基于IEC标准的日本滨松SHR22000全身用PET扫描仪性能测试

SHR22000是日本滨松光子学株式会社开发的人体全身用正电子发射断层扫描仪. 扫描仪具有32层探测器环, 二维采集可形成63个切片, 病人孔径为60cm, 单个体位数据采集时间为3—5min.扫描仪的轴向视野为22.5cm, 经5个体位可以完成全身扫描, 视野中轴10mm处平均横向分辨率可达到3.2mm. 本文依照国际标准IEC 61675-1(亦即GB/T18988.1-2003)规定的各项指标对该扫描仪的空间分辨率、灵敏度、散射和计数率特性以及复原系数进行了测试, 并给出结果数据.     

应用蒙特卡罗模拟进行正电子发射断层成像仪散射特性分析

通过使用基于Geant4的蒙特卡罗模拟代码GATE对全身用全3D正电子发射断层成像仪和含有挡板的2D/3D小动物用正电子发射断层成像仪进行建模,系统地分析了3D采集条件下正电子发射断层成像仪的散射分数、散射分布、多次散射、视野外散射四个主要方面和2D采集条件下挡板对散射分数和散射分布的影响.针对全3D散射校正的难点: 多次散射和视野外散射,设计了附加实验,拟合得到了多次散射光子的百分比随体模横截面积变化的关系和不同环的位置受到视野外散射光子的影响;针对2D散射校正,对挡板引入的散射光子进行分离,单独分析, 关键词： 正电子发射断层成像仪（PET） 蒙特卡罗模拟 散射特性 散射校正     

一种基于毛细管X光透镜的微型锥束CT扫描仪

活体小动物成像系统是疾病研究、新药开发的重要组成部分.其中,X射线微型锥束计算机断层成像(X-ray micro cone-beam computed tomography,Micro-CBCT)能实现数十至数百微米空间分辨率的解剖结构成像研究.Micro-CBCT成像仪的一个关键挑战是其空间和对比度分辨率主要取决于X射线源焦斑大小、探测器分辨率和系统几何结构等因素.为提高Micro-CBCT的空间分辨率、对比度分辨率和成像均一性,本文基于毛细管X光透镜研制了一款能够调控照射X射线束斑孔径的Micro-CBCT扫描仪,用于小动物成像研究.此系统由微焦斑X射线源、非晶硅平板探测器、旋转工作台和控制电脑组成,并采用Feldkamp-Daivs-Kress算法重建投影图像.对该系统的性能进行了测试,结果表明,系统在10%调制传递函数下的空间分辨率为9.1 lp/mm,提高了1.35倍.同时,由于毛细管X光透镜对低能X射线的吸收和散射抑制作用,实现了2倍以上的对比度增强,减轻了多色X射线束硬化效应引起的图像均一性恶化问题.应用该Micro-CBCT系统对麻醉小鼠进行了活体成像,验证了该系统在小...     

利用作用深度信息提高正电子断层成像仪分辨率一致性

获取作用深度信息是设计小动物正电子断层成像仪的关键技术之一.我们利用新设计的含有作用深度信息的探测器，从模拟与实验两个方面观测了作用深度信息对于分辨率一致性的影响.结果表明：在γ射线垂直入射时，深度编码探测器和一般的无深度检出机能的探测器，均获得了高分辨率，而γ射线斜入射时，深度编码探测器与一般的探测器相比能提供更好的空间分辨率. 关键词： 作用深度 空间分辨率 正电子断层成像仪     

新型位置灵敏光电倍增管的性能测量

位置灵敏型光电倍增管(PS-PMT)代表了基于单个管子的原理开发新概念γ相机的技术进步.最近,日本滨松公司出品了一种新型紧凑型的PSPMT—R7600-C12.根据正电子放射断层成像系统(PET)的应用特点,我们测试了由该PS-PMT组合成的闪烁晶体阵列探测器的空间分辨率、空间线性度、增益均匀性及时间分辨率LSO与该PS-PMT的组合空间分辨率达到1.4mm,而且显示出良好的空间线性、增益均匀性及优异的时间分辨特性.     

线照明并行谱域光学相干层析成像系统与缺陷检测应用研究

针对玻璃缺陷在线无损检测的迫切需求,本文报道了一种基于线照明并行谱域光学相干层析成像系统的大视场检测系统.该系统采用快速面阵CMOS相机,单次拍摄即可获取完整的横截面(B-scan)图像.基于线照明面阵探测器的并行谱域光学相干层析成像系统,可以同时获取沿线照明方向各位置处的深度分辨信息,避免了横向扫描机构的应用.研制系统的轴向分辨率为17.9μm,并行方向上的横向分辨率55.7μm,扫描方向上的横向分辨率为24.8μm,轴向扫描速率为128 000 A-scan/s,横向视场为32 mm,空气中成像深度大于6 mm,成像灵敏度达到62 dB以上.利用研制的线照明并行谱域光学相干层析成像系统,开展了不同类型玻璃表面及其内部缺陷的检测应用研究.     

基于光栅应变传感器的纳米测量机探针设计

为了提高纳米坐标测量机探针的测量精度,且能满足对复杂曲面或微结构进行精确测量的要求,提出了一种新颖的基于微探针系统的光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)探针。该探针具有较高灵敏度和可重复性。提出该新型FBG探针,即探针里有一个熔融的球形顶端,FBG作为应变传感器内置在测杆上。介绍了光纤探针的基本原理,并利用有限元软件ANSYS 11对探针的应变分布在轴向和横向载荷两种典型配置分别进行了仿真分析,结果表明仿真分析和理论计算相吻合。通过实验对光纤探针的灵敏度和分辨率分别进行测试。实验结果表明,在轴向载荷条件下,用位移分辨率为1.5 nm的压电换能器对探针进行性能测试,得到光纤探针的测量分辨率为60 nm。即光纤探针具有较高的灵敏度和分辨率,其性能满足实际测量需要。     

超高分辨光学相干层析成像技术与材料检测应用

本文报道了一种超高分辨率谱域光学相干层析成像(SD-OCT)系统. 该系统基于超连续谱激光光源并截取部分光谱作为宽带光源, 其中心波长为665 nm, 光谱半高全宽(FWHM) 230 nm. 系统轴向分辨率0.9 μm, 轴向扫描速率28600行/秒, 横向分辨率3.9 μm, 横向视场1 mm, 最大成像深度0.6 mm(空气中). 利用研制的超高分辨率SD-OCT系统, 对不同型号的工业砂纸精细结构进行了成像, 并与普通SD-OCT的成像结果进行对比, 充分展示了研制系统在材料无损检测中优势.     

同步扫描管时空分辨特性研究

设计了一种具有高空间分辨率、高时间分辨率和大工作面积的同步扫描条纹管.建立三维模型,系统地分析了物理时间分辨率与加速电压、空间分辨率与偏转系统-光电阴极的距离、动态空间分辨率和时间分辨率与扫描速度的关系.给出最优化结构参数和电气参数:d_DC=100 mm,U_g=700 V,T_screen=0.5 ns.数值模拟结果表明,在光电阴极有效工作面积18 mm×2 mm范围内,静态和动态空间分辨率分别高于25 lp/mm@MTF=10%和16 lp/mm@MTF=10%.在T_screen=0.5 ns时,同步条纹管的时间分辨率优于5.6 ps.此外,实验测试得到在400 nm波长处,光电阴极的辐射灵敏度为51 mA/W,光电阴极有效面积内的静态空间分辨率高于25 lp/mm@CTF=13%.     

植物研究用γ射线成像系统设计（英文）

为了利用正电子发射断层成像技术在植物生理功能研究中的优势,正在开发由两个探测器相向放置构成的γ射线成像系统.系统中采用的探测器是由10×10的氧正硅酸镥(LSO)晶体阵列与滨松R5900-C12耦合组成.单个LSO尺寸为1.8mm×1.8mm×10mm.根据PET应的特点,测试了该探测器的性能.所有闪烁晶体的图像在位置图谱中清楚可见;511keV全能峰处的能量分辨率位于14.5%-22%之间;符合时间分辨率随着位置灵敏光电倍增管的供给电压的增加而得到改善.这些实验结果表明,该LSO探测器适于构造高分辨率的双探测器成像系统.     

Preliminary simulation studies on a cylindrical PEM scanner using GATE

In this paper, we investigate the performance of a cylindrical positron emission mammography (PEM) by simulation, in order to estimate its feasibility before implementation. A well-developed simulation package, Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE), is used to simulate the scanner geometry and physical processes. The simulated PEM scanner is composed of 64 blocks axially arranged in 4 rings with an axial field-of-view (AFOV) of 12.8 cm and 16.6 cm in diameter. For each block, there is a 16×16 array of 2 mm×2 mm×15 mm lutetium yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) crystals. In the simulated measurements, the spatial resolution is at the center of the FOV of 1.73±0.07 mm (radial) and 1.81±0.08 mm (tangential), but of 4.83±0.09 mm (radial) and 4.37±0.07 mm (tangential) while 5 cm off the center. The central point source sensitivity (ACS) is 4.04% (1.50 Mcps/mCi) at an energy window of 350-650 keV. Moreover, the capillary and cylindrical sources are simulated coupled to breast phantoms for the scatter fraction (SF) and Noise Equivalent Count Rate (NECR) test. For a breast phantom with a 350-650 keV energy window, SF may reach the highest 32.95%, while NECR is degraded down to the lowest 255.71 kcps/mCi. Finally, we model a breast phantom embedded with two spheres of different activities. The reconstructed image gives good results despite a bit of difference in image contrast. Further, the image quality will be improved by scatter and random correction. All these test results indicate the feasibility of this PEM system for breast cancer detection.     

An effective scatter correction method based on single scatter simulation for a 3D whole-body PET scanner

Hamamatsu SHR74000 is a newly designed full three-dimensional (3D) whole body positron emission tomography (PET) scanner with small crystal size and large field of view (FOV). With the improvement of sensitivity, the scatter events increase significantly at the same time, especially for large objects. Monte Carlo simulations help us to understand the scatter phenomena and provide good references for scatter correction. In this paper, we introduce an effective scatter correction method based on single scatter simulation for the new PET scanner, which accounts for the full 3D scatter correction. With the results from Monte Carlo simulations, we implement a new scale method with special concentration on scatter events from outside the axial FOV and multiple scatter events. The effects of scatter correction are investigated and evaluated by phantom experiments; the results show good improvements in quantitative accuracy and contrast of the images, even for large objects.     

含多层衍射光学元件的折/衍射混合头盔目镜

基于对多层衍射元件的衍射效率的理论分析,设计了用于头盔显示器的含有多层衍射元件的60视场折/衍射混合目镜系统。系统在设计波段和整个视场范围内衍射效率均在90 %以上,提高了光能利用率和像面对比度。目镜的出瞳距离为22 mm,出瞳直径为8 mm。调制传递函数（MTF）在25 lp/mm时全视场均在0.38以上,满足VGA分辨率要求。目镜中畸变为4.8%,垂轴色差最大为10 m。整个系统结构紧凑,镜头总长26.8 mm,最大直径16 mm,全系统质量仅8 g,实现了光学系统的轻小型化     

SPRITE探测器在扫描器中的最佳化应用

通过实验和计算,分析由于探测器偏置电压的不同所产生的线扩展函数（LSF）变化和随之导致的扫描器调制传递函数（MTF）变化。列举扫描器的视场、相对孔径、扫描速度等因素与探测器性能的匹配关系,提出适当地提高扫描速度是提高Ⅱ类通用组件热像仪空间分辨率、热灵敏度的可选途径。     

Use of a lensed fiber for a large-field-of-view, high-resolution, fiber-scanning microendoscope

We report the application of a lensed fiber to a miniaturized fiber raster scanner in order to reduce the fiber's output beam size, thereby allowing for a compact and flexible endoscope capable of a large field of view (FOV) and high spatial resolution. For a proof of principle, the fabricated lensed fiber scanner is paired with a miniaturized gradient-index assembly to achieve a one-photon lateral resolution of 1.1 μm with a FOV that has a diameter of 440 μm.     

宽视场长波红外光学系统设计

介绍了宽视场长波红外(LWIR)光学系统技术指标。离轴三反射镜消像散(TMA)型光学系统光谱覆盖范围宽,可提供一个空间分辨率高、观测范围大的无遮挡视场,能够在F数相对较小的光学系统中实现接近衍射极限的光学性能。TMA型光学系统能满足推扫式LWIR扫描仪所要求光学系统大观测视场、高光学效率等指标,可作为预先研究星载遥感仪的光学结构。     

便携式投影仪投影物镜设计

针对当前投影仪光源功耗大,光投影稳定性差,系统结构大的缺点,利用Zemax软件,设计出了一款大视场,短焦距,结构紧凑,适用于便携式投影仪的投影物镜系统。经过优化处理,最终获得的结构具有良好的成像质量,在空间频率为80 lp/mm处中心视场MTF≥0.7,0.8视场MTF≥0.6,边缘视场处MTF≥0.48,畸变小于3%,满足给出的设计指标。并且在规定和要求的像元尺寸范围内能量集中度大于85%,照度曲线0.8倍视场以内整体高于90%,能量集中度高,照度均匀性好,与便携式投影仪能很好地搭配使用。     

Adaptive field-of-view imaging for efficient receive beamforming in medical ultrasound imaging systems

Quadrature demodulation-based phase rotation beamforming (QD-PRBF) is commonly used to support dynamic receive focusing in medical ultrasound systems. However, it is computationally demanding since it requires two demodulation filters for each receive channel. To reduce the computational requirements of QD-PRBF, we have previously developed two-stage demodulation (TSD), which reduces the number of lowpass filters by performing demodulation filtering on summation signals. However, it suffers from image quality degradation due to aliasing at lower beamforming frequencies. To improve the performance of TSD-PRBF with reduced number of beamforming points, we propose a new adaptive field-of-view (AFOV) imaging method. In AFOV imaging, the beamforming frequency is adjusted depending on displayed FOV size and the center frequency of received signals. To study its impact on image quality, simulation was conducted using Field II, phantom data were acquired from a commercial ultrasound machine, and the image quality was quantified using spatial (i.e., axial and lateral) and contrast resolution. The developed beamformer (i.e., TSD-AFOV-PRBF) with 1024 beamforming points provided comparable image resolution to QD-PRBF for typical FOV sizes (e.g., 4.6% and 1.3% degradation in contrast resolution for 160 mm and 112 mm, respectively for a 3.5 MHz transducer). Furthermore, it reduced the number of operations by 86.8% compared to QD-PRBF. These results indicate that the developed TSD-AFOV-PRBF can lower the computational requirement for receive beamforming without significant image quality degradation.