母体苯胺六聚体的一步法合成及紫外光谱研究

作为聚苯胺模型化合物的齐聚物具有规整的分子结构、良好的电活性以及易加工性能 ,使得齐聚物的研究成为导电高分子研究领域的一个研究热点 .结果表明 ,聚苯胺八聚体对有机气体的敏感性是聚苯胺的 1 0 0 0倍 [1] ,并且导电率与之相似 ,而苯封端苯胺三聚体及四聚体在金属防腐方面也显示了优良的抗腐蚀性 [2 ] .因此 ,合成具有不同链段的聚苯胺齐聚物 (母体苯胺齐聚物以及包括苯基封端 /氨基封端在内的苯胺齐聚物及其衍生物 )就变得十分重要 .合成聚苯胺齐聚物已有许多文献报道 ,如Honzl等 [3]的缩聚法、Monkman[4 ]的取代还原法和 Buchwald…     

十二烷基苯磺酸钠胶束体系中聚苯乙烯α-Fe_2O_3复合纳米粒子的制备

近年来 ,以表面活性剂、胶束、微乳液、溶致液晶为介质 ,制备超微粒子材料已为人们所关注[1,2 ] ,以微乳液为介质进行聚合反应亦已引起重视[3 ,4 ] ,我们曾以微乳液为介质合成了导电高聚物聚苯胺、聚吡咯和聚邻甲苯胺 [5,6] ,其粒径为 3～ 6nm,且分布均匀 .聚苯乙烯胶乳在免疫学上已得到应用 [7] ,苯乙烯胶乳磁性复合材料的应用更为方便 ,它能使被标记的细胞或细胞器很方便地用磁铁分离出来 .在胶束中合成聚苯乙烯 /α- Fe2 O3 复合纳米粒子尚未见报道 .本文以过硫酸铵为引发剂 ,在十二烷基苯磺酸钠 /苯乙烯 /水体系中合成聚苯乙烯 /α- F…     

掺杂和取代对聚苯胺导电性能影响机制的研究

在导电聚合物的研究中，聚苯胺及其衍生物一直是人们相当感兴趣的课题．此类聚合物既可用氧化剂掺杂，也可进行质子酸掺杂，掺杂后其电导率可提高约十个数量级｛1，’］；利用在主链上引入取代基等化学修饰方法，可方便地调节其溶解性、加工性等物理化学性能．已有的研究结果表明，主链的化学修饰往往给聚苯胺的导电性能带来不利影响＊．因此，如何使聚苯胶类导电聚合物保持高的电导率且同时具备优良的物理加工性能使成为此类导电聚合物研究中的一个亟待解决的问题一本文利用鼻子化学EHMO－CO方法对掺杂和取代影响聚苯胺及其衍生物导电性…     

主链含偶氮电活性聚酰胺材料的合成与性质

社会的发展和科技的进步不断对材料提出新的要求,功能材料已经成为新的研究热点,因此设计和研究高分子材料的多功能一体化具有重要的科学和现实意义。作为功能高分子材料的一种,聚苯胺因具有原料廉价、制备简便、环境稳定性好等一系列优点,以及特殊的光学、电学、磁学性质等而成为最具应用潜力的导电高分子材料[1-4]。然而聚苯胺结构上的缺陷和不溶不熔的现象,阻碍了人们对聚苯胺的微观研究和加工应用[5,6]。苯胺齐聚物具有明确的分子结构和良好的溶解性,同时光学和电学性质与聚苯胺十分相似[7,8],基本具备了成为聚苯胺替代者的条件,仅由于缺乏良好的机械性能和环境稳定性而发展受到限制。因此我们从分子设计入手,采用氧化偶联聚合方法,将苯胺齐聚物链段和具有光致异构特性的偶氮苯基团同时引入到具有良好综合性能的聚酰胺主链中,制备出一种兼具光活性和电活性的多功能聚合物材料。     

D-A型共轭低聚物的电子性质及D-A比对其影响的理论研究

以[1,2,5]噻重氮并[3,4-g]喹喔啉(TQ)为受体、 噻吩(Th)、 噻吩并[3,2-b]噻吩(TTh)和吡咯(Py)为供体, 设计了6类供体-受体(D-A)型共轭低聚物. 采用杂化的密度泛函方法(B3LYP), 研究了此6类低聚物的电子结构和性质. 电子密度拓朴分析和核独立化学位移计算表明, 随着聚合度的增加, 体系共轭程度增强, HOMO-LUMO能级差逐渐减小. 同时, 随着聚合度的增加, 低聚物电离能减小, 电子亲和势增大. 供体-受体摩尔比(D-A比)对低聚物的性质有重要影响, 提高D-A比能有效地增大分子内电荷迁移, 从而使HOMO-LUMO能级差减小. Py不仅是一个强的电子供体, 还是一个潜在的氢键供体. 在含Py结构单元的低聚物中, 由于分子内氢键的存在使其具有较大的分子内电荷迁移值. 所设计的6种基于TQ的四聚体均具有较小的HOMO-LUMO能级差(<1 eV), 使其相应的聚合物的能隙更小, 可作为潜在的性能优良的导电材料.     

含磺化聚苯胺和重氮树脂自组装超薄膜的制备及其光电转换性能

具有共轭结构的高分子化合物正日益被人们所重视 ,并被应用于导电、光电、电致发光等方面的研究 [1～ 3] .聚合物较之传统的无机太阳能材料 (如硅半导体等 )具有价格低廉 ,可方便地改变结构等优点 ,其光电转换性能的研究主要集中在提高光电转化效率和可加工性能 [4 ,5]两个方面 .由于共轭高分子如聚苯胺在一般溶剂中的溶解性较差 ,人们通过合成取代聚苯胺来提高其溶解性 ,从而改善其加工性能 ,为最终提高其在功能器件中的应用提供保证 .磺化聚苯胺就是通过在苯环上引入磺酸基而使其成为一种水溶性的高聚物 .自组装技术自 1 991年由 Decher[…     

复合Fe2O3纳米粒子的高分子微球的结构表征

近年来，复合有机、无机粒子的高分子微球及其特殊性质越来越引起人们的兴趣与关注［1］．获得有机、无机复合微球的方法很多，如在无机粒子存在下的乳液或无皂乳液聚会[2，3]，通过可聚合的表面活性剂在粒子表面形成胶囊化层[4]以及共沉淀法等[5]．这些无机粒子包括氧化钛、氧化铁、氧化铝及氧化硅等．Haga等[6]增发现包覆在聚合物粒子中的CdS与其本体的光电性质不同；单分散的聚合物微球可以在基片上被组装成二维乃至三维有序的结构[7]．这为信息存储、立体印刷等领域提供了新途径．因此，将无机粒子与聚合物复合成为功能化粒子是一项有…     

β-萘磺酸掺杂聚苯胺纳米粒子的固相反应法制备及其表征

利用固相反应法制备了 β 萘磺酸掺杂的聚苯胺纳米粒子 ,并以红外光谱 (FTIR) ,扫描电子显微镜(SEM) ,透射电镜 (TEM) ,X 射线衍射 (XRD)以及粉末微电极等测试方法对其进行了表征 .结果表明 ,固相反应法合成的 β 萘磺酸掺杂聚苯胺粒子直径为 30～ 5 0nm ,聚苯胺分子链排列有序 ,晶化率较好 .粉末微电极的循环伏安测试表明 ,β 萘磺酸掺杂聚苯胺有较好的电化学活性 .     

用共混和共聚法改性聚苯胺及其电流变液的研究

通过共混和表面接枝共聚两种方法改性聚苯胺，制备聚苯胺（ＰＡｎ）复合粒子并用它们组成活性较高的电流变（ＥＲ）液．研究了ＰＡｎ复合粒子的结构与ＥＲ液性能的关系．结果表明在ＰＡｎ粒子表面涂覆聚乙烯醇或接枝聚丙烯酰胺等与ＰＡｎ能形成氢键或有化学键连接的绝缘物质可以既提高其ＥＲ液的电诱导屈服应力又降低漏电流密度．     

具有伸展链构象聚苯胺/蒙脱土混杂纳米复合物的合成与表征

报道了具有聚苯胺伸展链构象的聚苯胺／ 粘土（ Ｐ Ａｎ／ Ｍ Ｍ Ｔ） 混杂纳米复合物的合成与表征．用插层聚合的方法将聚苯胺分子链嵌入层状蒙脱土的片层之中,从而得到一种高电导率的聚苯胺／ 层状硅酸盐混杂纳米复合物．通过 Ｘ 射线衍射（ Ｘ Ｒ Ｄ） ,付立叶红外（ Ｆ Ｔ Ｉ Ｒ） ,四探针电导率测量以及定性和定量的电子光谱分析等手段对产物进行了表征,结果表明,９０ ％ 以上的聚苯胺的分子链被插入蒙脱土的片层中间．由于聚苯胺分子链在受限的纳米空间生成,聚苯胺以伸展的单分子链构象存在．该构象在苯胺的通常聚合中不可能生成．通过对聚合过程进行吸收光谱监测,发现该聚合是扩散控制过程．     

RAPID SEPARATION OF FINE PARTICLES FROM DILUTE SUSPENSIONS

A potential rapid solid/liquid separation process of fine particles from dilute aqueous suspensions is introduced (tumbling method). This process involves the separation of one or two types of fine particles in aqueous suspension by heterocoagulation phenomena and is conducted by tumbling suspensions with a macroscopic collector such as glass beads which leads to the settling of particles with the collector. Particularly, it was found that silica (Si0₂: 0.12 μm) particles could effectively be collected by glass beads (80 μ.m) through a bridging effect of hematite (α-Fe₂0₃ : 0.10 μm ) particles. The results were explained in terms of the DLVO theory and the efficient movement of the glass beads collector

A chromatographic separation between silica and hematite particles is also proposed.     

Influence of adsorbed polymers on the removal of mineral particles from a planar surface

 Experimental results on the role of adsorbed polymers on the particle adhesion are presented. Both Brownian (silica particles) and non-Brownian (glass beads) particles were used. The particles were deposited onto the internal surface of a glass parallelepiped cell, and then submitted to increasing laminar flow rates. The pH and the ionic strength of the electrolytes were fixed. The adhesive force was related to the hydrodynamic force required to dislodge 50% of the initially attached beads. We found that high molecular weight PEO had little effect on the adhesion of small silica beads due to the low affinity of the polymer for silica or glass surfaces. On the contrary, PEO greatly enhanced the adhesion of bigger glass beads forced to deposit on the capillary surface because of gravity. The increase was all the more pronounced as the molecular weight of the polymer was high. The effect of high molecular weight cationic copolymers on the adhesion of silica particles was drastic. The maximal force (1500 pN) applied by the device could not enable any particle detachment even using polymers of low cationicity rate (5%), showing the efficiency of electrostatic attractions. When copolymers were adsorbed on both surfaces (particles and plane), the adhesive force exhibited a maximum at intermediate coverage of particles. This optimum was related to the optimum flocculation concentration classically observed in flocculation of suspensions by polymers. Received: 16 February 1996 Accepted: 10 September 1996     

Effect of depletion interactions on transport of colloidal particles in porous media

The influence of depletion interactions on the transport of micrometer-sized, negatively charged polystyrene latex particles through porous media was studied by analysis of particle breakthrough curves as a response to short-pulse particle injections to the inlet of a packed column of glass beads. The column outlet latex particle concentration profiles and the total amount of particles exiting the column were determined as a function of the concentration of small, silica nanoparticles in the solution and the bulk flow rate. Because of similar charges, the silica particles do not adsorb to either the latex particles or glass beads and thus induce an attractive depletion force between the latex particles and glass bead collectors. The total column outlet latex particle amount was calculated by integrating the measured breakthrough concentration curve and compared to the known amount of injected particles at the column inlet. It was found that the particle recovery was a decreasing function of the silica nanoparticle concentration and the carrier fluid residence time, and an increasing function of the velocity in the bed. In addition, removing the silica nanoparticles from the flowing solution caused a second outlet peak to appear, suggesting that some of the polystyrene particles were captured in secondary energy wells. The experimental data were interpreted using the predicted potential energy profile between a single particle and a glass bead, which was assumed to consist of electrostatic, van der Waals, and depletion components. The results indicate that secondary energy wells significantly affect particle transport behavior through porous media.     

Anomalous dependence of particle size on supersaturation in the preparation of iron nanoparticles from iron pentacarbonyl

Anisotropic colloidal particles consisting of different compositions and geometry are useful for various applications. These include optical biosensing, antireflective coatings and electronic displays. In this work we demonstrate a simple and cost-effective method for fabricating anisotropic colloidal particles bearing a snowman-like shape. This is achieved by first settling the positively-charged polystyrene latex (PSL) colloids and negatively-charged silica colloids in deionized water onto a glass substrate, forming heterodoublets. The temperature is then raised above the glass transition temperature of the polymer. As a result, the silica particle spontaneously rises to the top of the PSL particle forming a snowman like structure. We have extended this method to different sizes and shown that the structure of the hybrid particles can be tuned by adjusting the size ratio between the silica and the PSL colloids. The surface coverage of the PSL, and hence of the snowman particles, on the glass substrate can also be varied by changing the ionic strength of the solution during the adhesion of PSL to the glass.     

Preparation of silica nanoparticles catalysed by small organic tertiary amine and applications in surface coating with antireflective/antifogging properties

Herein, a facile strategy which is based on Stöber method was presented in the preparation of sol–gel that contains silica nanoparticles with tunable diameter adopting small organic tertiary amine including trimethylamine, triethylamine and tri-n-propylamine (TPA) as the catalysts. The size of the resulting silica particles decreased sharply with extending the length of alkyl chain bonded on tertiary amine. The sub-10 nm silica nanoparticles were prepared while employing TPA as basic catalyst. Silica particles were characterized by transmittance electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Furthermore, after being coated by the as-prepared sol containing sub-10 nm silica particles, the glass substrate exhibited good antireflective property with the maximum transmittance as high as 96.2 % compared with that of the bare at about 91 %. Also, the coated glass showed good antifogging property. Finally, the underlying mechanism responsible for the formation of ultrasmall silica nanoparticles was proposed taking into account the steric barrier of protonated tertiary amine molecules anchored at silica nuclei surface by electrostatic interactions.     

SELECTIVE DETACHMENT OF SILICA FROM COATTACHED SILICA AND HEMATITE PARTICLES ON GLASS BEADS

The detachment of fine particles of silica (0.12 μm) and hematite (0.10 μm) coattached on glass beads (80 μm) in aqueous solution were studied as a function of pH and electrolyte concentration. Detachment occurs at alkaline conditions wherein the surface potentials of the particles and collector are negative. The selective separation of silica particles being governed by the balance of short range forces, which are affected by increasing the pH and electrolyte concentration.     

Stöber synthesis of monodispersed luminescent silica nanoparticles for bioanalytical assays

We have developed a simple method to prepare bright and photostable luminescent silica nanoparticles of different sizes and narrow size distribution in high yield. The method is based on the use of St?ber synthesis in the presence of a fluorophore to form bright silica nanoparticles. Unlike micro-emulsion-based methods often used to prepare luminescent silica particles, the St?ber method is a one-pot synthesis that is carried out at room temperature under alkaline conditions in ethanol:water mixtures and avoids the use of potentially toxic organic solvents and surfactants. Our luminescent particles contained the transition metal complex tris(1,10-phenanthroline) ruthenium(II) chloride, [Ru(phen)3]Cl2. They showed higher photostability and a longer fluorescence lifetime compared to free Ru(phen)3 solutions. Leakage of dye molecules from the silica particles was negligible, which was attributed to strong electrostatic attractions between the positively charged ruthenium complex and the negatively charged silica. To demonstrate the utility of the highly luminescent silica nanoparticles in bioassays, we further modified their surface with streptavidin and demonstrated their binding to biotinylated glass slides. The study showed that digital counting of the luminescent nanoparticles could be used as an attractive alternative to detection techniques involving analogue luminescence detection in bioanalytical assays.     

Structure and infrared emissivity of polyimide/mesoporous silica composite films

Polyimide/mesoporous silica composite films were prepared by direct mixing of polyamic acid solution and silylated mesoporous silica particles, or by condensation polymerization of dianhydride and diamine with silylated mesoporous silica particles in N,N-dimethylacetamide, followed with thermal imidization. Structure and glass transition temperatures of the composite films were measured with FTIR, SEM, EDX, XPS and DMTA. The results show that the silylated mesoporous silica particles in the composites tend to form the aggregation with a strip shape due to phase separation. The composite films exhibit higher glass transition temperature as comparing with that of pure polyimide. It is found that the composite films present lower infrared emissivity value than the pure polyimide and the magnitude of infrared emissivity value is related to the content of silylated mesoporous silica in the composite films. Inhibiting actions of silylated mesoporous silica on infrared emission of the composite films may be owing to presence of nanometer-scale pores in silylated mesoporous silica.     

Quantitative measurement of friction between single microspheres by friction force microscopy

The sliding friction between single silica microspheres was examined by applying friction force microscopy to probe the interaction between spherical silica particles glued to a tipless atomic force microscopy (AFM) cantilever and another particle glued to a glass slide. A three-dimensional model handling the complex contact geometry between spherical particles was established to compute friction and normal forces at the sliding interface from measured deflections of the AFM cantilever. Results obtained at different loads show a linear relationship between friction and normal force, with a friction coefficient of 0.4 between silica spheres. Friction in this system occurs at multi-asperity contacts. The results show that the macroscopic friction law of Amontons can be used to model the friction behavior of micrometer-sized granular matter. For plasma-treated silica particles, increased friction as well as wear could be observed during sliding.     

Synthesis of colloidal silica dumbbells

We describe the synthesis and characterization of stable suspensions of monodisperse fluorescently labeled silica dumbbell particles. Pure dispersions of silica dumbbells with center-to-center lengths from 174 nm to 2.3 microm were produced with a variety of aspect ratios. Individual particles in concentrated dispersions of these particles could be imaged with confocal microscopy. These particles can be used as a colloidal model system for addressing fundamental questions about crystal and glass formation of low-aspect-ratio anisotropic particles. They also have potential in photonic applications and electro-optical devices.