光电子技术与器件 光能转换与器件

TK511．3 2005010490 太阳能冷管的研究及其进展=Research of solar cooling tube and its advancement[刊,中]／刘震炎(上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院.上海(200030)),徐海峰…∥太阳能学报．-2004,25(1)．28-32 太阳能冷管以沸石分子筛-水为工质对,在一根玻璃管内完成吸附式制冷循环,一根冷管即为一个制冷单元, 成功地解决了太阳能吸附式制冷技术难以转化为成果的     

红外探测器的高频测试

研究了长波8~15μm波段,阻值大于440ΩMCT光导红外探测器,探测率在10kHz,14μm大于4×1010 cm·Hz1/2/W,在1kHz和10kHz中心频率下的噪声测试,中波5~8μm红外光伏型InSb器件,探测率在25kHz,8.26μm大于1×1011 cm·Hz1/2/W,在1kHz和255kHz中心频率下的噪声测试,并对器件信号进行了测试。信号和噪声测试是在124A锁相放大器测试系统测试,对124A测试系统的不确定度进行了分析,并与动态信号分析仪35670A对器件在0~50kHz频谱范围的噪声进行了测试和比较。实验结果表明,高阻值的光导器件在1kHz和10kHz中心频率下噪声相差约1.4倍,光伏型InSb器件在1kHz和15kHz中心频率下噪声相差约1.5倍,信号测试结果在1kHz下和3kHz中心频率下变化不超过3%。通过测试和比较,对高频下的测试给出了建议。     

单转轮两级太阳能除湿空调运行特性研究

本文构建实施了一种适用于高温高湿气候的单转轮两级太阳能除湿空调系统。该系统主要由一台5kW单转轮两级除湿空调机组和15m~2真空管空气集热器组成。通过实验测试对其运行特性进行了研究。结果表明,单转轮两级太阳能除湿空调不仅可以有效地实现温湿度处理,提供舒适的空调送风,而且具有良好的热力和电力性能。测试时间内系统制冷量在2.67～4.24kW之间,相应平均除湿量为8.36g·kg~(-1),平均热力COP接近1.0,考虑输配用电的平均电力COP达4.65。此外,该系统可将50%左右的太阳辐射能量转变为空调能力输出。     

平面型大光敏元InGaAs线列探测器及其应用

采用晶格匹配的平面型InP／In瞄。Ga叫,As／InP外延材料,设计了一种大光敏元、带有保护环的InGaAs线列探测器。通过I—V9n,4试、扫描电容显微技术（SCM）测试,研究并确定了线列器件的盲元与保护环结构之间的关系。通过设计改进,解决了器件的盲元问题。24×1InGaAs线列短波红外探测在室温20℃、-10mV偏压下,暗电流密度约5nA／cm2。将光敏芯片密封在集成了热电制冷器（TEC）的金属管壳内,组件工作温度5℃,探测器响应光谱在1．0肚m～1．67肚m范围,平均峰值电流响应率为1．3A／W,平均峰值探测率为3．4×10他cm·Hz1/2／W,响应的非均匀性为1．5％。探测器经历一定条件的可靠性筛选试验后,性能未发生明显变化,并进行了航空机载成像应用,成像图片清晰。     

氯化钙与氯化钡的二级吸附式制冷性能

针对100℃以下温度低品位热能的利用,提出二级吸附式制冷循环,建立吸附性能测试实验台。分别以氯化钙与氯化钡作中温盐与低温盐,测试当冷却温度为30℃时,不同热源温度与不同蒸发温度条件下吸附剂的循环吸附量,并在此基础上,分析二级吸附式制冷系统的性能。研究表明,二级吸附式制冷循环能够满足全年冷冻工况的应用,并且当热源温度、冷...     

全被动聚光式太阳能蒸馏器的性能研究

本文提出了一种全被动聚光式太阳能蒸馏器。它不包含单独的集热器,而是集聚光和集热过程于一体,在嵌入到土壤里的蒸馏器中进行海水淡化.本文通过分析该蒸馏器的几何光学特性,得到了聚光器的最优化结构,并得出结论:在低纬度地方,绝大部分太阳光入射角度下装置的接收率大于95%。另外,本文通过分析蒸馏器内部的传热传质过程,得到了装置产水量在稳态条件下随太阳辐照度变化的曲线。理论计算结果表明,在辐照度为800 W·m~(-2)的稳定光照下,装置单位蒸发而积产水速率为0.2475 g·m~(-2)·s~(-1),产水效率约为45.5%。     

高性能太阳能固体吸附式制冷与供热联合循环研究

以电加热器为热驱动源,对所提出的太阳能供热与制冷联合循环的复合机系统进行了实际测试及性能分析。实验结果表明,供热与制冷联合循环的复合机装置,能有效地应用于太阳能为驱动源的固体吸附式制冷装置之中,并在制冷的同时对外供热,系统的总能利用得到了较大的提高,为太阳能制冷技术的有效利用作出了积极的探索。     

透极远红外光学材料制备及性能研究

在一定的温度、压力等条件下,采用有机材料(聚四氟乙烯)和无机晶体(KBr、CsI),通过热合技术研制出样品几何尺寸为Φ20mm×3-5mm、透射波段分别为15-38μm(PE-KBr)和15-60μm(PE-CsI)的透极远红外复合光学材料。抗腐蚀性能测试结果表明,材料耐强酸、强碱及部分有机溶剂。机械性能分析表明材料在小于115℃范围内可安全使用。极远红外透过率测试结果表明,在1-15μm波段,平均透过率小于15%,15-38μm和15-60μm极远红外波段,平均透过率大于50%,并对影响材料透过率的因素进行了分析。     

电沉积枝状微针翅铜的池沸腾传热特性

微纳表面在沸腾传热领域得到广泛的关注和研究。本文通过电化学沉积方法制备了枝状微针翅铜表面,并测试了其池沸腾换热特性。实验表明,在较低热流密度时,样品厚度对沸腾强化效果的影响不明显;但热流密度较大时,沸腾强化效果随样品厚度的减小而增大,其中厚度为110μm的样品在热流密度为140 W·cm~(-2)时,有最大传热系数143kW·m~(-2)·℃~(-1)。CHF随样品厚度增大而增大,厚度为460μm时的CHF约250 W·cm~(-2)。     

多级低反力度静子吸附式压气机气动设计

本文介绍了低反力度吸附式压气机的应用背景,并基于两种低反力度压气机设计理念初步设计了一台三级高负荷吸附式压气机。三维数值模拟结果显示,在叶尖切线速度为370m/s,整机通流效率不低于86%的条件下,多级吸附式压气机实现了6的总压比,进一步验证了低反力度设计理念在高负荷压气机设计中应用的可行性。通过详细分析设计点处一维、S2气动参数分布以及三维流场细节并兼顾抽吸方案的复杂程度,对初步设计方案进行总结分析,为进一步优化设计工作提供了参考依据。     

直膨式太阳能热泵热水器的实验研究

建立了直膨式太阳能热泵热水器实验样机,该样机采用裸板式太阳能集热器作为蒸发器。在室内模拟光源(0～1000W/m2)下,对该热水器进行了性能测试,得出热水平均加热功率为1.04 kW,热泵平均COP为4.18。通过对实验数据加以整理和分析,得出了热水温度、集热/蒸发板温度、热水加热功率及热泵COP随太阳辐射强度及运行时间的变化规律,并提出了热泵COP的改善措施。     

太阳能液体干燥剂除湿潜能储存热质传递过程研究

对液体干燥剂制冷和除湿能力贮存环节进行了分析,给出一种太阳能干燥剂再生转换装置传热传质数学模型．该储能方式没有因储能介质与周围环境存在温差产生的冷热损失,对ＣａＣｌ２和ＬｉＣｌ等典型液体干燥剂的分析表明,理想情况下,二者的储能密度可达１０００ ＭＪ／Ｍ３和 １４００ ＭＪ／ｍ３,远大于水和冰的蓄能密度,储能密度还受太阳辐射、面盖间距、环境条件等因素影响．     

Solar cycle variations of MIR radiation environment as observed by the LIULIN dosimeter.

Measurements on board the MIR space station by the Bulgarian-Russian dosimeter LIULIN have been used to study the solar cycle variations of the radiation environment. The fixed locations of the instrument in the MIR manned compartment behind 6-15 g/cm2 of shielding have given homogeneous series of particle fluxes and doses measurements to be collected during the declining phase of 22nd solar cycle between September 1989 and April 1994. During the declining phase of 22nd solar cycle the GCR (Galactic Cosmic Rays) flux observed at L>4 (where L is the McIlwain parameter) has enhanced from 0.6-0.7 cm-2 s-1 up to 1.4-1.6 cm-2 s-1. The long-term observations of the trapped radiation can be summarized as follows: the main maximum of the flux and dose rate is located at the southeast side of the geomagnetic field minimum of South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) at L=1.3-1.4. Protons depositing few (nGy cm2)/particle in the detector predominantly populate this region. At practically the same spatial location and for similar conditions the dose rate rises up from 480 to 1470 microGy/h dose in silicon in the 1990-1994 time interval, during the declining phase of the solar cycle. On the other hand the flux rises from 35 up to 115 cm-2 s-1 for the same period of time. A power law dependence was extracted which predicts that when the total neutral density at the altitude of the station decreases from 8x10(-15) to 6x10(-16) g/cm3 the dose increase from about 200 microGy/h up to 1200 microGy/h. At the same time the flux increase from about 30 cm-2 s-1 up to 120 cm-2 s-1. The AP8 model predictions give only 5.8% increase of the flux for the same conditions.     

Radiation effects in silicon solar cells

Silicon solar cells have been utilized as the principal source of electrical energy for space satellites during the past decade. Despite the reliability of these photovoltaic devices, degradation of their power output by charged particle radiation in the earth's geomagnetic field has continued to be the primary problem for their use on flights of long-duration. A study of radiation damage induced by 1 MeV electrons in a variety of current silicon solar cell types has been conducted as a function of dopant impurity and resistivity of the base region. A companion study of radiation damage induced by nominal 0.2 MeV protons was performed in solar cells with coverslips having small cell areas exposed alongside the coverslip. The photovoltaic current-voltage characteristics were measured under a solar simulator emitting 140mW/cm² at air mass zero. Irradiations were performed at room temperature to fluences of 1 × 10¹⁵ e/cm² and 1 × 10¹⁵ p/cm². The efficiency of 10 ohm-cm cells after large fluences was superior to cells of 2 ohm-cm base resistivity. No significant differences were observed between boron- and aluminum-doped cells. Solar cell exposure to low energy Protons resulted in an 8 per cent loss in power at a fluence of 1 × 10¹⁴ p/cm² when as little as 2 per cent of the solar cell surface was left unshielded.     

Sound radiation and sound quality characteristics of refrigerator noise in real living environments

The characteristics of various types of refrigerator noise were investigated in an anechoic chamber and in a real living environment - a 100 m² apartment which is a common size in Korea. It was found that the sound pressure level of the refrigerator noise in the real living room was about 10 dB higher than the level in the anechoic chamber at the same position (1 m in front of refrigerator). In addition, a tolerance level for refrigerator noise was determined by subjective evaluation experiments. Refrigerator noise was presented by a loudspeaker placed in the kitchen where the refrigerator is normally located. Level 2 responses to the subjective evaluation (“hardly perceivable”) corresponded to a sound pressure level of about 26 dB(A), for which 90% of participants were satisfied with the level of refrigerator noise. A semantic differential test using various adjectives was also conducted to evaluate the sound quality of refrigerator noise. With the semantic differential and the factor analysis, adjectives used in this experiment were grouped into three factors. From the results of correlation and multiple regression analyses on the psychoacoustical parameters and subjective evaluations of 30 kinds of refrigerators, sound quality index which predict the subjective rating score were proposed.     

用于住宅建筑的太阳能吸收式空调性能分析

夏季太阳能辐射强度与空调负荷有很好的一致性,这使得太阳能辅助空调具有独特的优点。根据郑州地区夏季太阳辐射和空调负荷特点,针对某一太阳能辅助吸收式空调系统进行了理论分析,该系统供冷对象为200m2别墅,采用60m2平板式太阳能集热器和一个带有辅助加热装置的集热水箱作为热源。在发生器温度为70—100℃,蒸发温度5—15℃的范围内计算了系统性能系数和太阳能利用率。计算结果表明,在5—9月份,太阳能可以提供建筑冷负荷的76—122%。     

Etude d'un réfrigérateur solaire à adsorption solide avec le couple charbon actif-méthanol

Study of a solar refrigerator of solid adsorption with carbon active-méthanol pair. A solar refrigerator with 4m² collection surface was studied to build an industrial refrigerator. It is an adsorption machine with an intermittent daily cycle that uses the active carbon AC35-methanol pair. The system management consists only in actuating the ventilation ports for the heating and cooling of the collectors and valves to change the circuit. The results show that, with a collection efficiency comprised between 0.5 and 0.6, it is possible to obtain a high solar COP comprised between 0.14 and 0.2.     

西藏日食太阳辐射观测研究

日食现象会对地球太阳辐射、大气气象以及人类活动等造成相应的影响。2020年6月21日（夏至）在西藏发生了一次日食现象,西藏阿里日环食最大食分达到了0.995,拉萨地区日偏食食分也高达0.953。两地日食均发生在当地正午前后。本研究利用罕见的日食出现机会,对西藏阿里和拉萨日食过程中的太阳光谱、太阳总辐射和太阳紫外线变化特征进行了同步观测研究。观测表明阿里日环食在当地正午（北京时间14:41分）前后持续了约3小时27分钟;拉萨日食出现时间比阿里滞后约26 min,持续时间比阿里短3分28秒。实地观测表明在日食期间,阿里光谱观测中最强单色（476.6 nm）光峰值从初亏（13:01分）时刻的1 669.234 mW·m-2·nm-1陡然衰减到食甚（14:44分）时刻的61.936 mW·m-2·nm-1,损失约96.0%;相应时刻太阳总辐射强度从1 221.217 W·m-2衰减到56.086 W·m-2,也损失约95.4%。拉萨日食期间最强单色（476.6 nm）光峰值从初亏（13:27分）时刻的1 563.876 mW·m-2·nm-1亏损到食甚（15:13分）时刻的26.391 mW·m-2·nm-1,亏损约98.3%;相应时刻太阳总辐射强度从1 605.663 W·m-2衰减到28.169 W·m-2,也亏损约98.2%。观测研究发现拉萨太阳紫外线B剂量率从初亏的60.8 W·m-2减弱到食甚的0.9 W·m-2值,减弱了98.5%。该次日食对西藏地面各种太阳辐射强度造成95%以上能量损失。     

菲涅耳聚光系统下砷化镓电池输出特性研究

对理论聚光比为676的菲涅耳聚光系统下单片砷化镓太阳电池及由六片砷化镓电池的串联组件的输出特性进行分析。建立三结砷化镓电池输出特性的单指数数学模型,并与实验进行了对比。理论计算与实验吻合较好,误差在7.6%以内。实验结果表明,在相同理论聚光比下,单片电池系统能流聚光比为390,六片电池组件系统能流聚光比为281;聚光后单片电池的短路电流与峰值功率分别放大322倍与316倍,六片电池组件系统的短路电流与峰值功率分别放大275倍与272倍;电池表面能流密度为0.321MW/m2时电池的输出功率达到最大,电池表面温度高于323K将影响其工作稳定性;聚光系统的透射率每增加0.01系统效率升高约0.227%。全天累积直射辐照度为17.212MJ/m2条件下测得单片电池全天发电量为0.015kW.h,六片电池串联组件的全天发电量为0.076kW.h。     

Radiometric characterization of radiochromic gel material applied for UVA radiation dosimetry

Diverse kinds of chemical products are useful for UVA dosimetry due to chemical incitation properties of ultraviolet radiation. It was recognized and approved that radiochromic gel materials have a specific behavior under UVA radiation exposure. The relationship between the UVA dose and the variation of visible light absorbance was found to follow a second-order function with good accuracy. Specific metrological properties of the gel material for radiometric UVA dosimetry application were studied at irradiation levels simulate deferent natural solar UVA radiation levels. The behavior of the gel absorbance properties, detector linearity, induced reaction and temporal and radiometric stability at various dose rate levels were investigated. The relationship between UVA dose and changes in optical absorbance is found independent of the UVA exposure rate including the solar UVA maximum level which could be detected at sea level. The studied gel material absorbs more than 90% of UVA radiation in 1 cm of the gel thickness. Gel detector linearity was investigated over a UVA range (20-84 W/m²) which exceeds the natural solar UVA radiation level and the linearity factor was found to be close to 1 with statistical differences ≤ 2%. The UVA induced dark reaction in the gel material continues for almost 4 min after stopping irradiation; which must be considered during measurements. The detector has good temporal stability even under high UVA exposure; hence the gel absorption in the UVA spectrum region is stable. Measured deviation was less than 1%, and relative variation of gel optical absorbance in UVA spectrum is about 35 times lower than that occur in visible region.