their luminosity, and Strzeminski's concept of Unism in painting inspire the author's current painting practice. However, a whole new route of research has been opened by the introduction of Time as a phenomenon of Equal Insitence and Image Perception Fading, under contolled conditions of observer movement at different distances, viewing angles, and illumination. Visual knowledge of Equal Insistence indicates, so far, several apparent changes to the properties of surface colours, and its actual effect upon the shape and size of paintings and symbolism. Typical of the investigation are the achromatic images of an elephant and a mouse.     

Size Effect of the Immediate Surround for the Border between the Natural and Unnatural Object Color Appearance

The border luminance of the test stimulus between the natural and unnatural object color, y_ynB_u was obtained for different spatial sizes of the immediate surround to prove that _nB_u can be determined based on a new recognized visual space of illumination (RVSI) that is assumed to be constructed for the immediate surround separately from the RVSI for the subjects room itself. The _nB_u of five test stimuli were determined for six different sizes covering from zero to 1866 cm² with four different lightnesses, N4, N6 and N8, while keeping the room illuminance constant at 100 or 600 lx. The results showed that luminance of the border _nB_u gradually decreased as the size of the immediate surround was increased and that the decrease was larger for immediate surround with lower lightness. The results were interpreted as showing a new RVSI constructed for the spatial extent of the immediate surround of the test stimulus, and the RVSI was more completely constructed for larger spatial size of the immediate surround. © 2005 The Optical Society of Japan     

Failure of color constancy for high luminance of a test patch that appears unnatural as an object in a space

The theory of the recognized visual space of illumination (RVSI) is that the color appearance of objects in a space is determined in relation to its recognition axis RX whose direction is determined by the brain action to adapt to the illumination in the space. Thus the color constancy holds. RX is applicable to objects in the space but not to an object or a portion that does not belong in the space in terms of illumination, that is to say, the luminance of which is too high based on the illumination for that space. In that case the color appearance would be determined in relation to the fundamental axis FX and the color constancy would not hold. In the present paper the chromaticity points were measured for a test patch that appeared achromatic for various luminance of the patch. The points were close to the color of illumination to indicate the color constancy when the luminance was low enough to assure its appearance as the object color, but they departed from the color of illumination and approached the colorimetrically achromatic color. The color constancy gradually failed for the test patch with the high luminance when the color mode became an unnatural object color and then a light color.     

Quantification of Gloss Perception as a Function of Stimulus Duration

The mechanism and temporal characteristics of gloss perception are not entirely clear. In addition, the formulation for predicting gloss perception from photometric values has not been established. In the present study, we conducted an experiment to measure several temporal characteristics of gloss perception in order to clarify the mechanism. All stimuli were rendered as computer graphics with Phong and Lambert models to provide gloss perception to human observers. We measured perceptual glossiness with a magnitude estimation method and perceptual diffuse/specular reflectance of test stimuli with a matching method under several stimulus conditions, such as reflectance coefficients and stimulus duration. The results showed that the perceptual specular component and perceptual glossiness increase with decreasing stimulus duration. Finally, we proposed a formulation to predict perceptual glossiness as a function of stimulus duration.     

Evidence of across-channel processing for spectral-ripple discrimination in cochlear implant listeners

Spectral-ripple discrimination has been used widely for psychoacoustical studies in normal-hearing, hearing-impaired, and cochlear implant listeners. The present study investigated the perceptual mechanism for spectral-ripple discrimination in cochlear implant listeners. The main goal of this study was to determine whether cochlear implant listeners use a local intensity cue or global spectral shape for spectral-ripple discrimination. The effect of electrode separation on spectral-ripple discrimination was also evaluated. Results showed that it is highly unlikely that cochlear implant listeners depend on a local intensity cue for spectral-ripple discrimination. A phenomenological model of spectral-ripple discrimination, as an "ideal observer," showed that a perceptual mechanism based on discrimination of a single intensity difference cannot account for performance of cochlear implant listeners. Spectral modulation depth and electrode separation were found to significantly affect spectral-ripple discrimination. The evidence supports the hypothesis that spectral-ripple discrimination involves integrating information from multiple channels.     

Broadband space-variant Fresnel processor

We present a radically new class of optical setup working with white-light illumination, namely, a chromatically compensated processor operating in the Fresnel domain. The optical configuration is a hybrid (diffractive-refractive) three-lens system that exhibits an intermediate achromatic Fresnel plane and an output image plane without chromatic distortion. As a first application of this optical arrangement we develop a parallel space-variant color pattern-recognition experiment with white light.     

用反向调制照明法分析光栅成像效应

提出了用反向调制照法明分析光栅成像效应的观点，研究了光栅系统的反向衍射干涉效应，成功地揭示了泰伯效应与劳效应的内在联系，并在白光双光栅衍射干涉的“消色效应”的基础上获得了白光扩展光源照明下白光光栅成像效应和具有实用意义的四光栅干涉系统。     

Limit of the Surface-Color Mode Perception under Non-Uniform Illuminations

A series of experiments were conducted to find the effects of non-uniform illumination on the surface-color mode perception. Two patterns of the illumination, one-sided illumination and a spotlight, were simulated. Observers adjusted the luminance of the test stimulus so that it just started to appear partially as an aperture-color mode. We found that the upper-limit luminance was significantly lower for all test colors when the directions of the gradient between the test stimulus and the surrounds did not match. On the other hand, in the spotlight conditions the upper-limit luminances changed only when it was contained in the spotlighted area. Our results suggest that the brightest stimulus in the scene does not work as a cue, and that the visual system takes the influence of illumination into account in order to set a criterion for the judgment for the color appearance of the mode.     

数字显微全息重建图像的景深扩展研究

显微物镜的景深问题限制数字显微全息在大纵深视场中的应用. 本文充分利用数值重建的特点, 采取低频和高频系数子图上的最大亮度梯度的局部方差作为聚焦判据, 在小波分解域内对显微全息重建图像的景深扩展问题进行了研究. 对倾斜的连续物体碳纤维进行三维重建, 分析了重建距离与直径测量误差的关系. 以超声波雾化器生成的微液滴颗粒场为例, 对离散颗粒场的重建图像进行了景深扩展. 利用基于广义洛伦兹-米散射理论的模型分别模拟1-15 μm 的非透明与透明离散颗粒的显微全息图, 分析了该方法重建的颗粒场的纵深定位误差与夫琅禾费系数的关系, 对比了非透明与透明颗粒纵深定位误差的异同点. 实验和模拟结果显示出该方法对于连续物体和离散颗粒场的显微全息重建图像的景深扩展能力, 且能由此准确重建物体信息.     

Geometric phase-shifting for low-coherence interference microscopy

A low-coherence Linnik interference microscope using high numerical aperture optics has been constructed. The system uses a tungsten halogen lamp and Köhler illumination, with separate control over field and aperture stops, so that experiments can be conducted with a range of different operating conditions. The novel feature of the system is the use of an achromatic phase-shifter operating on the principle of the geometric phase, achieved by using a polarising beam splitter, a quarter wave plate and a rotating polariser. Image information is extracted from the visibility of the fringes, the position of the visibility peak along the scanning axis yielding the height of the test surface at the corresponding point.     

对5通路3/2环绕声系统缺陷的分析

本文利用环绕声重发的声像定位理论，对一种受到重视、很可能将被国际上广泛应用的通用环绕声系统—5通路3／2系统的声像特性进行了分析，并对系统进行了声像定位实验．理论和实验结果表明，按目前的信号馈给方式，系统可在倾听者前方产生稳定而明晰的声像；但在侧向和后方只能产生模糊和不稳定的声像（扬声器方向除外）；将别是在侧向，存在着一个声像的死区，并且对侧向和后方声像来说，听音区域片不宽阔，因而作为一种通用的系统，虽然将其用作伴随图像的重发时，可获得较好的效果；但用作不伴随图像的重发时，系统并不能很好地再观原声场的空间感。由于系统存在这种不容忽视的缺陷，文中着重强调应设法在这方面对系统加以改进     

Rigorous electromagnetic analysis of metallic cylindrical focusing micromirrors with high diffraction efficiency, achromatic aberration and long focal depth

In this paper, we propose a kind of metallic cylindrical focusing micromirrors (MCFMs) with parabolic profiles, and the focal performance is investigated based on rigorous electromagnetic theory and the boundary element method (BEM). Numerical results by the BEM show that the proposed MCFM possesses a high diffraction efficiency and axially achromatic aberration. In addition, through designing a modulating phase function, the MCFM holds long focal depth and high transverse resolution simultaneously. It is believed that the MCFM should have wide application prospects in micro-optical systems, such as micro solar concentrators.     

Simulations of fast component and slow component of SMBI on HL-2A tokamak

It is very important to improve the penetration depth and fueling efficiency of supersonic molecular beam injection(SMBI) especially for the next generation fusion devices such as ITER. Two components, a fast component(FC) and a slow component(SC), have been observed in the HL-2A SMBI experiments for several years, and the FC can penetrate much more deeply than the common SMBIs which draws a great deal of attention for a better fueling method. It is the first time to the FC and SC of SMBI have been simulated and interpreted in theory and simulation in this paper with the trans-neut module of the BOUT++ code. The simulation results of the FC and SC are clear and distinguishable in the same way as the observation in experiment. For the major mechanism of the FC and SC, it is found that although the difference in the injection velocity has some effect on the penetration depth difference between the FC and SC, it is mainly caused by the self-blocking effect of the first ionized SMB. We also discuss the influence of the initial plasma density on the FC and SC,and the variation of the SC penetration depth with its injection velocity.     

机载激光测深系统的最小可探测深度研究

针对回波特性进行理论分析和数值模拟，讨论影响机载激光测深系统的最小可探测深度的各种因素和解决的技术途径。采用窄激光脉冲，高速探测器，小接收视场角，可以改善海表和海底反射信号的叠加。分析海表和海底反射脉冲的特征，提出采用双高斯脉冲拟合方法，从叠加的回波信号中分离海表、海底反射信号，降低机载激光测深系统的最小可探测深度，满足海岸带测绘应用。利用实验室模拟装置进行测量实验，利用提出的方法分离表面和底部反射信号，得到0．4m的最小可探测深度。同时比较了雪崩二极管和光电倍增管的测量结果，两者的测量精度相当。     

Simultaneous determination of trap depth and the ratio of the rate of recombination to that of capture from thermo-luminescence

Thermo-luminescence (TL) is a kind of luminescence decay measured with varying temperature. In the process of TL the decay parameter itself involves the temperature effect of traps. Thus the trap depth is inseparable from the decay parameter. There are two separate peaks in the TL curve of ZnS:Cu,Co if the measurement starts from liquid nitrogen temperature. In the experiment we started from zero Celsius temperature to isolate the deeper traps. We have proposed and realized three methods for simultaneous determination of trap depth and decay parameter based on the quasi-equilibrium model and experimental data. If we treat the case of kinetic order \alpha =1 as \alpha =2, the error might be as large as 100%.     

Three Dimensionality of the Recognized Visual Space of Illumination Proved by Hidden Illumination

We hypothesized that the recognized visual space of illumination (RVSI) was constructed in our brain when we grasped the state of illumination of a space. The importance about the RVSI is that it is three dimensional and is valid not only at the surfaces of the existing objects in the space, but also for the entire portion in the space where no objects exist. With this property of RVSI we are able to predict the appearance of an object surface in terms of lightness as well as of color when the object shifts from one place to the other in the space. The three dimensionality of the RVSI is proved by giving a hidden illumination within a space and by asking a subject to judge the lightness or color of a test patch placed in the area of the hidden illumination. In spite of the additional light on the test patch the subject did not recognize that the light was added but simply felt that the surface was made of a higher lightness or colored by transferring the light into an increase of the reflectance factor of the test patch. The results can be interpreted if we assume that a same RVSI exists throughout the entire space including the area of the hidden illumination.     

Optical Formation and Transport of a Local Region with an Increased Content of a Neutral Component in a Photopolymerizable Composite Layer

It has been shown that a local region with an increased concentration of a nonpolymerizable component can be formed in a photopolymerizable composite layer via a diffusion process stimulated by the motion of the area of initiating illumination. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that this region can be transferred to a given place of the polymerized material. The dependences of the formation path, width, and amplitude of the local inhomogeneity of the nonpolymerizable component on the velocity of the boundary of illumination area along the polymerized layer have been determined by numerical simulation. The results of the experiment have been presented.