透射电镜原子像的数值分析

高分辨电子显微术（HRTEM）已广泛应用于材料结构的测定，且分辨率已达到原子尺度。特别是近年来球差校正电子显微术的发展大大增加了获取各种材料结构原子像的可行性。然而，球差校正的高分辨电子显微像并未像人们期望的那样以信息分辨极限的分辨率直接反映材料结构，它们仍需要配以计算像模拟或图像处理技术才可给出可靠的结构信息。     

含1.2%铝TRIP钢中残留奥氏体的EBSD研究

残留奥氏体的含量、颗粒尺寸与分布及其稳定性是相变诱导塑性（TRIP）钢获得优良使用性能的关键。马钢试制成功含1.2%铝的TRIP-600钢板,作者用场发射枪扫描电镜EBSD技术对该TRIP钢的残留奥氏体形态、分布与体积分数进行了实验研究。结果表明：实验钢中的奥氏体主要呈细小颗粒状、尺寸在几微米以下,弥散分布于铁素体晶界和晶粒内。EBSD与X-射线衍射测得实验钢板半厚度区的奥氏体体积分数分别为2%和11.4%。本文讨论了EBSD技术测定TRIP钢奥氏体分数引入误差的主要因素。采集图像的步长、试样分析区的选取及试样制备技术等是影响实验结果的重要因素。     

TiAl合金晶界的计算模拟及原子像对照

对γTiAl{111}〈110〉孪晶的三种界面结构进行了计算模拟并与原子像作了比较.为检验[110]与[011]不等同轴对界面拉伸性能的影响,对{115}〈110〉/{111}〈011〉晶界计算模拟了在拉伸加载下的动力变形.利用纳米晶模型和分子动力学方法研究了该合金中应力诱导γα2相变的历程.     

超低碳贝氏体钢CO2激光-气体金属弧焊复合焊接成形特性

针对12mm厚超低碳贝氏体(ULCB)钢,采用中小功率CO2激光与气体金属电弧(GMA)复合进行了多层焊接试验.试验结果表明,采用3层焊接,且每层热输入均匀变化时即可获得良好的焊缝成形.焊接过程中,打底焊时激光焦点要严格控制在焊缝坡口钝边金属之内,填充层对激光焦点位置的要求并不严格;为了充分发挥激光的作用,应采用较高的送丝速度.此外,焊缝的拉伸力学性能测试结果表明,超低碳贝氏体钢激光-GMA电弧复合焊接接头的抗拉强度可达到母材的95%以上,甚至部分焊缝超过母材,其平均抗拉强度达到829.5 MPa.当试样断于焊缝时,焊接缺陷是造成焊缝强度下降的主要原因.     

Simulation and measurements of EBIC images of photoconductive elements based on HgCdTe

EBIC investigations of HgCdTe-based photoconductive elements have been carried out. Simulation of the two-dimensional distribution of the EBIC signal is carried out by numerical solution of the drift-diffusion ambipolar equation. It is shown that fitting the measured EBIC profiles by simulated ones allows us to obtain the effective diffusion length in the element and the surface recombination velocity on its lateral sides. The regions with enhanced recombination rate are reveled in the elements degraded by prolonged annealing at 60°C. The lateral resolution in the EBIC measurements on photoconductive elements is estimated. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

混合态二能级原子双光子过程中原子的压缩效应

本文采用时间演化算符方法和数值计算研究了相干光场与混合态二能级原子相互作用双光子过程中原子的压缩效应．结果表明：原子初始所处的混合态对原子压缩性质有较大的影响，当０．８５＜Ｓ＜１时，会周期性地呈现出短时的原子压缩效应，随着原子初始混合程度的增大，原子越来越远离压缩状态．     

基于深度学习的钢材金相图像晶粒度等级评定方法

准确地评定钢材金相组织晶粒度等级能检测材料劣化情况,保障设备的服役安全。针对传统人工评定钢材金相组织晶粒度等级的方法耗时久且易受人工经验影响,评价结果一致性差且不可重复等问题,提出了一种基于深度学习的钢材金相晶粒度等级评定方法。在U-net模型上添加跳跃连接层并减少下采样次数来提高模型的分割准确率并减少网络参数量,在117张验证集上的像素准确率达93.86%,平均像素准确率(mean pixel accuracy,MPA)达86.89%,网络参数量仅为2.02 M。对晶界预测结果进行数字图像处理并结合截点法进行晶粒度等级评定,在测试图像上评定钢材晶粒度等级平均耗时仅8.3 s/张。与人工评级方法相比,本文方法具有准确性、高效性及可重复性。     

Cu－Zn－Al合金预贝氏体相变与贝氏体形核研究

本文考察了Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ－Ａｌ合金的预贝氏体相变与贝氏体形核。内耗实验表明预贝氏体相变的主要过程为溶质原子扩散、偏聚；能谱分析揭示预贝氏体相变时存在溶质偏聚引起的溶质原子贫化区与富化区；原位观察证实贝氏体于溶质原子贫化区切变形核。     

Just-noticeable difference estimation with pixels in images

Perceptual visibility threshold estimation, based upon characteristics of the human visual system (HVS), is widely used in digital image and video processing. We propose in this paper a scheme for estimating JND (just-noticeable difference) with explicit formulation for image pixels, by summing the effects of the visual thresholds in sub-bands. The factors being considered include spatial contrast sensitivity function (CSF), luminance adaptation, and adaptive inter- and intra-band contrast masking. The proposed scheme demonstrates favorable results in noise shaping and perceptual visual distortion gauge for different images, in comparison with the relevant existing JND estimators.     

Cu─Zn─Al贝氏体及贝氏体／母相界面的精细结构

利用高分辨电镜考察了Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ－Ａｌ合金中不同生长时间的贝氏体及贝氏体／母相界面的精细结构；分析、讨论了贝氏体的有序性、贝氏体／母相界面点阵的共格性及贝氏体前沿母相中的微应变衬度。试验结果支持贝氏体相变的切变机制。     

Registration of images with geometric distortions

A technique for registration of images with geometric distortions is described. This technique uses two surface splines to represent the X-component and the Y-component of a mapping function. A mapping function is described in such a way that it would map corresponding control points in the image exactly on top of each other and map other points in the image by interpolation using information and local geometric distortion between the images     

Cu－Zn－Al合金贝氏体的三个生长阶段及其精细结构研究

利用透射镜研究了Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ－Ａｌ合金贝氏体ａ＿１相在相变过程中的精细结构变化，发现贝氏体的生长经历三个阶段：初生态、中间态和退化态。初生贝氏体内不含层错亚结构，ａ＿１依台阶机制长大到一定程度后，内部出现层错；随转变进一步进行，ａ＿１内的层错结构逐渐消失，发生“过退火”，最终向平衡相转变。     

原子滤光及鉴频技术在光电探测中的应用

原子滤光器是一种新型的光频选择与光频鉴别器件,由于该器件工作频率由原子的跃迁频率所决定,使之具有中心频率极稳、工作带宽极窄、以及带外抑制强、透射效率高等诸多优点。近年来,该器件在激光雷达、激光通信等多种光电探测领域获得了越来越广泛的应用,并由此大大提升了光电系统的能力和水平。介绍了几种典型的原子滤光及鉴频器件的原理、结构及其研制状况,并介绍这些原子滤光或鉴频器件在若干重要光电探测系统中的应用技术及应用效果。     

Watermarking in halftone images with parity-matched error diffusion

In this paper, a halftone watermarking technique of high watermark rate, robustness, and watermark-rate flexibility is presented. This technique, namely the parity-matched error diffusion (PMEDF) method, is capable of achieving an embedded watermark rate as high as 6.25-25% with good image quality and without the need for the original image as the reference for the decoding. The proposed PMEDF method employs the high efficient parity-matching strategy to spread a watermark bit to each pixel of a block of the host image. Thus, the majority voting mechanism can be applied for decoding to achieve an advantage of high robustness. As documented in the experimental results, this technique is capable of guarding against degradation, due to cropping, tampering, as well as print-and-scan process in error-diffused halftone images.