轮对非线性动力学模型稳定性和分岔特性研究

为了探究轮对系统的横向失稳问题,考虑了陀螺效应和一系悬挂阻尼的影响作用,建立非线性轮轨接触关系的轮对动力学模型,研究轮对系统的蛇行稳定性、Hopf分岔特性及迁移转化机理.通过稳定性判据获得了轮对系统失稳临界速度.采用中心流形定理和规范型方法对轮对动力学模型进行化简,得到与轮对系统分岔特性相同的一维复变量方程,理论推导求得轮对系统的第一Lyapunov系数的表达式,根据其符号即可判断轮对系统的Hopf分岔类型.讨论了不同参数对轮对系统Hopf分岔临界速度的影响,探究了轮对系统的超临界、亚临界Hopf分岔域在二维参数空间的分布规律.利用数值模拟得到轮对系统的3种典型Hopf分岔图,验证了轮对系统超临界、亚临界Hopf分岔域分布规律的正确性.结果表明,轮对系统的临界速度随着等效锥度的增大而减小,随着一系悬挂的纵向刚度和纵向阻尼的增大而增大,随着纵向蠕滑系数的增大呈先增大后减小.系统参数变化会引起轮对系统Hopf分岔类型发生改变,即亚临界与超临界Hopf分岔相互迁移转化.轮对系统Hopf分岔域在二维参数空间的分布规律对于轮对系统参数匹配和优化设计具有一定的指导意义.     

Dynamics of a model of a railway wheelset

In this paper we continue a numerical study of the dynamical behavior of a model of a suspended railway wheelset. We investigate the effect of speed and suspension and flange stiffnesses on the dynamics. Numerical bifurcation analysis is applied and one- and two-dimensional bifurcation diagrams are constructed. The onset of chaos as a function of speed, spring stiffness, and flange forces is investigated through the calculation of Lyapunov exponents with adiabatically varying parameters. The different transitions to chaos in the system are discussed and analyzed using symbolic dynamics. Finally, we discuss the change in orbit structure as stochastic perturbations are taken into account.     

四维超混沌系统Hopf分岔分析与反控制

对超混沌系统进行分岔反控制的研究已成为当前一个重要研究方向,常采用线性控制器实现反控制。首先,对一个四维超混沌系统的Hopf分岔特性进行了分析,利用高维分岔理论推导出分岔特性与参数之间的关系式,以此判断系统的分岔类型。然后,设计一个由线性与非线性组合成的混合控制器对系统进行分岔反控制,控制参数取值不同时,系统会呈现出不同的分岔特性。通过分析得出,调控线性控制器参数可以使系统Hopf分岔提前或延迟发生;同时,调控混合控制器的两个控制参数,可以改变系统Hopf分岔特性,实现分岔反控制。     

汽车多自由度悬架的非线性振动特性

以研究主、副簧组成的悬架系统出发,建立了分段线性非线性悬架系统的动力学模型,运用KB方法求出了此类系统运动的解析解。其幅频响应曲线表明,当缓冲簧间隙适当时,系统非线性特征十分明显,相当于一种缓冲器的趋硬弹簧的作用。同时讨论了非线性弹簧刚度、阻尼系数、地面不平度对共振曲线的影响,分析了轮胎的等效刚度、阻尼系数和质量对系统振动的影响,得到了此类主、副簧组成的悬架结构的运动形式及特征。由理论分析和数值计算画出的幅频特性曲线基本吻合,可为汽车悬架系统的分段线性非线性振动的参数识别、稳定区域的分析研究和优化设计提供理论依据。     

On equilibrium configurations and their stability for a system of two coupled pendulums

A mechanical system consisting of two identical mathematical pendulums connected by a linear spring is considered under the assumption that the pendulum suspension points lie on a horizontal straight line and the system is in a homogeneous gravitational field. The equilibrium configurations of this mechanical system and their stability are studied. The results are represented in the form of bifurcation diagrams.     

一类非线性磁流变系统局部分岔特性研究

讨论了一类基于磁流变阻尼器非线性系统的局部分岔与控制问题，建立了该系统的动力 学模型，运用中心流形定理和范式理论，得到该系统双零特征值问题的规范形及其普适开折， 进而探讨了此系统的分岔行为和稳定性；给出了分岔曲线、转迁集；并给出了此类非线性系 统的数值仿真结果.     

两级悬浮EMS型磁悬浮控制系统的非线性动力学特性

在考虑二级悬浮弹簧的非线性特性的基础上，建立了两级悬浮EMS型磁悬浮控制系统的非线性动力学模型，给出了控制参数G1，G2的稳定性条件，进一步讨论了该磁悬浮系统在外界激励下的分叉行为及混沌动力特性，并利用Poincare映射，功率谱分析及最大Lyapunov指数等混沌运动的统计特征描述了该状态下控制系统的混沌运动特性。     

Hydro-gas suspension system for a tracked vehicle: Modeling and analysis

Tracked vehicles fitted with torsion bar suspensions are limited in their ability to achieve high mobility. This limitation is due to the linear characteristics and the consequent poorer ride performance. Hydro-gas suspensions due to their inherent non-linear behavior can provide higher mobility and better ride comfort performance. The hydro-gas suspension model has usually been developed from experimental force-displacement characteristics, which requires availability of suspension hardware.In this paper, a hydro-gas suspension system is modeled using polytropic gas compression model to represent the spring characteristics, while the damper orifices are modeled using hydraulic conductance. The analytical model is then validated with experiments individually for spring and damper flow characteristics and then as a suspension-wheel assembly in a test rig. The validated suspension model is incorporated in an in-plane model. Using this model, simulation is carried out for sinusoidal inputs of different wavelengths, amplitudes and vehicle speeds. The simulation model is validated with data measured on a vehicle traversing an APG course. The proposed model agrees very well with the measured data. Based on the validated model, studies on the influence of suspension parameters on the ride comfort of a tracked vehicle are carried out.     

Semi-active hydro-gas suspension system for a tracked vehicle

A semi-active hydro-gas suspension is proposed for a tracked vehicle to improve ride comfort performance, without compromising the road holding and load carrying capabilities of the passive suspension. This is achieved through an active damper used in parallel with a gas spring. The suspension damper parameters are varied by a control mechanism based on sky-hook damping theory, which alters the flow characteristics. A damper prototype has been developed, tested for its flow characteristics, after which it has been integrated into an existing hydro-gas suspension system. An analytical model has been proposed from first principles rather than developing a phenomenological model based on experimental characteristics. This model is validated with experiments carried out on a suspension test rig. In order to compare the performance with the original passive system, an in-plane vehicle model is developed and the simulations clearly show that the semi-active system performance is superior to the passive system.     

Three routes to chaos for a three-degree-of-freedom articulated cylinder system subjected to annular flow and impacting on the outer pipe

In this paper, the dynamics of a cantilevered articulated system of rigid cylinders interconnected by rotational springs, within a pipe containing fluid flow is studied. Although the formulation is generalized to any number of degrees-of-freedom (articulations), the present work is restricted to three-degree-of-freedom systems. The motions are considered to be planar, and the equations of motion, apart from impacting terms, are linearized. Impacting of the articulated cylinder system on the outer pipe is modelled by either a cubic spring (for analytical convenience) or, more realistically, by a trilinear spring model. The critical flow velocities, for which the system loses stability, by flutter (Hopf bifurcation) or divergence (pitchfork bifurcation) are determined by an eigenvalue analysis. Beyond these first bifurcations, it is shown that, for different values of the system parameters, chaos is obtained through three different routes as the flow is incremented: a period-doubling cascade, the quasiperiodic route, and type III intermittency. The dynamical behaviour of the system and differing routes to chaos are illustrated by phase-plane portraits, bifurcation diagrams, power spectra, Poincaré sections, and Lyapunov exponent calculations.     

The energy thresholds of nonlinear vibration absorbers

A popular means to mitigate excessive structural vibrations is the attachment of a lightweight spring-mass element, known as a vibration absorber or tuned mass damper. Designing new types of vibration absorbers that outperform the classical linear tuned mass damper is a challenging ongoing research field. This paper focuses on the absorber with a strongly nonlinear spring characteristic. A critical aspect in the design procedure of such nonlinear vibration absorber is the existence of energy thresholds below which no efficient vibration reduction is possible. This paper extends the concept of an energy threshold to a more general parameter threshold representing several threshold values. Two important contributions are obtained. First, one single bifurcation analysis covers every combination of the system parameters. Second, the results are generalized to linear main systems under impulsive load and harmonic load, nonlinear main systems, and general nonlinear spring characteristics.     

非线性转子-机匣系统的分岔行为研究

建立了一类非线性转子-机匣系统的碰摩模型.应用数值分析的方法对其进行研究,得到了不同参数变化下系统响应随转速变化的分岔图,分析了系统参数变化对分岔过程的影响,并作出了在相应参数状态和特定转速下的Poincare截面图,揭示系统参数变化对非线性碰摩转子-机匣系统分岔特性的影响.     

快慢耦合振子的张驰簇发及其非光滑分岔机制

通过引入适当的参数值, 得到了两时间尺度下的快慢耦合振子, 分析了耦合系统及子系统的平衡点及其性质, 进而利用微分包含理论, 探讨了非光滑分界面上的奇异性, 指出在适当的参数条件下, 系统轨迹在穿越分界面时会产生由Hopf分岔和Fold分岔组合的非常规分岔. 给出了不同参数条件下的周期簇发行为, 分析了簇发过程的振荡特性, 指出激发态的频率取决于快子系统在非光滑分界面上的Hopf分岔频率, 而慢子系统的固有频率影响了簇发行为的振荡周期, 并进一步揭示了由非光滑分岔引起的不同周期簇发的分岔机制.     

BIFURCATIONS OF AIRFOIL IN INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW

Bifurcations of an airfoil with nonlinear pitching stiffness in incompressible flow are investigated. The pitching spring is regarded as a spring with cubic stiffness. The motion equations of the airfoil are written as the four dimensional one order differential equations. Taking air speed and the linear part of pitching stiffness as the parameters, the analytic solutions of the critical boundaries of pitchfork bifurcations and Hopf bifurcations are obtained in 2 dimensional parameter plane. The stabilities of the equilibrium points and the limit cycles in different regions of 2 dimensional parameter plane are analyzed. By means of harmonic balance method, the approximate critical boundaries of 2-multiple semi-stable limit cycle bifurcations are obtained, and the bifurcation points of supercritical or subcritical Hopf bifurcation are found. Some numerical simulation results are given.     

Bifurcation on synchronous full annular rub of rigid-rotor elastic-support system

An aero-engine rotor system is simplified as an unsymmetrical-rigid-rotor with nonlinear-elastic-support based on its characteristics. Governing equations of the rubbing system, obtained from the Lagrange equation, are solved by the averaging method to find the bifurcation equations. Then, according to the two-dimensional constraint bifurcation theory, transition sets and bifurcation diagrams of the system with and without rubbing are given to study the influence of system eccentricity and damping on the bifurcation behaviors, respectively. Finally, according to the Lyapunov stability theory, the stability region of the steady-state rubbing solution, the boundary of static bifurcation, and the Hopf bifurcation are determined to discuss the influence of system parameters on the evolution of system motion. The results may provide some references for the designer in aero rotor systems.     

轮对非线性动力学系统蛇行运动的解析解

在对铁路车辆系统的极限环幅值和非线性临界速度进行分析时通常采用数值方法, 不便于研究其随系统参数的变化规律. 轮对系统保留了影响车辆系统动力学性能的几个关键要素: 如轮轨几何非线性约束、轮轨接触蠕滑关系和悬挂系统等, 可以反映铁路车辆系统蛇行运动的本质特性. 轮对系统自由度少、参数少, 可以采用解析方法进行分析. 本文选取合适的特征量把轮对非线性动力学方程无量纲化, 得到了带有小参数的两自由度微分方程; 采用多尺度方法对该方程进行了解析求解; 给出了轮对系统极限环幅值的解析表达式并对其稳定性进行了判定; 给出了轮对系统的分岔速度解析表达式, 并进而获得系统的非线性临界速度的解析表达式. 在对得到的解析解用数值结果进行验证后, 用得到的解析解进行了系统参数影响分析. 传统的分岔图计算方法(如降速法、路径跟踪法等)需对微分方程进行大量数值积分计算方可求解系统的非线性临界速度值, 而通过本文获得的解析表达式可直接给出系统的非线性临界速度值和极限环幅值, 便于研究轮对系统动力学特性随参数的变化规律,进行快速方案比对和筛选, 为转向架结构优化设计提供参考.      

一类非连续阻尼力分段线性系统的分岔研究

以某货车的主副钢板弹簧后悬架系统为模型, 建立了一类两自由度具有非连续阻尼力分段线性系统的微分方程. 建立Poincaré映射, 推导了系统在各分界面处的跳跃矩阵, 经分析得知跳跃矩阵与系统的弹簧刚度无关, 只与阻尼力有关. 通过数值方法进一步揭示了系统发生的Neimark-Sacker分岔现象. 分析了在单边横截穿越情况下阻尼系数对系统稳定性的影响. 对该类碰撞系统分岔和混沌的研究, 有助于工程中此类弹性碰撞系统的优化设计.      

Three-DOF modelling of tractor seat-operator system

A 3-DOF analytical model for a tractor seat suspension system is presented in this paper. The response characteristics of the model have been determined using a computer simulation technique. It was observed that vibration transmissibility predicted by this model matched very well with the measured values. In contrast, the values predicted by 1-DOF or 2-DOF models did not match that well. The suspension system having spring constant between 10.726 and 18.957 kN/m and damping co-efficient between 0.665 and 1.099 kNs/m were found to be suitable for Indian tractor seats. Furthermore, the model could be employed as a tool in selection of optimal suspension parameters for any other type of vehicles.     

Nonlinear parametric modeling of suspension bridges under aeroelastic forces: torsional divergence and flutter

A fully nonlinear model of suspension bridges parameterized by one single space coordinate is proposed to describe overall three-dimensional motions. The nonlinear equations of motion are obtained via a direct total Lagrangian formulation and the kinematics, for the deck-girder and the suspension cables, feature the finite displacements of the associated base lines and the flexural and torsional rotations of the deck cross-sections assumed rigid in their own planes. The strain-displacement relationships for the generalized strain parameters, the elongations in the cables, the deck elongation, and the three curvatures, retain the full geometric nonlinearities. The proposed nonlinear model with its full extensional-flexural-torsional coupling is employed to study the torsional divergence caused by the static part of the wind-induced forces. Two suspension bridges are considered as case studies: the Runyang bridge (main span 1,490?m) and the Hu Men bridge (main span 888?m) in China. The evaluation of the onset of the static instability and the post-critical behavior takes into account the prestressed condition of the bridge subject to dead loads. The dynamic bifurcation that occurs at the onset of flutter is also studied accounting for the prestressed equilibrium state about which the equations of motion are obtained via an updated Lagrangian formulation. Such a bifurcation is investigated in the context of the parametric nonlinear model considering the model parameters of the Runyang Suspension Bridge together with its aeroelastic derivatives. The calculated critical wind speeds for the onset of the static and dynamic bifurcations are compared with the results obtained via linear analysis and the main differences are highlighted. Parametric sensitivity studies are carried out to assess the influence of the design parameters on the instabilities associated with the bridge aeroelastic response.     

Bifurcation analysis of fan casing under rotating air flow excitation

A fan casing model of cantilever circular thin shell is constructed based on the geometric characteristics of the thin-walled structure of aero-engine fan casing. According to Donnelly＇s shell theory and Hamilton＇s principle, the dynamic equations axe established. The dynamic behaviors are investigated by a multiple-scale method. The effects of casing geometric parameters and motion parameters on the natural frequency of the system are studied. The transition sets and bifurcation diagrams of the system are obtained through a singularity analysis of the bifurcation equation, showing that various modes of the system such as the bifurcation and hysteresis will appear in different parameter regions. In accordance with the multiple relationship of the fan speed and stator vibration frequency, the fan speed interval with the casing vibration sudden jump is calculated. The dynamic reasons of casing cracks are investigated. The possibility of casing cracking hysteresis interval is analyzed. The results show that cracking is more likely to appear in the hysteresis interval. The research of this paper provides a theoretical basis for fan casing design and system parameter optimization.