Optical bit-pattern recognition by use of dynamic gratings in erbium-doped fiber

We present a novel optical bit-pattern-recognition technique that uses erbium-doped fiber at room temperature. Counterpropagating beams write a patterned gain-depletion grating in pumped erbium-doped fiber. This grating, recorded in the erbium gain medium, can be used for correlation with other optical bit patterns. We have demonstrated correlation of arbitrary return-to-zero bit patterns of as many as 8 bits at 1 Gbit/s . Theory suggests that scaling to higher bit rates is feasible.     

Polarization-dependent refractometer for discrimination of temperature and ambient refractive index

Transmission characteristics of polarization-dependent refractometer based on a surface long-period grating (SLPG) inscribed in a D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) are investigated. The birefringence of SLPG produces the separation of transmission spectra for TE and TM polarization modes. We also measure the sensitivities of PCF-based SLPG to temperature and external refractive index change depending on the input polarization states. The SLPG-based sensor exhibits different temperature and ambient index sensitivities corresponding to TE and TM polarization modes. Therefore, the SLPG inscribed in D-shaped PCFs can effectively discriminate temperature and ambient index sensitivities.     

单晶硅片中的位错在快速热处理过程中的滑移

研究了单晶硅片中维氏压痕诱生的位错在不同气氛下高温快速热处理中的滑移行为.研究表明: 在快速热处理时, 位错在压痕残余应力的弛豫过程中能发生快速滑移; 当快速热处理温度高于1100℃时, 在氮气氛下处理的硅片比在氩气氛下处理的硅片有更小的位错滑移距离. 我们认为这是由于氮气氛下的高温快速热处理在压痕处注入的氮原子钉扎了位错, 增加了位错的临界滑移应力, 从而在相当程度上抑制了位错的滑移. 可以推断氮气氛下的高温快速热处理注入的氮原子增强了硅片的机械强度. 关键词： 快速热处理 位错滑移 机械性能 单晶硅     

Multiple parameter vector bending and high-temperature sensors based on asymmetric multimode fiber Bragg gratings inscribed by an infrared femtosecond laser

We present a multiple parameter integrated fiber sensor that can detect vector bending and ambient temperature simultaneously with a single asymmetric multimode fiber Bragg grating. Multimode Bragg gratings were fabricated in an all-silica core fiber by an infrared femtosecond laser, which showed multiple transmission dips in the transmission spectrum. Bending and ambient temperature fluctuations affect the shapes of multiple transmission dips in different ways. In bending, different dips have different sensitivities. On the other hand, temperature fluctuations tended to influence the dips uniformly across different dips. By analyzing the changing spectrum of dips, one can distinguish the changes induced by bending or temperature fluctuations. Furthermore, the high thermal stability of Bragg gratings inscribed by an infrared femtosecond laser can make this double parameter fiber sensor work in very harsh, high-temperature environments.     

基于LCD显示器光谱特性的图像颜色一致性研究

为了解决环境光和显示器色温对LCD显示器图像颜色再现有较大影响的问题,提出一种基于LCD显示器光谱特性的图像颜色一致性方法。通过测量在不同环境光和色温下99个行业认可颜色的光谱,总结出不同环境光和色温对LCD显示器图像颜色再现的光谱规律。利用不同环境光下的光谱叠加性及不同色温下的光谱对应规律,实现了不同环境光和色温下的LCD显示器图像颜色一致性,一致性后的图像平均主观评价Z得分为0.50。研究结果表明,该方法能够很好地解决不同环境光和色温下的LCD显示器图像颜色的一致性问题。     

Temperature impact on mechanically induced long-period fiber gratings

The spectral response of mechanically induced long-period fiber gratings (MLPFG) to the ambient temperature variation was experimentally study. In the MLPFG setting, a pressure rig with aluminum grooved plates on standard telecommunication fiber was used. We found that a relatively low change in temperature can produce a severe impact on the characteristic parameters of the attenuation bands, such as a critical decrease in the contrast and fast shift saturation. When the temperature increases from −10 to 70 °C, all the bands are shifted toward longer wavelengths with a mean sensitivity of approximately 180 pm/°C from 0 to 40 °C in the near-linear region, then they present a flattened zone beyond this temperature. Meanwhile, the contrast of the attenuation bands rapidly decreases from the maximum value to 0 dB with a quasi-cosinoidal behavior. These results are important and have to be considered when MLPFG are applied in a medium with ambient temperature variation. Furthermore, we show that MLPFG can be used as low cost ambient temperature sensors through intensity based measurements.     

基于温度修正模型的柴油凝点快速检测方法

便携式近红外光谱仪现场快速检测是近红外光谱分析领域的一个重要的发展趋势。为了实现快速检测,便携式近红外光谱仪一般不配备温控装置,因此环境温度的变化会带来较大的测量误差。如何降低环境温度对检测结果带来的误差,是便携式近红外光谱仪在现场快速检测领域大规模推广所需要解决的一个重要问题。柴油的凝点值是评价柴油品质和适用范围的一个重要指标,对柴油凝点进行快速检测有重要的经济意义。通过便携式光谱仪采集了50种具有不同凝点的柴油样品在近红外波段（950～1 650 nm）的吸收光谱,研究了环境温度变化下的基于近红外光谱分析的柴油凝点快速检测方法。此光谱仪为基于数字微镜设计的便携式光谱仪,针对现场快检而研发,未配备温控样品池。在环境温度T₀=25 ℃时基于偏最小二乘法建立了柴油凝点的预测模型,并分别将不同环境温度（T_E=-10,0,10,20,30,40和50 ℃）条件下测量的近红外光谱带入上述凝点预测模型,分析预测偏差随环境温度相对参考值变化(T_E-T₀)的依赖关系。通过一次函数对预测误差随环境温度的变化关系进行拟合,发现凝点预测偏差的平均值随环境温度的变化关系为Δｃ＝-0.019 8(T_E-T₀)。将环境温度的修正因子带入25 ℃条件下预测模型,建立了针对环境温度变化的温度修正模型。在温度修正以后,10 ℃条件下预测凝点的均方根误差由原来的14.6降为8.8,相关系数由原来的0.4提升为0.7。研究表明,本温度修正模型可以有效降低环境温度对预测结果带来的误差。基于此温度修正模型,可以显著降低近红外光谱分析建模过程的工作量,在某一特定温度条件下建立预测模型后将此温度修正项带入模型即可用于在其他环境温度条件下进行柴油凝点值的预测,而不需要在其他多个温度条件下分别建立预测模型,可显著提高建模效率和便携式近红外光谱快速检测的温度适应性。     

Thermal explosion of a reactive mixture under conditions of oscillating ambient temperature

The problem of the thermal explosion of a finite volume of a reactive material in a medium with harmonically oscillating temperature is solved in the classical formulation. A kind of resonance is shown to arise when the oscillation period is commensurate with the adiabatic induction period of thermal explosion at the mean ambient temperature. At both high and very low oscillation frequencies, the critical condition parameter and induction period are only slightly affected by ambient temperature oscillations. By contrast, at moderately low frequencies, even small-amplitude oscillations of ambient temperature can strongly influence the critical condition and, especially, induction period of thermal explosion.     

Natural thermoelectric heat pump in social wasps

Photographs of wasps or hornets, taken with different temperature sensitive infrared cameras, reveal body temperatures that are sometimes significantly lower than the ambient temperature. This suggests that the hornets possess an intrinsic biological heat pump mechanism which can be used to achieve such cooling. Evidence is presented to substantiate this novel suggestion and to argue that the heat pump is most likely implemented by exploiting a thermoelectric effect in the hornet cuticle. Such a natural heat pump can conceivably also serve to cool the active hornet, engaged in daytime activities outside the nest at ambient temperatures exceeding 40 degrees C, to a body temperature that is low enough to allow its survival in extreme thermal conditions. It might also function as a means of raising the body temperature up to a level that enables the hornet to remain active even when the ambient temperature is as low as 10 degrees C.     

Thermodynamic Analysis of the New Adsorption Cycle “HeCol” for Ambient Heat Upgrading: Ideal Heat Transfer

Thermodynamic analysis of a new adsorption cycle recently suggested for upgrading ambient heat (the so-called “Heat from Cold” or HeCol cycle) was performed. The energy and entropy balances at each cycle stage and in each converter component were calculated for the methanol–AC-35.4 activated carbon working pair under conditions of ideal heat transfer. It is shown that useful heat can be obtained only if the ambient temperature is below a threshold temperature. The threshold temperature was calculated based on the Polanyi principle of temperature invariance and was experimentally validated. The specific useful heat can reach 200–300 J/(g adsorbent), which is of practical interest. The use of adsorbents with an abrupt change in the adsorption uptake between boundary isosters of the cycle may lead to further enhancement of the useful heat. For the HeCol cycle, the exergy losses under the conditions of ideal heat transfer are small. At low ambient temperature, the losses in the evaporator, condenser, and adsorber are comparable, whereas at higher ambient temperature the main exergy losses originate from the adsorber heating and cooling.     

适用于非常规工作环境中热释电型激光能量计的研制

现有的激光能量计传感器灵敏度系数都与其所处环境温度有关,在-50℃～70℃的温度范围内,灵敏度偏差较大,直接影响测量结果。为了达到消除环境温度的影响,采取在不同环境温度下对热释型能量计的灵敏度进行校准的研究方法。该校准方法与普通激光能量计的校准方法的不同之处在于对热释电型能量计进行校准时,温度由室温扩展到-50℃～70℃的温度范围。利用环境试验箱,每隔10℃固定一个温度点,进行激光能量的测量实验,得到各个温度点所对应的灵敏度修正系数,再借助最小二乘法建立起各个温度点上能量计灵敏度系数同环境温度的函数关系,从而实现了-50℃～70℃的温度范围内激光能量的准确计量。研制能直接工作于非常规工作环境下的热释电型激光能量计,对解决激光能量测量的外场需求有一定现实意义。     

Quantitative measurement of radiation properties for opaque and semi-transparent greybodies

Because of the lack of theory and methods of measuring the ambient radiation in real situations, it is impossible to quantify the self-radiation properties of a target. Our earlier paper,⁽¹³⁾ proposed a theory, “Equivalent Blackbody Radiation Theory,” and a design method for infrared systems that can measure quantitatively the ambient radiation and self-radiating properties of opaque targets. We now extend our treatment to the more general case which includes opaque, semi-transparent and transparent objects. As examples, the ambient radiation in different situations, the self-radiation properties of an opaque metal plate and a semi-transparent crystal, and the true temperature difference of human breath during inspiration and exhalation are measured quantitatively and successfully.     

Use of continuous-wave illumination for two-photon three-dimensional optical bit data storage in a photobleaching polymer

We show that a continuous-wave laser beam at an infrared wavelength of 800 nm can be used for two-photon three-dimensional bit data storage in a photobleaching polymer. We successfully demonstrate recording and reading of six layers of data bits with a transverse bit separation of 4.3microm and an axial layer separation of 20microm . This result leads to a three-dimensional bit density of approximately 3Gbits/cm(3) .     

Single photon quantum cryptography

We report the full implementation of a quantum cryptography protocol using a stream of single photon pulses generated by a stable and efficient source operating at room temperature. The single photon pulses are emitted on demand by a single nitrogen-vacancy color center in a diamond nanocrystal. The quantum bit error rate is less that 4.6% and the secure bit rate is 7700 bits/s. The overall performances of our system reaches a domain where single photons have a measurable advantage over an equivalent system based on attenuated light pulses.     

基于超纠缠交换的量子密钥分发

给出一种基于超纠缠交换的量子密钥分发方案，这个方案可以同时产生确定密钥和随机密钥，并且它的安全性不受任何损害.这个方案只需要一对在空间(路径)模式和极化模式上超纠缠的光子就能获得4 bit的密钥(2 bit随机密钥和2 bit确定密钥).在目前的实验条件下，这个方案可以通过线性光学来实现. 关键词： 量子密钥分发 超纠缠 线性光学     

Unraveling the "pressure effect" in nucleation

The influence of the pressure of a chemically inert carrier gas on the nucleation rate is one of the biggest puzzles in the research of gas-liquid nucleation. Experiments can show a positive effect, a negative effect, or no effect at all. The same experiment may show both trends for the same substance depending on temperature, or for different substances at the same temperature. We show how this ambiguous effect naturally arises from the competition of two contributions: nonisothermal effects and pressure-volume work. Our model clarifies seemingly contradictory experimental results and quantifies the variation of the nucleation ability of a substance in the presence of an ambient gas. Our findings are corroborated by molecular dynamics simulations and might have important implications since nucleation in experiments, technical applications, and nature practically always occurs in the presence of an ambient gas.     

DNA transistor and quantum bit element: Realization of nano-biomolecular logical devices

Based on the theoretical prediction that chemical bonds can act as tunnel junctions in the Coulomb blockade regime, and on the technical ability to coat a DNA strand with metal, we suggest that DNA can be used to built nano-logical devices. We discuss two explicit examples: a single-electron tunneling transistor (SET) and a quantum bit element. These devices would be literally in the nano-meter scale and would be able to operate at room temperature. In addition they would be highly stable and have a self ably property.     

Seasonal aspects of sleep in the Djungarian hamster

Background  

Changes in photoperiod and ambient temperature trigger seasonal adaptations in the physiology and behaviour of many species, including the Djungarian hamster. Exposure of the hamsters to a short photoperiod and low ambient temperature leads to a reduction of the polyphasic distribution of sleep and waking over the light and dark period. In contrast, a long photoperiod enhances the daily sleep-wake amplitude leading to a decline of slow-wave activity in NREM sleep within the light period. It is unknown whether these changes can be attributed specifically to photoperiod and/or ambient temperature, or whether endogenous components are contributing factors. The influence of endogenous factors was investigated by recording sleep in Djungarian hamsters invariably maintained at a low ambient temperature and fully adapted to a short photoperiod. The second recording was performed when they had returned to summer physiology, despite the maintenance of the 'winter' conditions.     

Nanoscale high energetic materials: a polymeric nitrogen chain N(8) confined inside a carbon nanotube

We present a theoretical study of a new hybrid material, nanostructured polymeric nitrogen, where a polymeric nitrogen chain is encapsulated in a carbon nanotube. The electronic and structural properties of the new system are studied by means of ab initio electronic structure and molecular dynamics calculations. Finite temperature simulations demonstrate the stability of this nitrogen phase at ambient pressure and room temperature using carbon nanotube confinement. This nanostructured confinement may open a new path towards stabilizing polynitrogen or polymeric nitrogen at ambient conditions.     

Influence of additional external pressure on optical emission intensity in liquid-phase laser ablation

We examined the influence of additional external pressure on the optical emission intensity from plasmas produced by laser ablation of a Ti target immersed in distilled water. We adopted two methods for applying the external pressure. When ambient water was pressurized by connecting the ablation chamber to N₂ gas at a pressure range of 0.1-0.9 MPa, we observed the increase in the optical emission intensity with the pressure. This increase was considered to be caused by the change in the amount of dissolved N₂ gas in the water. On the other hand, when an external pressure of 30 MPa was applied to ambient water by using a mechanical pump, we observed the compression of the spatial distribution of the optical emission intensity. These experimental results suggest a possibility that chemical reactions and physical states (pressure and temperature) of liquid-phase laser-ablation plasmas can be controlled by adding external pressure to ambient liquid.