Effect of Unsteady Wind Flow on Galloping of Tall Prismatic Structures

The galloping of tall prismatic cantilevertype structures due to unsteady wind is solvedanalytically. The unsteady wind was considered byadding a time varying wind speed component to the meanwind speed component. In reality, the time-varyingwind speed component is a random phenomenon that can bemodeled as a series of harmonic terms using thetransformation of the unsteady wind speed spectruminto the time domain. In doing this it is apparentthat the structure is subjected to multiharmonicexternal and parametric excitations due to theunsteady wind in addition to the nonlinearself-excited wind forces due to the steady wind speedcomponent. To have a clear insight into the unsteadywind effect, only one harmonic term is considered outof all the harmonic terms. The multiple-scale methodis used to study the effect of primary and secondaryresonances on the galloping response of the structure. Comparisons between the analytical results obtainedfrom the method of multiple scales and the numericalsolutions obtained from numerical integration indicate the accuracy of the analysis and thecomprehensive information obtained from the analyticalsolutions.     

A Study of the Time Constant in Unsteady Porous Media Flow Using Direct Numerical Simulation

We consider unsteady flow in porous media and focus on the behavior of the coefficients in the unsteady form of Darcy’s equation. It can be obtained by consistent volume-averaging of the Navier–Stokes equations together with a closure for the interaction term. Two different closures can be found in the literature, a steady-state closure and a virtual mass approach taking unsteady effects into account. We contrast these approaches with an unsteady form of Darcy’s equation derived by volume-averaging the equation for the kinetic energy. A series of direct numerical simulations of transient flow in the pore space of porous media with various complexities are used to assess the applicability of the unsteady form of Darcy’s equation with constant coefficients. The results imply that velocity profile shapes change during flow acceleration. Nevertheless, we demonstrate that the new kinetic energy approach shows perfect agreement for transient flow in porous media. The time scale predicted by this approach represents the ratio between the integrated kinetic energy in the pore space and that of the intrinsic velocity. It can be significantly larger than that obtained by volume-averaging the Navier–Stokes equation using the steady-state closure for the flow resistance term.     

用自相关法确定壁湍流相干结构条件采样的门限值

研究了用条件采样方法检测壁湍流相干结构的门限值与壁湍流相干结构平均粹发周期检测结果之间的关系,根据用壁湍流流向脉动速度自相关函数检测壁湍流相干结构平均猝发周期的方法,提出了用自相关法确定壁湍流相干结构条件采样的门限值,从而检测壁湍流相干结构的方法     

用偏倚缩减法检测壁湍流相干结构的时空尺度

提出了用偏倚缩减法计算壁湍流信号自相关函数,提高了自相关函数的计算精度。用壁湍流脉动速度的时间序列的自相关函数达到第二峰值对应的延迟时间检测壁湍流相干结构的平均周期。用槽道流直接数值模拟近壁区脉动速度自相关函数达到第二个峰值对应延迟长度检测壁湍流相干结构的空间平均尺度。     

非定常空化流场结构的实验研究

为深入研究非定常空化流场结构,本文用实验方法研究了绕Clark-Y型水翼的非定常空化流动现象.实验在空化水洞中进行,采用高速摄像技术观测了云状空化阶段的非定常空穴形态,并应用粒子成像测速系统(PIV)对绕水翼空化流场的速度场和涡量场等流动特性进行了同步的实验分析.研究表明:空化现象对流场结构有着重要的影响,在无空化和空...     

Temporal Evolution of Vortical Structures in the Wall Region of Turbulent Channel Flow

Hairpin-like vortical structures that form in the wall region of turbulent channel flow are investigated. The analysis is performed by following a procedure in which the Navier-Stokes equations are first integrated by means of a computational code based on a mixed spectral-finite difference technique in the case of the flow in a plane channel. A DNS turbulent-flow database, representing the turbulent statistically steady state of the velocity field through 10 viscous time units, is computed and the vortex-detection method of the imaginary part of the complex eigenvalue pair of the velocity-gradient tensor is applied to the velocity field. As a result, hairpin-like vortical structures are educed. Flow visualizations are provided of the processes of evolution that characterize hairpin vortices in the wall region of turbulent channel flow. The relationship is investigated between vortex dynamics and 2nd- and 4th- quadrant events, showing that ejections and sweeps play a fundamental role in the way the morphological evolution of a hairpin vortex develops with time.     

On the Capability of PIV-Based Wall Pressure Estimation for an Impinging Jet Flow

A PIV-based pressure estimation methodology is used to compute the wall pressure from the velocity field of a turbulent impinging jet flow. A simplified formulation (2D-2C) is applied to velocity fields issued from PIV data. The ability of the method to qualitatively estimate the wall pressure signature of a 3D unsteady impinging jet flow using only two velocity components in a plane is demonstrated. Nevertheless, the 2D flow assumption used in the context of planar measurements involves an underestimation of the wall pressure values all along the radial direction. The formulation based on the full integral formalism (3D-3C), computed from DNS data without any assumption on the flow, provides a reference solution. The contributions of the surface and volume integrals to the pressure coefficient are assessed. It is shown that the most important contribution to the wall pressure comes from the volume integral. Then the underestimation observed for the simplified formulation is mostly linked with the assumptions considered for the source term computation. The effect of each assumption is quantitatively analysed with the help of the DNS data and some ways to improve the simplified methodology are finally proposed.     

离心压气机叶片扩压器的不稳定流动特征

本文用高频响应的热线风速仪及压力传感器作为测量仪器,与磁带记录仪及CF-920动态信号分析仪一起,组成测量及分析系统,并用该系统对离心压气机带叶片扩压器时的流动脉动进行了测量,得出了流体脉动的时间和空间特征.文中给出了失速波形及失速参数随流量的详细变化.本文装置上产生三团失速,流量减小过程中。失速团以2.2%～7%的叶轮转动速度旋转.转速变化时,失速现象的演变过程并不发生变化.失速时,叶片扩压器前缘附近的流动最为恶化,流体脉动幅度较大,气流角的变化剧烈.     

Prediction of Pressure Oscillations in a Premixed Swirl Combustor Flow and Comparison to Measurements

The most common and reliable technique used for flame stabilization of industrial combustors with high thermal loads is the application of strongly swirling flows. In addition to stabilization, swirl flames offer the possibility to influence emission characteristics by simply changing the swirl intensity or the type of swirl generation. Despite of these major advantages, swirling flows tend to evolve flow instabilities, that considerably constitute a significant source of noise. In general, noise generation is substantially enhanced, when such a swirling flow is employed for flames. Thus, the minimization of the resulting noise emissions under conservation of the benefit of high ignition stability is one major design challenge for the development of modern swirl stabilized combustion devices. The present investigation makes an attempt to determine mechanisms and processes to influence the noise generation of flames with underlying swirling flows. Therefore, a new burner has been designed, that offers the possibility to vary geometrical parameters as well as the type of swirl generation, typically applied in industrial devices. Experimental data has been acquired for the isothermal flow as well as swirl flames by means of 3-D-LDV-diagnostics comprising the components of long-time averaged mean and rms-velocities as well as spectrally resolved velocity fluctuations for all components. The noise emission data was acquired with microphone probes resulting in sound pressure levels outside the zone of the perceptible fluid flow. Along to the experiments, numerical simulations using RANS and LES have been carried out for isothermal cases with different burner outlet geometries. The results of the measurements show a distinct rise of the sound pressure level, obtained by changing both the test setup from the isothermal into the flame configuration as well as the geometrical parameters. This is also resembled by the LES simulation results. Furthermore, a physical model has been developed from experiments and verified by the LES simulation, that explains the formation of coherent flow structures and allows to separate their contribution to the overall noise emission from ordinary turbulent noise sources.     

Analytic Series Solution for Unsteady Mixed Convection Boundary Layer Flow Near the Stagnation Point on a Vertical Surface in a Porous Medium

In this paper, we solve the unsteady mixed convection flow near the stagnation point on a heated vertical flat plate embedded in a Darcian fluid-saturated porous medium by means of an analytic technique, namely the Homotopy Analysis Method. Different from previous perturbation results, our analytic series solutions are accurate and uniformly valid for all dimensionless times and for all possible values of mixed convection parameter, and besides agree well with numerical results. This provides us with a new analytic approach to investigate related unsteady problems.     

Experimental Study of the Rate of Unsteady Fluid Flow from a Prefilled Vessel

The variation of the flow-rate of a fluid flowing out of a prefilled cylindrical vessel through sinkholes with a diameter less than 0.1 of the vessel diameter has been studied experimentally. The study was carried out in both the presence and the absence of a vortex funnel around the sinkhole. In these experiments the vessel was filled in such a way that a funnel was formed only when a disk immersed in the fluid was rotated before the sinkhole was opened. The time dependence of the flow-rate is found for various initial heights and rates of artificial swirl. Four different outflow stages were detected. It is shown that for certain flow parameters there is a time interval on which the fluid flow-rate is independent of the column height. A critical rotation velocity W _0* below which (W ₀ < W _0*) an intense funnel is not formed is found. A limiting curve approached by all the flow-rate curves in the final stage of outflow is obtained.__________Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Academii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, 2005, pp. 113–121.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Shtarev.     

Development and Analysis of Wall Models for Internal Combustion Engine Simulations Using High-speed Micro-PIV Measurements

The performance, efficiency and emissions of internal combustion (IC) engines are affected by the thermo-viscous boundary layer region and heat transfer. Computational models for the prediction of engine performance typically rely on equilibrium wall-function models to overcome the need for resolving the viscous boundary layer structure. The wall shear stress and heat flux are obtained as boundary conditions for the outer flow calculation. However, these equilibrium wall-function models are typically derived by considering canonical flow configurations, introducing substantial modeling assumptions that are not necessarily justified for in-cylinder flows. The objective of this work is to assess the validity of several model approximations that are commonly introduced in the development of wall-function models for IC-engine applications. This examination is performed by considering crank-angle resolved high-resolution micro-particle image velocimetry (µ-PIV) measurements in a spark-ignition direct-injection single cylinder engine. Using these measurements, the performance of an algebraic equilibrium wall-function model commonly used in RANS and LES IC-engine simulations is evaluated. By identifying shortcomings of this model, a non-equilibrium differential wall model is developed and two different closures are considered for the determination of the turbulent viscosity. It is shown that both wall models provide adequate predictions if applied inside the viscous sublayer. However, the equilibrium wall-function model consistently underpredicts the shear stress if applied in the log-layer. In contrast, the non-equilibrium wall model provides improved predictions of the near-wall region and shear stress irrespective of the wall distance and the piston location. By utilizing the experimental data, significant adverse pressure gradients due to the large vortical motion inside the cylinder (induced by tumble, swirl and turbulence) are observed and included in the non-equilibrium wall model to further improve the model performance. These investigations are complemented by developing a consistent wall heat transfer model, and simulation results are compared against the equilibrium wall-function model and Woschni’s empirical correlation.     

Modeling the Effect of Freestream Turbulence on Unsteady Boundary Layer Flow

We present a new version of the two-equation turbulence model, which makes it possible to calculate continuously the entire flow range from laminar to turbulent, including transition, in the case of a time-periodic, high-turbulence-level freestream. The influence of the parameters characterizing the harmonic fluctuations of the external velocity and the freestream turbulence intensity and scale on the parameters of the flat-plate flow are analyzed. A comparison of the numerical solutions with the experimental and theoretical data indicates the possibility of describing the wall flow properties on the basis of a quasi-stationary turbulence model, as the Reynolds number varies from low to high values.     

旋流喷嘴中空旋转射流近区域流动的研究

从理论上分析了旋流喷嘴喷出的中空射流近区域的液膜的运动,在只考虑液膜表面张力的作用下,应用质量守恒和动量定理,建立了描述液膜运动的非线性常微分（积分）方程组,该方程组可以用数值方法方便地求解,结果表明,液体离开旋流喷嘴后在自由空间形成的液膜呈葫芦形状,其速度和液膜厚度等都周期性地变化。本结果是在液厝受拓动失称碎成液滴前的最基本运动状态,可以在射流的近区域内实验观察到,也是进一步从理论液膜破碎雾化过     

Prediction of Turbulent Separated Flow in a Turnaround Duct Using Wall Functions and Adaptivity

This paper presents an application of adaptive remeshing to the prediction of turbulent separated flows. The paper shows that the κ - ε model with wall functions can predict separated flows along smooth curved surfaces. Success is achieved if the wall functions exhibit values of y⁺ close to 30, and if meshes are fine enough to guarantee that wall function boundary conditions are grid converged. Adaptive remeshing proves to be a very cost effective tool in this context. The methodology is demonstrated on a problem possessing a closed form solution to establish the performance and reliability of the proposed approach. The method is then applied to prediction of turbulent flow in an annular, axisymmetric turnaround duct (TAD). Predictions from two computational models of the TAD are compared with experimental measurements. The importance of appropriate meshes to achieve grid independent solutions is demonstrated in both cases. Better agreement with measurements is obtained when partially developed profiles of u, κ, and ε are specified at the TAD inlet.     

Study of Pressure Sensitive Plastic Flow Behaviour of Gasket Materials

The mechanical behaviour of the materials used as compressible gasket in the ultra high pressure apparatus is investigated. Materials such as pyrophyllite and talc, showing a pressure sensitive plastic flow behaviour were considered and a testing configuration was set up for studying the dependence of their plastic response on the hydrostatic component of the stress tensor, according to the Drucker-Prager criterion. A Finite Element modelling of the test was performed to evaluate the specimen response and the local stress condition, during loading. The Finite Element results were validated by comparison with those of a specific experimental characterisation. A parametric analysis was then carried out, by varying the materials constitutive behaviour, in order to build up a data base of representative curves. In this way an algorithm was developed, with the aim of determining the material constitutive behaviours by the analysis of the experimental data. The proposed procedure was then used to study the mechanical response of different gasket materials.     

Research on Coherent Structures in a Mixing Layer of the Fene-P Polymer Solution

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Controlling the Turbulent Flow Past a Thick Airfoil by Means of Flow Enhancement in Vortex Cells Using Suction from Central Body Surfaces

On the basis of a numerical simulation of the turbulent steady-state flow past a thick airfoil with vortex cells built into the body contour, an unconventional technique for controlling flow separation by means of distributed suction from central bodies embedded in the cells is analyzed over a wide range of Reynolds numbers and suction velocities.     

大间隙环流壁面摩擦及偏心转子静特性研究

基于紊流整体流动模型和Ｍｏｏｄｙ壁面摩擦系数方程简化了大间隙环流三维流非线性偏微分控制方程组,推导了零阶摄动方程并采用数值方法对大间环流中偏心转子静特性进行了深入研究。实例计算结果表明：大间隙环流中转子与以灿承和密封为代表的小间隙环流中转子的静特性有很大同;壁面摩擦系数沿周向变化,同时转子和静子壁面粗糙度以及偏心率对大间隙环流中转子静特性有较大的影响。     

Effect of Confining Wall on Properties of Gas Flow Through Metal Foam: An Experimental Study

While the Darcy and Forchheimer relations are widely applied to determine the permeability and the form drag coefficient of open-cell metal foam, they both assume that the porous medium is infinite in all directions, i.e., large enough so that the effect of any confining walls is negligible. Many researchers, however, pay little or no attention to the size of metal foam samples in pressure-drop studies. The size of a foam sample perpendicular to the flow direction may be small enough such that wall effects are significant. This article experimentally investigates the wall effect on the permeability and form drag coefficient for two types of open-cell aluminum foam subjected to airflow entering the foam in the Forchheimer regime. The Forchheimer equation was recast in two different manners, which resulted in new non-dimensional numbers that correlated very well with the diameter of the foam samples measured in cells. The correlations are valid for a confining-tube-diameter-based Reynolds number ranging from approximately 13,000 to 105,000, and for diameters ranging from 12 to 36 cells and 24 to 60 cells for 10- and 20-pore per inch foam, respectively. The obtained correlations allow for determining pressure drop given only the velocity and the diameter of an aluminum foam sample.