不同体系下根霉脂肪酶失活动力学模型研究

对根霉脂肪酶储存稳定性(干燥状态)及在水中,甘油微量水中等不同体系的热失活机理进行了研究,并求出了动力学参数.结果表明该酶在不同的外部环境中热失活机理并不一致:干燥酶粉符合一级失活模型,酶水溶液和酶甘油微水溶液却符合两步串联失活机理,而且证实甘油对该脂肪酶的热稳定性有促进作用.     

有机相中蚕丝固定化脂肪酶催化酯化反应性能研究

研究了有机相中蚕丝固定化脂肪酶催化酶化反应的催化活性。考究了有机溶剂,底物、反应温度,ＰＨ值和体系含水量等因素对固定化脂肪酶催化活性的影响。结果表明,以异辛烷为有机溶剂,在反应温度为５０℃ＰＨ值为７．４时,酶催化活性最好。     

聚乙烯亚胺改性聚丙烯腈中空膜固定脂肪酶

聚丙烯腈是富腈基的高分子聚合物,易修饰改性,广泛应用于膜分离应用.我们以聚丙烯腈中空膜为载体,采用化学法交联聚乙烯亚胺并固定脂肪酶,固定过程中引入海藻酸钠,用CaCl_2进行后处理,得到固定化脂肪酶PAN-PEI-SA/E-CaCl_2载酶量为31.70(mg enzyme)/(g support),酶活为50.20 U/(g support),15次重复使用可保留58.77%的酶活,与游离酶相比耐酸性和耐温性有所提高,相同条件下与Nov 435相比,酶活更高,这表明最终得到的固定化脂肪酶有良好的工业应用前景.     

交联酶聚集体与仿生硅化技术结合制备固定化脂肪酶

将交联酶聚集体(CLEAs)与仿生硅化技术相结合,制备了交联脂肪酶Candidasp.99-125杂化生物催化剂.以京尼平为交联剂,在最佳条件下制得的脂肪酶CLEAs的酶活达771U/g,回收率达75%;保护剂聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)与Candidasp.99-125脂肪酶共沉淀制备P/CLEAs,其酶活达897U/g,回收率约88%;利用PEI的诱导作用,在P/CLEAs表面形成氧化硅涂层,制得的脂肪酶CLEAs(Coated-CLEAs)显示出良好的稳定性,特别是其抗蛋白酶水解能力、有机溶剂耐受能力、重复使用性能等方面明显提高.     

无溶剂体系中的脂肪酶催化反应研究进展

酶作为一种生物催化剂，具有专一性强、催化效率高、在常温常压等温和条件下能进行操作等优点，从而引起众多学者的兴趣．传统酶学研究的是酶在水溶液中的催化行为，这使得人们产生了误解，认为只有在水溶液中酶才能保持活性，有机溶剂会使酶变性失活．1984年，美国麻省理工工学院的科学家Klibanov首次发现有许多酶可用于有机溶剂，从而解决了有机化合物在水介质中的低溶解性限制酶催化剂应用的问题，酶不仅能够在有机溶剂中保持稳定，而且还显示出很高的催化转酯活力．这一发现为酶学研究和应用带来了又一次革命性飞跃，从而促进了非水酶学的兴起，使之成为目前重要的酶技术之一．其中研究较多的是脂肪酶，脂肪酶不仅能催化油脂水解，而且在非水介质中也能催化油脂的酯交换反应，用来提高油脂的品位．随着研究的深入和学科的交叉，各种新的酶促反应体系也相继被发现，大大拓宽了酶催化反应的应用范围，使酶法合成逐步发展成为与化学法合成相互补充的合成方法．近年来非水介质中的不同反应体系的酶催化反应，主要有：有机溶剂体系、反相胶束体系、超临界体系、气相体系等，其中无溶剂体系中的酶促反应是非水体系中酶促反应的特例．     

基于氯化镁饱和溶液中固定化脂肪酶Lipozyme TL IM催化光皮树油脂合成生物柴油

基于氯化镁饱和溶液反应体系中,对采用固定化脂肪酶Lipozyme TL IM催化光皮树油脂转化为生物柴油的工艺进行了研究。考察了固定化脂肪酶Lipozyme TL IM催化光皮树油转酯化的工艺中甲醇的用量、固定化脂肪酶的添加量、摇床的转速和反应时间对生物柴油产率的影响。实验结果表明,采用氯化镁饱和溶液反应体系,在醇油摩尔比为3∶1,固定化酶Lipozyme TL IM用量为光皮树油质量的20%,摇床转速为150 r/min,反应8 h时,生物柴油产率最高,达到86.5%。与传统的三步甲醇醇解或者有机溶剂反应体系比较,采用的氯化镁饱和溶液体系的酶稳定性更好,反应效率更高,有效地解决了酶在甲醇中失活的问题,生产成本低,可成为生产生物柴油的新工艺。     

氧化铁磁性纳米粒子固定化酶*

纳米粒子作为酶固定化的载体,当其具有磁性时,制备的固定化酶易于从反应体系中分离和回收,操作简便;并且利用外部磁场可以控制磁性材料固定化酶的运动方式和方向,替代传统的机械搅拌方式,提高固定化酶的催化效率。在众多纳米材料中,氧化铁因其在磁性、催化等多方面的良好特性而倍受瞩目。本文对近年来各种氧化铁磁性纳米粒子固定化酶,尤其是固定化脂肪酶和蛋白酶的制备方法及其应用做了较为详细的阐述,对这些氧化铁磁性纳米粒子固定化酶的优缺点和发展前景进行了讨论。     

纳米-微米复合孔泡沫陶瓷固定化脂肪酶

考察了泡沫陶瓷的孔径分布和表面性质对脂肪酶固定化的影响.研究表明,泡沫陶瓷的纳米孔孔径分布非常适合脂肪酶的固定化,对固定化酶的催化效率有决定性的影响.经1h的定化,泡沫陶瓷固定化酶的活性达商业化硅藻土固定化酶的1.33倍,体积活力为其2.63倍,蛋白载量为45.36mg/g陶瓷,比活为1215.39U/g,活力回收为41.2%.泡沫陶瓷固定化脂肪酶在有机相乙酸乙酯合成中表现优良,连续使用5次,每次反应3h,乙酸转化率均在93%左右.     

固定化脂肪酶活性的X射线微区分析

利用X射线微区分析的方法，对吸附交联法得到的固定化脂肪酶的微观活性进行了分析。结果表明：以合成出的大孔吸附树脂为固定化酶栽体，酶活较高，活性脂肪酶分布较均匀。并得到了固定化脂肪酶的活性定位的最佳条件。     

酵母脂肪酶催化拆分外消旋2-甲基-1-丁醇

近年来,水相中酶催化拆分外消旋酯制备具有光学活性的手性酸或醇,其酶在非水体系的研究取得了重要进展,已发展到用含有微水或几乎无水的有机溶剂取代最初的水相,这样既可避免水参与有关的副反应,又有利于酶的回收。而且酶在某些有机溶剂中比在水中稳定,不会由于微生物污染而使酶失活。脂肪酶能够催化酯的     

Intrinsic barrier for protonation of radical anions

Ab initio calculations on radical anions show that, counterintuitively, protonation on the radicaloid carbon is favored. In the case of radical anions derived from acrylonitrile and acrylaldehyde, protonation on the heteroatom is less favored than protonation on the radicaloid carbon. However, in nitroethylene, the preferred protonation site is on the nitro oxygen in accordance with experimental observation.     

两种不同银源的光敏热成像材料感光性能对比

本文考察了以苯并三氮唑银为银源与以硬脂酸银为银源的水基型PTG材料感光性能的差异,采用了原位法和异位法两种方法来制备不同的PTG材料,并采用了加热显影与湿法显影两种方法显影,结果显示以AgBTA为银源的PTG材料的感光度都比以AgSt为银源的PTG材料的感光度高.通过对乳液pH值和pAg值以及Dember光电压的测定,发现显影过程中以AgSt为银源的PTG材料显影程度要比以AgBTA为银源的PTG材料显影程度高,潜影形成过程中AgBTA体系的潜影形成效率比AgSt体系的潜影形成效率高,导致最终实验结果是以AgBTA为银源的PTG材料的感光度比以AgSt为银源的PTG材料的感光度高.     

不同材料滤嘴对卷烟主流烟气中挥发性羰基化合物截滤性能的研究

吸烟是引起肺癌及相关疾病的主要原因[1]。挥发性羰基化合物(如甲醛、乙醛、丙醛、丙酮、丙烯醛、巴豆醛、丁酮和丁醛)是卷烟主流烟气中含量较高的一类有害成分,含量从几十到几百微克不等[2-3]。这些挥发性羰基化合物特别是甲醛、丙烯醛及巴豆醛具有纤毛毒性,与氰化氢和氨一起,     

Active Layer of an Oxygen Electrode Based on Nanocomposite Disperse Carbon Carrier + Laccase Material

Effect of the carbon material dispersivity on the efficiency of oxygen electroreduction by laccase immobilized on finely divided colloidal graphite (FCG) and carbon black AD-100 is studied. A highly active composite material based on FCG with laccase immobilized on it is proposed and investigated. This creates optimum conditions for direct bioelectrocatalysis by enzyme molecules. The specific oxygen reduction current calculated per enzyme molecule for nanocomposite FCG + laccase is five times that on an AD-100-based composite. Increasing the active-layer thickness, which is of importance for creating a gas-diffusion oxygen electrode, reduces specific activity of composite and only the activity of ultrathin layers is thickness-independent. This is explained by percolation restrictions on the electron transport, which reduce the number of catalytically active centers in the electrode's active layer that take part in reaction. The FCG particles are presumed to form agglomerates in the active layer. The size of the agglomerates is determined on the basis of computer-aided modeling of percolation processes and experimental data on the dependence of the specific capacitance of the active mass on the active-layer thickness. Hypotheses on the origin of percolation phenomena are put forth. One such hypothesis is that agglomerates of carbon particles are fractal clusters.     

Physico-chemical aspects of polyethylene processing in an open mixer. Part 17. Effect of oxygen availability

The gas in contact with polyethylene has considerable impact on its oxidation. The rate of oxidation product formation is mostly larger with oxygen blanketing than in air. Similarly, the rate in air is larger than that under nitrogen blanketing. Moreover, the relative effect of the surrounding gas is depending heavily on the particular oxidation product considered. The effect on the alcohol concentration on passing from air to pure oxygen is the same as that on the hydroperoxide concentration. It is only under pure nitrogen that alcohol formation is relatively more affected than hydroperoxide formation. The overall carbonyl groups as well as the ketones show the expected ranking, i.e. faster rate in pure oxygen than in air and faster rate in air than under pure nitrogen. However, carboxylic acids are formed much faster in oxygen than in air. For the acids the results in air and under nitrogen are significantly closer in the initial stages of processing than the results obtained under pure oxygen. This is different for γ-lactones for which formation is faster in oxygen than in air where it is faster than under nitrogen. With trans-vinylene groups the situation is opposite to that observed for carboxylic acids: the rate of formation is close for the experiments performed under air and under oxygen and significantly faster than under nitrogen. The results for hydroperoxides, alcohols and ketones are easily interpreted taking into account the kinetics developed in previous work. Fitting the data to the heterogeneous kinetics shows the effect of the oxygen concentration on this kinetics. It is especially unexpected with respect to its impact on the initiation rate. It is discussed taking into account various possibilities. The only one that is compatible with all the data envisages chain initiation resulting from interaction of oxygen with strained polymer molecules.     

Antigen-antibody diffusion-limited binding kinetics for biosensors

A fractal analysis is made for antigen-antibody binding kinetics for different biosensor applications available in the literature. Both types of examples are considered wherein: (1) the antigen is in solution and the antibody is immobilized on the fiberoptic surface, and (2) the antibody is in solution and the antigen is immobilized on the fiberoptic surface. For example, when the antibody is immobilized on the surface, an increase in the antigenClostridium botulinum toxin A concentration in solution leads to (1) a decrease in the fractal dimension value or state of disorder, and (2) a higher rate constant for binding on the fiberoptic surface. An analysis of the effect of the influence of different parameters on the fractal dimension values for a particular example, such as varying treatments or incubation procedures, helps provide insights into the conformational states and reactions occurring on the fiberoptic surface. The analysis of the different examples taken together provides novel physical insights into the state of “disorder” and reactions occurring on the surface. Such types of analysis should help contribute toward manipulating the reactions occurring on the fiberoptic surfaces in desired directions.     

Interaction of activated carbon electrodes with sulfuric acid solutions

Impedance and potentiodynamic studies have been carried out to investigate reversible processes on the surface of electrodes based on activated carbon (AC). Relationships have been found between the reversible capacity and true resistance, on the one hand, and the potential, on the other. Stoichiometric characteristics of AC charging in sulfuric acid have been obtained. A mechanism of the reversible surface process is suggested. It is concluded that Faraday pseudocapacity makes a considerable contribution to charging of AC electrolytes. The amount of gas liberated in the course of AC wetting in electrolyte has been measured. It is assumed that the amount of liberated gas depends on the amount of active oxygen involved in the current-forming reaction. Based on the data obtained, a redox surface reaction is substantiated in general form.     

Ferroelectric Films

The preparation and properties of ferroelectric films are reviewed. Specific attention is directed to ferroelectric films prepared by wet chemical methods. Emphasis is placed on the microstructure and properties of SBT films for memory applications, and their dependence on chemistry and processing, as well as on the effects of chemistry and processing on the properties of piezoelectric and pyroelectric films. Emphasis is placed on recent results obtained in our laboratories, including modeling of the ferroelectric behavior of films and experimental results in each of these areas. Also considered is the use of ferroelectric films in memory, piezoelectric and pyroelectric devices of various types, with specific note made of the recently-announced use of pyroelectric sensors in automobiles.     

Influence of High Temperatures on PET-Concrete Properties

Lightweight aggregate is an important material in reducing the unit weight of concrete and it is essential in the construction of high-rise buildings; besides, the use of recycled PET bottles as lightweight aggregate in concrete is an effective contribution for environmental preservation. So, the objective of the present work is to study the flexural strength of PET-concrete and PET thermal degradation in the concrete, when the blends with 10 and 20 vol% of PET are exposed to different temperatures (200, 400, 600 °C). The flexural strength of PET-concrete exposed to a heat source is strongly dependent on the temperature, the water/cement ratio, as well as on the content and particle size of PET. Furthermore, the activation energy for PET degradation is affected by temperature, location of PET particles on the slabs and the water/cement ratio. A higher content of water gives rise to hydrolytic degradation on PET and a higher vapor pressure that increases the formation of cracks on the concrete. The values of activation energy are higher on the center of the slabs than on the surface, due to the poor heat conduction of concrete.     

Electrooxidation and adsorption of oligoelthylene glycols on platinized platinum electrode

The trends in adsorption and oxidation of oligoethylene glycols (OEG), namely, di-, tri-, and tetraethylene glycol, on a Pt/Pt electrode are studied. Using a combination of methods of open-circuit potential shifts at the adsorption of organic species and anodic voltammetric curves, it is established that the OEG adsorption on a Pt/Pt electrode is accompanied by hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, and partial destruction of molecules and also that the amount and composition of accumulated adsorbate depend on the initial adsorption potential and the polymer structure. The OEG oxidation on a platinum electrode is considerably hindered as compared with ethylene glycol. The reaction rate decreases with an increase in the OEG molecular mass and is largely limited by the adsorption of molecules on the electrode surface, which is evidenced by the weak dependence of the rate on the potential in the double layer region.