The physical and surface chemical characteristics of activated carbons and the adsorption of methylene blue from wastewater

Adsorption of a basic dye, methylene blue, from aqueous solutions onto as-received activated carbons and acid-treated carbons was investigated. The physical and surface chemical properties of the activated carbons were characterized using BET-N(2) adsorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and mass titration. It was found that acid treatment had little effect on carbon textural characteristics but significantly changed the surface chemical properties, resulting in an adverse effect on dye adsorption. The physical properties of activated carbon, such as surface area and pore volume, have little effect on dye adsorption, while the pore size distribution and the surface chemical characteristics play important roles in dye adsorption. The pH value of the solution also influences the adsorption capacity significantly. For methylene blue, a higher pH of solution favors the adsorption capacity. The kinetic adsorption of methylene blue on all carbons follows a pseudo-second-order equation.     

Pore structure and adsorption performance of the KOH-activated carbons prepared from corncob

Carbonaceous adsorbents with controllable surface area were chemically activated with KOH at 780 degrees C from chars that were carbonized from corncobs at 450 degrees C. The pore properties, including BET surface area, pore volume, pore size distribution, and mean pore diameter of these activated carbons, were characterized by the t-plot method based on N(2) adsorption isotherms. Two groups are classified according to the types of adsorption/desorption isotherms. Group I corncob-derived activated carbons, with KOH/char ratios from 0.5 to 2, exhibited BET surface area ranging from 841 to 1221 m(2)/g. Group II corncob-derived activated carbons, with KOH/char rations from 3 to 6, showed high BET surface areas, from 1976 to 2595 m(2)/g. From scanning electron microscopic (SEM) results, the surface morphology of honeycombed holes on corncob-derived activated carbons was significantly influenced by the KOH/char ratios. The adsorption kinetics of methylene blue, basic brown 1, acid blue 74, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, and phenol from water at 30 degrees C were studied on the two groups of activated carbons, which were suitably described by two simplified kinetic models, pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order equations. The effective particle diffusivities of phenols and dyes at the corncob-derived activated carbons of group II are higher than those of ordinary activated carbons. The high-surface-area activated carbons were demonstrated to be promising adsorbents for pollution control and for other applications.     

Preparation of highly porous carbon from fir wood by KOH etching and CO2 gasification for adsorption of dyes and phenols from water

Fir wood was first carbonized for 1.5 h at 450 degrees C, then soaked in a KOH solution KOH/char ratio of 1, and last activated for 1 h at 780 degrees C. During the last hour CO2 was poured in for further activation for 0, 15, 30, and 60 min, respectively. Carbonaceous adsorbents with controllable surface area and pore structure were chemically activated from carbonized fir wood (i.e., char) by KOH etching and CO2 gasification. The pore properties, including the BET surface area, pore volume, pore size distribution, and pore diameter, of these activated carbons were first characterized by the t-plot method based on N2 adsorption isotherms. Fir-wood carbon activated with CO2 gasification from 0 to 60 min exhibited a BET surface area ranging from 1371 to 2821 m2 g(-1), with a pore volume significantly increased from 0.81 to 1.73 m2 g(-1). Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) results showed that the surfaces of honeycombed holes in these carbons were significantly different from those of carbons without CO2 gasification. The adsorption of methylene blue, basic brown 1, acid blue 74, p-nitrophenol, p-chlorophenol, p-cresol, and phenol from water on all the carbons studied was examined to check their chemical characteristics. Adsorption kinetics was in agreement with the Elovich equation, and all equilibrium isotherms were in agreement with the Langmuir equation. These results were used to compare the Elovich parameter (1/b) and the adsorption quantity of the unit area (q(mon)/Sp) of activated carbons with different CO2 gasification durations. This work facilitated the preparation of activated carbon by effectively controlling pore structures and the adsorption performance of the activated carbon on adsorbates of different molecular forms.     

Comparisons of porous and adsorption properties of carbons activated by steam and KOH

In this work, fir woods and pistachio shells were used as source materials to prepare porous carbons, which were activated by physical (steam) and chemical (KOH) methods. Pore properties of these activated carbons including the BET surface area, pore volume, pore size distribution, and pore diameter were first characterized by a t-plot method based on N(2) adsorption isotherms. Highly porous activated carbons with BET surface area up to 1009-1096 m(2)/g were obtained. The steam and KOH activation methods produced carbons with mesopore content in the range 9-15 and 33-49%, respectively. The adsorption equilibria and kinetics of tannic acid, methylene blue, 4-chlorophenol, and phenol from water on such carbons at 30 degrees C were then investigated to check their chemical characteristics. The Freundlich equation gave a better fit to all adsorption isotherms than the Langmuir equation. On the other hand, the intraparticle diffusion model could best follow all adsorption processes. In comparison with KOH-activated carbons, it was shown that the rate of external surface adsorption with steam-activated carbons was significantly higher but the rate of intraparticle diffusion was much lower.     

The Use of High Surface Area Mesoporous-Activated Carbon from Longan Seed Biomass for Increasing Capacity and Kinetics of Methylene Blue Adsorption from Aqueous Solution

Microporous- and mesoporous-activated carbons were produced from longan seed biomass through physical activation with CO₂ under the same activation conditions of time and temperature. The specially prepared mesoporous carbon showed the maximum porous properties with the specific surface area of 1773 m²/g and mesopore volume of 0.474 cm³/g which accounts for 44.1% of the total pore volume. These activated carbons were utilized as porous adsorbents for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from an aqueous solution and their effectiveness was evaluated for both the adsorption kinetics and capacity. The adsorption kinetic data of MB were analyzed by the pseudo-first-order model, the pseudo-second-order model, and the pore-diffusion model equations. It was found that the adsorption kinetic behavior for all carbons tested was best described by the pseudo-second-order model. The effective pore diffusivity (D_e) derived from the pore-diffusion model had the values of 4.657 × 10⁻⁷–6.014 × 10⁻⁷ cm²/s and 4.668 × 10⁻⁷–19.920 × 10⁻⁷ cm²/s for the microporous- and mesoporous-activated carbons, respectively. Three well-known adsorption models, namely the Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich–Peterson equations were tested with the experimental MB adsorption isotherms, and the results showed that the Redlich–Peterson model provided the overall best fitting of the isotherm data. In addition, the maximum capacity for MB adsorption of 1000 mg/g was achieved with the mesoporous carbon having the largest surface area and pore volume. The initial pH of MB solution had virtually no effect on the adsorption capacity and removal efficiency of the methylene blue dye. Increasing temperature over the range from 35 to 55 °C increased the adsorption of methylene blue, presumably caused by the increase in the diffusion rate of methylene blue to the adsorption sites that could promote the interaction frequency between the adsorbent surface and the adsorbate molecules. Overall, the high surface area mesoporous carbon was superior to the microporous carbon in view of the adsorption kinetics and capacity, when both carbons were used for the removal of MB from an aqueous solution.     

微波辐射紫茎泽兰制备优质活性炭的研究

以紫茎泽兰为原料,碳酸钾为活化剂,采用超声波浸渍,微波辐射法制备活性炭.研究了浸渍方式与时间、微波功率、微波辐射时间、剂料比对活性炭吸附性能和得率的影响.得到了本实验条件下的优化工艺条件:超声波浸渍20min、120℃脱水2h,微波功率700W、微波辐射时间12min、剂料比1.25∶1.优化工艺条件下制备的活性炭碘吸附值为1470.27mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为300mL/g,得率为16.35%.浸渍时间极大的缩短,微波辐射时间只有传统法活化时间的1/15左右,活性炭的吸附指标超过了国标GB/T 13803.1-1999和GB/T 13803.2-1999一级品的标准,其中碘吸附值是国家一级标准的1.47倍,亚甲基蓝吸附值是国家一级标准的2.73倍.同时,测定了该活性炭氮吸附,其BET比表面积为1540.97m2/g,总孔容为0.7393mL/g,并通过DFT表征了活性炭的孔径分布,结果表明该活性炭为微孔型活性炭.     

KOH活化木屑生物炭制备活性炭及其表征

以木屑热裂解的生物质炭为原料,氢氧化钾为活化剂,采用化学活化法制备活性炭,探讨了碱炭比、活化温度和活化时间对活性炭吸附亚甲基蓝吸附值的影响。 利用N2吸附实验、XRD和FTIR等实验技术,对原料与制备活性炭的结构与性能进行了表征。 结果表明,在碱炭质量比为1.5、活化温度750 ℃、活化时间2 h的条件下,所制备的活性炭对亚甲基蓝吸附值为255 mg/g,BET总比表面积为1514 m2/g,中孔比表面积为110 m2/g,吸附总孔容为0.821 cm3/g,中孔孔容为0.117 cm3/g,吸附平均孔径为2.170 nm。     

Facile preparation of hierarchically porous carbon using diatomite as both template and catalyst and methylene blue adsorption of carbon products

Hierarchically porous carbons were prepared using a facile preparation method in which diatomite was utilized as both template and catalyst. The porous structures of the carbon products and their formation mechanisms were investigated. The macroporosity and microporosity of the diatomite-templated carbons were derived from replication of diatom shell and structure-reconfiguration of the carbon film, respectively. The macroporosity of carbons was strongly dependent on the original morphology of the diatomite template. The macroporous structure composed of carbon plates connected by the pillar- and tube-like macropores resulted from the replication of the central and edge pores of the diatom shells with disk-shaped morphology, respectively. And another macroporous carbon tubes were also replicated from canoe-shaped diatom shells. The acidity of diatomite dramatically affected the porosity of the carbons, more acid sites of diatomite template resulted in higher surface area and pore volume of the carbon products. The diatomite-templated carbons exhibited higher adsorption capacity for methylene blue than the commercial activated carbon (CAC), although the specific surface area was much smaller than that of CAC, due to the hierarchical porosity of diatomite-templated carbons. And the carbons were readily reclaimed and regenerated.     

几种植物基活性炭材料的表面结构与吸附性能比较——(II)表面化学结构与吸附性能研究

用X-射线光电子能谱对3种植物基活性炭材料:椰壳活性炭 (CAC4)、剑麻茎基活性炭(SSAC)和剑麻基活性碳纤维 (SACF) 的表面化学结构进行了表征,并研究和对比了它们的吸附性能,包括对碘、苯酚和亚甲基蓝的液相吸附性能,对有机蒸汽的吸附性能以及对Au3+的还原吸附性能等。结果表明,3个样品表面均含有多种含氧官能团,吸附能力SACF>SSAC> CAC4。样品的吸附性能主要取决于自身孔结构,与其表面化学结构也有密切的关系。     

Adsorption properties of activated carbon from waste newspaper prepared by chemical and physical activation

Adsorption properties of activated carbons prepared from waste newspaper by chemical and physical activation were investigated using water vapor, ammonia, methane, and methylene blue (MB) as adsorbents. The water vapor adsorption isotherms show type V behavior and the maximum vapor adsorption of the chemically and physically activated products is about 1050 and 450 ml/g, respectively. The higher water vapor adsorption of the chemically activated products is attributed to the higher specific surface area (S(BET)) and greater hydrophilic activity (arising from the surface oxygen-containing functional groups) than in the physically activated products. The adsorption of ammonia and methane was measured by temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). NH(3) adsorption is found to be higher in the chemically activated product than in the physically activated product while methane adsorption is slightly higher in the physically activated products even though these have lower S(BET) values. In the MB adsorption, the chemically activated products show higher adsorption (390 mg/g) than the physically activated product. These results are suggested to be related to the surface characteristics.     

Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from bagasse fly ash

Activated carbons from bagasse fly ash (BFA) were prepared by one step chemical activation using ZnCl₂ as activating agent, or combination method of chemical with CO₂ physical activation (physicochemical activation). The development of porosity was studied in correlation with the method of activation, activation temperature, and also the chemical weight ratio. A typical sample by the combination method at 600 °C and weight ratio of ZnCl₂:BFA = 2 exhibited micropore volume of 0.528 cc/g, mesopore volume of 0.106 cc/g and surface area of 1200 m²/g. For determining the adsorption capacity of the carbon samples in solutions, phenol and methylene blue equilibrium adsorption experiments were conducted. The properties and adsorption capacity of the synthesized activated carbons has been compared to commercial activated carbon (Norit^® SX Plus).     

Comparative study on composition, structure, and adsorption behavior of activated carbons derived from different synthetic waste polymers

The composition, structure, and adsorption behavior of activated carbons (ACs) derived from three different types of waste polymers, i.e., tire rubber (TR), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyethyleneterephtalate (PET), by KOH activation were compared. The AC derived from PET exhibited the largest surface area (2831 m(2)/g) and pore volume (1.68 cm(3)/g) due to the homogenous aromatic composition of PET. The AC derived from PVC exhibited relatively lower surface area (2666 m(2)/g) but more narrowed pore size distribution (2-3 nm). The complex composition and high ash content of tire particles resulted in AC product with significantly lower surface area (398.5 m(2)/g) and heterogeneous pore width. Adsorption data of methylene blue (MB) were fitted well by Langmuir equation, indicating monolayer coverage on the ACs. The high oxygen content of PET-derived AC heavily affected its adsorption to MB and iodine. Due to the remarkable surface area and highly mesoporous structures, ACs based on both PET and PVC exhibited much higher adsorption capacities than that of TR and commercial coal-based AC (F400). This study demonstrates that the properties of ACs are highly dependent on their starting polymers and the potential of converting synthetic polymer waste into effective adsorbents for environmental remediation and cleanup.     

Kinetic and equilibrium adsorption of methylene blue and remazol dyes onto steam-activated carbons developed from date pits

Steam-activated carbons DS2 and DS5 were prepared by gasifying 600 °C-date pits carbonization products with steam at 950 °C to burn-off = 20 and 50%, respectively. The textural properties of these carbons were determined from the nitrogen adsorption at ?196 °C. The chemistry of the carbon surface was determined from the surface pH and from neutralization of the surface carbon–oxygen groups of basic and acidic type. The kinetic and equilibrium adsorption of MB and RY on DS2 and DS5 was determined at 27 and 37 °C and at initial sorption solution pH 3–7.DS2 and DS5 have expanded surface area, large total pore volume and contain both micro and mesoporosity. They have on their surface basic and acidic groups of different strength and functionality. This enhanced the sorption of the cationic dye (MB) and of the anionic dye (RY). The adsorption of MB and RY on DS2 and DS5 involves intraparticle diffusion and followed pseudo-second order kinetics. The adsorption isotherms were applicable to the Langmuir isotherm and high monolayer capacities for MB and RY dyes were evaluated indicating the high efficiencies of the carbons for dye adsorption.     

Roles of the textural and surface chemical properties of activated carbon in the adsorption of acid blue dye

This study has demonstrated the use of empirical modeling in resolving the effects of individual carbon properties on acid blue dye adsorption. Acid blue dye adsorption tests were conducted on activated carbons prepared from bagasse by physical (CO2) and chemical (ZnCl2, MgCl2 and CaCl2) techniques. Empirical models based on the carbon textural (surface area and pore size) properties and the surface chemistry inferred from heteroatom (C,H, N, and S) concentration and carbon surface pH were used to resolve the effects of individual carbon properties on acid blue dye adsorption. This form of analysis was conducted to optimize carbon preparation properties, forming the foundation for tailor-making adsorbents from bagasse suitable for acid dye adsorption. A series of statistical analyses (partial F-tests to establish the parameter significance) measured variants including the mean square error, r2 and adjusted r2, normality, and randomness of residuals, and formed the basis for testing the adequacy of these models. The empirical models suggest that a combination of suitable pore structure and distinct basic surface chemistry generated by sulfur- and nitrogen-based groups, which were also elucidated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, is necessary to promote acid dye adsorption.     

Adsorption of NH3 onto activated carbon prepared from palm shells impregnated with H2SO4

Adsorption of ammonia (NH3) onto activated carbons prepared from palm shells impregnated with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) was investigated. The effects of activation temperature and acid concentration on pore surface area development were studied. The relatively large micropore surface areas of the palm-shell activated carbons prepared by H2SO4 activation suggest their potential applications in gas adsorption. Adsorption experiments at a fixed temperature showed that the amounts of NH3 adsorbed onto the chemically activated carbons, unlike those prepared by CO2 thermal activation, were not solely dependent on the specific pore surface areas of the adsorbents. Further adsorption tests for a wide range of temperatures suggested combined physisorption and chemisorption of NH3. Desorption tests at the same temperature as adsorption and at an elevated temperature were carried out to confirm the occurrence of chemisorption due to the interaction between NH3 and some oxygen functional groups via hydrogen bonding. The surface functional groups on the adsorbent surface were detected by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The amounts of NH3 adsorbed by chemisorption were correlated with the contents of elemental oxygen present in the adsorbents. Mechanisms for chemical activation and adsorption processes are proposed based on the observed phenomena.     

ACTIVATION ENERGY OF DESORPTION OF DIBENZOFURAN ON ACTIVATED CARBONS

Three kinds of commercial activated carbons, such as Norit RBI, Monolith and Chemviron activated carbons, were used as adsorbents for adsorption of dibenzofiuran. The average pore size and specific surface area of these activated carbons were measured Temperature Programmed Desorption (‘TPD) experiments were conducted to measure the TPD curves of dibenzofuran on the activated carbons, and then the activation energy for desorption of dibenzofuran on the activated carbons was estimated. The results showed that the Chemviron and the Norit RB1 activated carbon maintained higher specific surface area and larger micropore pore volume in comparison with the Monolith activated carbon, and the activation energy for the desorption of dibencofuran on these two activated carbons was higher than that on the Monolith activated carbon. The smaller the pore of the activated carbon was, the higher the activated energy of dibenzofiuran desorption was.     

ACTIVATION ENERGY OF DESORPTION OF DIBENZOFURAN ON ACTIVATED CARBONS

1. INTRODUCTION With the development of municipalization in China, more and more cities are challenged by the problem of how to dispose of the dramatically increased municipal waste. Generally, most of municipal solid waste is landfilled or dumped openly in the suburbs. It causes not only land waste, but also serious environment pollution. In order to solve efficiently the environment pollution caused by municipal solid waste, incineration technique was introduced in some big cities such…     

Synthesis,characterization, and KOH activation of nanoporous carbon for increasing CO2 adsorption capacity

Ordered nanoporous carbons (ONCs) were prepared using a soft-templating method. To improve the CO₂ adsorption efficiency, ONCs were chemically activated to obtain high specific surface area and micro-/mesopore volume with different KOH amounts (i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4) as an activating agent. The prepared nanoporous carbons (NCs) materials were analyzed by low-angle X-ray diffraction for confirmation of synthesized ONCs structures. The structural properties of the NCs materials were analyzed by high-angle X-ray diffraction. The textural properties of the NCs materials were examined using the N₂/77 K adsorption isotherms according to the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller equation. The CO₂ adsorption capacity was measured by CO₂ isothermal adsorption at 298 K/1 bar. From the results, the NCs activated with KOH showed that the increasing specific surface areas and total pore volumes resulted in the enhancement of CO₂ adsorption capacity.     

活性碳纤维吸附的研究Ⅰ-不同工艺制备的活性碳纤维的性能比较

本文比较研究了五种不同工艺制备的活性碳纤维（ACF）的产率、比表面积、孔结构、对有机溶剂蒸汽的吸附和脱附性能、对水溶液中亚甲基兰、苯酚和碘的吸附性能以及它们的热稳定性。实验结果表明，水蒸气活化的ACF比化学活化的ACF有更大的比表面积，但前者产品产率较低而后者很高；不论水蒸气活化还是化学活化的ACF，它们对有机溶剂饱和蒸汽的吸附量都较高，脱附和再吸附的性能也都较好，对水溶液中的苯酚都有较好的吸附能力，但化学活化的ACF对亚甲基兰的吸附量显著小于水蒸气活化的ACF，同时磷酸活化的ACF-P对碘的吸附量也明显偏小；除了用KOH活化的ACF外，其它ACF都有很好的热稳定性。     

汉麻杆基活性炭表面织构与储氢性能的研究

以天然汉麻杆为原料,采用KOH化学活化的方法改变活化时间制备出了高比表面积活性炭,并且对其表面进行硝酸氧化处理,研究活性炭表面化学状态对其吸附性能的影响。采用77 K低温氮气吸附和FTIR对样品进行了表征,并在77 K、100 kPa的条件下测定样品的氢气吸附等温线。结果表明,所有样品具有较高的比表面积(2 435.93～3 240.95 m²·g^-1)和总孔容(1.3～1.98 cm³·g^-1),且随活化时间的延长而增加,3.5 h达到最大值,之后由于骨架坍塌有所减小。所有样品的孔径分布较为一致呈多峰型分布,主要以小于2 nm的微孔为主,同时含有少量的中孔和大孔。活化3.5 h样品的吸氢量最大,达到3.28wt%。研究发现,吸氢量受比表面积和孔容等参数影响较大,77 K下不仅小于2 nm的微孔对活性炭吸氢行为贡献较大,中孔也有十分重要的影响。样品经硝酸氧化处理后,BET比表面积和总孔容均在一定程度上减小,而氢气吸附量也有所降低。