Diffraction of sound by a rigid screen with an absorbent edge

A solution is obtained for the problem of diffraction of a plane wave sound source by a semi-infinite plane. A finite region in the vicinity of the edge has an impedance boundary condition; the remaining part of the half plane is rigid. The problem which is solved is a mathematical model for a rigid barrier with an absorbing edge. It is found that the absorbing material that comprises the edge need only be of the order of a wavelength long to have approximately the same effect on the sound attenuation in the shadow region of the barrier as a semi-infinite absorbent barrier. Also the softer the absorbent lining the greater the attenuation in the shadow of the barrier. In the illuminated region a reduction in the sound intensity level can be achieved by a suitable choice of the absorptive material of the strip and its length. It is found that the effect of the absorptive strip is lost if its length is less than two wavelengths long. For a strip length of six wavelengths or more the system is equivalent to an absorbing half plane.     

Sound absorption by an active resonator array near an impedance surface

Absorption of sound waves incident on a plane surface with arbitrary impedance by a planar active resonator array consisting of monopole or dipole resonators and positioned near the surface is considered. Appropriate tuning of active resonators ensures complete absorption of sound waves incident at a fixed angle in a broad frequency band. The effect of tuning errors on the efficiency of sound absorption by the systems under study is investigated. It is shown that, for rigid surfaces, a monopole resonator array yields a higher absorption efficiency, whereas for soft surfaces, a dipole resonator array is the more efficient one.     

Retarded treatment of substrate-related effects on granular films I. Polarizability of a single sphere

A multipolar treatment of the retarded fields radiated by a metal sphere on a dielectric substrate under the influence of an incident plane wave described. Unlike previous treatments, the present one allows boundary conditions, both on the spherical surface and on the substrate interface, to be matched by simply solving an adequate number of linear equations. The problem is thus reduced to inverting three complex matrices, whose sizes depend on the number of multipoles included in the field forms. The solutions, which represent the object and image multipoles (both in the incidence and in the transmission media) associated with the polarized sphere, are given the form of linear combinations of the multipoles associated with the unperturbed field (incident and reflected waves).     

Experiments on Actively Suppressing Sound Reflection and Radiation by a Piston in a Water-Filled Pipeline

The physical foundations of an acoustic active cancellation system (ACS) that suppress self-radiation and reflection of sound is considered, which uses a local negative feedback (NF) method for acceleration. ACS with control of the total and incident field are compared. The possibility of controlling the acoustic impedance of the surface by changing the NF value for acceleration is demonstrated. Experiments were carried out with a single-channel ACS with control of the total field under conditions simulating normal incidence of a plane sound wave on a plane reflector. The results demonstrate the possibility of deep suppression of reflected and radiated waves. The stabilizing role of local NF has been experimentally confirmed.

     

On the sound fields of infinitely long strips

Exact solutions are derived for sound radiation from four kinds of infinitely-long strips: namely a rigid strip in a baffle of finite width, a resilient strip in free space, and a resilient or rigid strip in an infinite baffle. In one limit, the strip in a finite baffle becomes a rigid strip in free space and in the other, a line source in a finite baffle. Here "rigid" means that the surface velocity is uniform, whereas "resilient" means that the surface pressure is uniform, and the strip is assumed to have zero mass or stiffness, as if a force were driving the acoustic medium directly. According to the Babinet-Bouwkamp principle, radiation from a resilient strip in an infinite baffle is equivalent to diffraction of a plane wave through a slit in the same. Plots are shown for the radiation impedances, far-field directivity patterns, and on-axis pressure responses of the four kinds of strip. A simple relationship between the radiation admittance of the rigid strip in an infinite baffle and the resilient strip in free space is presented. The two-dimensional rectangular wave functions developed in this paper can be applied to related problems.     

Experimental study of a smart foam sound absorber

This article presents the experimental implementation and results of a hybrid passive/active absorber (smart foam) made up from the combination of a passive absorbent (foam) and a curved polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film actuator bonded to the rear surface of the foam. Various smart foam prototypes were built and tested in active absorption experiments conducted in an impedance tube under plane wave propagation condition at frequencies between 100 and 1500 Hz. Three control cases were tested. The first case used a fixed controller derived in the frequency domain from estimations of the primary disturbance at a directive microphone position in the tube and the transfer function between the control PVDF and the directive microphone. The two other cases used an adaptive time-domain feedforward controller to absorb either a single-frequency incident wave or a broadband incident wave. The non-linearity of the smart foams and the causality constraint were identified to be important factors influencing active control performance. The effectiveness of the various smart foam prototypes is discussed in terms of the active and passive absorption coefficients as well as the control voltage of the PVDF actuator normalized by the incident sound pressure.     

Sound propagation above a porous road surface with extended reaction by boundary element method

Acoustic impedance of an absorbing interface is easily introduced in boundary element codes provided that a local reaction is assumed. But this assumption is not valid in the case of porous road surface. A two-domain approach was developed for the prediction of sound propagation above a porous layer that takes into account the sound propagation inside the porous material. The porous material is modeled by a homogeneous dissipative fluid medium. An alternative to this time consuming two-domain approach is proposed by using the grazing incidence approximate impedance in the traditional single-domain boundary element method (BEM). It can be checked that this value is numerically consistent with the surface impedance calculated at the interface from the pressure and surface velocity solutions of the two-domain approach. The single-domain BEM introducing this grazing incidence impedance is compared in terms of sound attenuation with analytical solutions and two-domain BEM. The comparison is also performed with the single-domain BEM using the normal incidence impedance, and reveals a much better accuracy for the prediction of sound propagation above a porous interface.     

切向流对微穿孔共振吸声结构声学性能的影响

切向流对微穿孔共振吸声结构声学性能的影响可以分成三类:(1)对小孔辐射声抗的影响;(2)对结构斜入射吸声性能的影响;(3)对消声通道消声性能的影响。根据声学基本理论,详细讨论这些影响,得到对应的理论分析公式。定性而言,若声波的传播方向与气流的运动方向一致,小孔外侧的辐射声抗、空腔声阻抗函数coth (ξ)的宗量ξ赋值和消声通道的消声系数都会减小;同时呈现多普勒效应,使得结构的吸声系数共振峰频率向低频移动。理论分析得到相应实验研究的支持。      

Electromagnetic scattering from a two dimensional perfect electromagnetic conductor (PEMC) strip and PEMC strip grating simulated by circular cylinders

Electromagnetic scattering of an incident plane wave from a rectangular strip and strip grating, are presented semi-analytically. The strip and strip grating are simulated by joining parallel perfect electromagnetic conductor (PEMC) circular cylinders and are illuminated by a TM_z incident plane wave. The PEMC medium does not allow electromagnetic energy to enter. An interface of this medium serves as an ideal boundary to the electromagnetic field. The solution is based on the application of the boundary conditions on the surface of each cylinder in terms of its local coordinate system. The technique is used to predict the scattered field pattern of PEMC strip and PEMC strip grating.     

Resonance excitation of polaritons and plasmons at the interface between a uniaxial crystal and a metal

A resonance is theoretically predicted in which a plane electromagnetic wave in a transparent optically uniaxial crystal, reflected from its metallized surface, creates a wave field at the interface whose intensity is considerably higher than the intensity of the incident wave. In the crystal, a high-intensity (bulk or surface) polariton is excited, whereas, in the metal, a large-amplitude localized plasmon is excited. The structure of the fields created in the crystal is close to that of the fields of bulk polaritons at the boundary with a perfectly conducting surface. The nonideality of the metal is taken into account in the Leontovich impedance approximation. Conditions are found under which the resonance is accompanied by a full transformation of the incident wave into a polariton-plasmon localized near the interface. This coupled wave can be considered as a pumped eigenmode. The intensity of the wave field localized at the boundary can amount to 10–15 times the intensity of the incident wave in the visible range. The resonance half-width with respect to the angles of incidence amounts to a few degrees. In the infrared range, the excitation factor can be an order of magnitude higher, while the resonance half-width sharply decreases down to about 0.1° for a wavelength of 5 μm. Conditions are obtained for the resonance excitation of high-intensity bulk polaritons that arise as reflected modes propagating at a small angle to the boundary. The phenomena investigated are completely attributed to the anisotropy of the crystal.     

Mean force on a small sphere in a sound field in a viscous fluid

A mean force exerted on a small rigid sphere by a sound wave in a viscous fluid is calculated. The force is expressed as a sum of drag force coming from the external steady flow existing in the absence of the sphere and contributions that are cross products of velocity and velocity derivatives of the incident field. Because of the drag force and an acoustic streaming generated near the sphere, the mean force does not coincide with the acoustic radiation pressure, i.e., the mean momentum flux carried by the sound field through any surface enclosing the sphere. If the sphere radius R is considerably smaller than the viscous wave penetration depth delta, the drag force can give the leading-order contribution (in powers of delta/R) to the mean force and the latter can then be directed against the radiation pressure. In another limit, delta< or =R, the drag force and acoustic streaming play a minor role, and the mean force reduces to the radiation pressure, which can be expressed through source strengths of the scattered sound field. The effect of viscosity can then be significant only if the incident wave is locally plane traveling.     

掩埋目标声散射特性及其实验

基于变分原理建立2D-FE弱形式解模型,针对轴对称掩埋目标进行散射远场的快速、高精度数值计算。入射波垂直于对称轴,给出:掩埋深度不变,以1°为间隔,改变掠射角所得到目标散射声压级相对于垂直海底照射获得结果的差值随频率、掠射角变化的表达式;掠射角不变,以0.1m为间隔,改变掩埋深度得到的散射声压级相对于浅掩埋条件下获得结果的差值随频率、深度变化的表达式。实验结果表明:在回波最强的正横方向,掩埋弹性目标表现出的共振散射特性与在自由场空间中具有相似性,表明了掩埋条件下目标内填充的透射和表面环绕波理论的适用性,验证了大掠射角入射得到散射声压级差值的变化规律。研究成果对宽带、高频入射声波探测更深掩埋目标提供思路。      

基于声压-质点速度声强探头的材料吸声系数的测量

通过由一个声压换能器和一个质点速度换能器所构成的传感器(p-u声强探头)同时测量材料表面附近的声压和质点振动速度,可直接得到其声学阻抗,进而得到材料的反射因子、吸声系数。本文利用一个p-u探头声强测量系统,在半消声室内测量了三聚氰胺泡沫的吸声系数,分析了声源高度和入射角度、材料样本尺寸和厚度对吸声系数测量的影响,并和阻抗管中测量得到的法向吸声系数进行了对比。最后分析了声阻抗率的幅值和相位误差对吸声系数的影响,推导了它们的误差传递公式。     

Behaviour of scattering from a rough surface at small grazing angles

The particular problem of wave scattering at low grazing angles is of great interest because of its importance for the long-distance propagation of radio waves along the Earth's surface, radar observation of near surface objects, as well as solving many other fundamental and applied problems of remote sensing. One of the main questions is: how do the scattering amplitude and specific cross section behave for extremely small grazing angles? We consider the process of wave scattering by a statistically rough surface with the Neumann boundary condition. This model corresponds to sound scattering from a perfectly 'hard' surface (for example, the interface between air and the sea surface) or 'vertically' polarized electromagnetic waves scattered by a perfectly conducting one-dimensional (i.e. cylindrical) surface when the magnetic field vector is directed along the generating line of this cylindrical surface. We assume that the surface roughness is sufficiently small (in the sense of the Rayleigh parameter) and the surface is rigorously statistically homogeneous and therefore, infinite. We confine ourselves only to the first-order approximation of small perturbation theory and therefore consider every act of wave scattering in the Born approximation when the Bragg scattering process takes place. Only one resonant Fourier component of surface roughness is responsible for the scattering in a given direction. However, we take into account the attenuation of incident and scattered waves due to the multiple scattering processes on the path 'before' and 'after' a scattering event in a given direction. Also we consider every one of these multiple scattering events only in the Born approximation. The main result we have obtained is that for small grazing angles the scattering cross section of the diffuse component decreases as the second power of the grazing angles with respect to the incident and scattered directions, and as the fourth power of the grazing angle for the backscattering (radar) situation. Generalizing our results from plane-wave scattering to finite beams allows us to obtain the criterion on the beamwidth. For sufficiently narrow beams the multiple scattering processes do not play any role because of a short 'interaction path', and only single Bragg scattering determines the scattering amplitude (which does not tend to zero for small grazing angles). However, for sufficiently wide beams the result obtained for infinite plane waves becomes valid: due to the above-mentioned multiple scattering processes, the scattering amplitude tends to zero for small grazing angles. Consequently, the behaviour of the scattering cross section for small grazing angles depends on the radiation pattern width of the transmitting and receiving antennae: for sufficiently wide beams the scattering cross section decreases to zero at small grazing angles, but for narrow beams it tends to the finite non-zero value.     

The influence of large-scale seafloor slope and average bottom sound speed on low-grazing-angle monostatic acoustic scattering

Variations in large-scale seafloor slope and average seabed sound speed account for a significant portion of the variations in scattering intensity observed in low-grazing-angle monostatic reverberation. Numerical modeling using a finite-difference solution to the elastic wave equation is used to quantify the effect of these large-scale parameters in interpretations of reverberation data. For hard rough seafloor (e.g., basalt), the results of the modeling suggest that the monostatic backscattering strength increases with increasing large-scale seafloor slope up to a slope of about 15 degrees dipping toward the incident direction. Once the grazing angle of the incident wavefield exceeds the critical grazing angle for the flat reference seafloor the backscattering intensity increases only slowly with increasing grazing angle. Similarly, average subseafloor sound speed has a significant effect. Seafloor with low sound speeds characteristic of soft bottoms (e.g., sediment) generate significantly weaker backscatter signals than seafloor with sound speeds characteristic of hard bottoms (e.g., basalt). The difference is that the shear waves can always be passed into soft bottoms because even for a flat seafloor there is no shear wave critical grazing angle.     

Modal vibrations of a cylindrical radiator over an impedance plane

The problem of acoustic radiation from an infinite cylinder undergoing harmonic modal surface vibrations near a locally reacting planar boundary is considered. The formulation utilizes the appropriate wave field expansions, the classical method of images, and the translational addition theorem for cylindrical wave functions, along with a simple local surface reaction model involving a complex amplitude wave reflection coefficient applied to simulate the relevant boundary conditions for the given configuration. The analytical results are illustrated with a numerical example in which the cylindrical surface is immersed near a layer of fibrous material set on an impervious rigid wall. The numerical results reveal the important effects of interface local surface reaction and source position on the computed modal impedance component values and the radiated on-axis far-field pressure. The benchmark solution presented can lead to a better understanding of acoustic radiation from near-interface two-dimensional sources, which are commonly encountered problems in outdoor acoustics and noise control engineering. Eventually, it could be used to validate those found by numerical approximation techniques.     

基于蜷曲空间结构的近零折射率声聚焦透镜

研究基于蜷曲空间结构的近零折射率声聚焦透镜.根据近零折射率材料的声波方向选择机理,采用蜷曲空间结构为基本单元进行排列,设计具有特定入射与出射界面的几何结构,对透射声波的出射方向进行调控,实现了平面声波与柱面声波的聚焦效应,并深入讨论了透镜内部刚性散射体对声聚焦性能的影响.在此基础上,改变近零折射率透镜的出射界面,可以精确调控声波阵面的形状与方向.该类型透镜具有单一的单元结构、高聚焦性能及高鲁棒性等优点.研究结果为设计新型近零折射率声聚焦透镜提供了理论指导与实验参考,同时也为研究声波阵面的调控提供了新思路.     

Theoretical analysis on sound absorption by pseudostochastic diffusors

I.IntroductionIn1979,M.R.S.h.o.der[1]pro-posedanewdesignofsounddiffusorwhoseperiodcomprisesNelements(slotsorwells,referedtoaschannelsinfol1owing)ofequalwidths.ThedepthsofchanneIsvaryaccordingtoapseu-dostochasticsequencewithinonepe-riod.Atypicalstructureofq1ladraticresiduediffusor(N=11)isi1IustratedinFig.1.BychoosingthedePtl1ofchannels,thescatteringcharacteristicsofthestructurecanbeoptirnizeds11chastodistributethescattereden(}rgyequalIyoveralloweddirections.In1992,K.Fuiwaraandothers['repo…     

Absorption of sound at a surface exposed to flow and temperature gradients

In noise abatement using porous or fibrous materials, accurate determination of the surface impedance representing the absorber is decisive for simulation quality. The presence of grazing flow and non-homogeneous ambient temperature influence the reaction of the absorber and may suitably be included in a modified “effective” surface impedance. In this paper, this approach is applied to a generic case representative for the engine bay of a heavy truck, where porous shields suppress the radiated noise, e.g. during a pass-by noise test. The change in the absorption is determined numerically by solving the wave propagation through a layer of varying temperature and flow adjacent to the impedance surface for different angles of incidence. The study shows significant impact of both flow and temperature, especially for materials with low absorption. The diffuse field absorption coefficient is also derived and although the effect is less pronounced in this case, it is still important in lower frequencies and in the frequency range typical for IC engine noise. The proposed numerical method is shown to be accurate and efficient for determination of the effective impedance and moreover not limited to thin boundary layers.     

多阶声模态分解的改进阻抗管法测量材料的高频吸声系数

为了测量高频材料吸声系数,采用声模态分解的方法,基于阻抗管构建测试设备,在阻抗管内测量超过平面波截止频率的的高频吸声系数.测量过程中,通过在阻抗管的周向和轴向分别布置传声器阵列,分离管道内前3阶周向声模态以及各阶声模态的轴向传播入射波和反射波,从而得到最高频率达10000 Hz的材料吸声系数,并通过对比常规阻抗管测试方...