Kinetics studies of nano-structured iron catalyst in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Kinetic parameters of nano-structured iron catalyst in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) were studied in a wide range of synthesis gas conversions and compared with conventional catalyst. The conventional Fe/Cu/La catalyst was prepared by co-precipitation of Fe and Cu nitrates in aqueous media and Fe/Cu/La nanostructure catalyst was prepared by co-precipitation in a water-in-oil micro-emulsion. Nano-structured iron catalyst shows higher FTS activity. Kinetic results indicated that in FTS rate expression, the rate constant (k) increased and adsorption parameter (b) decreased by decreasing the catalyst particle size from conventional to nano-structured. Since increasing in the rate constant and decreasing in the adsorption parameter affected the FTS rate in parallel direction, the particle size of catalyst showed complicated effects on kinetic parameters of FTS reaction.     

Re/Pt/Ce0.8Zr0.2O2/蜂窝整体催化剂上低温水煤气变换反应动力学研究

采用微分反应器,研究了新型Re/Pt/Ce0.8Zr0.2O2/蜂窝催化剂上低温水煤气变换反应的动力学行为。利用非线性最小二乘法处理正交设计的实验数据,获得了动力学方程的模型参数。所得的结果符合幂函数型动力学方程,经F检验和相关指数检验,实验值和模拟计算值符合较好。在该催化剂上水煤气变换反应的活化能为70kJ/mol,与文献中报道的数值相吻合。该催化剂上反应速率对CO、H2O、H2和CO2的反应级数分别为0.09、0.88、-0.54和-0.11,与传统的Cu基低变催化剂上的反应级数相差较大。这表明,低温水煤气变换反应在两种催化剂上遵循不同的反应机理。     

费托合成反应中纳米铁催化剂上La和Ba助剂的协同效应(英文)

Effect of promoters such as Barium and Lanthanum has been investigated on the conventional nanostructured iron catalyst in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS). The nanosized iron-based catalysts were prepared by a microemulsion method with the general formulation of 100Fe/4Cu, 100Fe/4Cu/2La, 100Fe/4Cu/ 1La/1Ba, and 100Fe/4Cu/2Ba. The phase, structure, and morphology of the catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption, transmission electron microscopy, temperature-programmed desorption of CO2, and temperature- programmed reduction. The results indicated that the addition of promoters could improve the activity of Fe catalysts for FTS and WGS (water-gas shift reaction) and lower the gas fraction at the outlet. In addition, both Ba- and La-promoted Fe catalysts exhibit the highest activity due to the synergetic effect.     

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis by nano-structured iron catalyst

Effects of nanoscale iron oxide particles on textural structure, reduction, carburization and catalytic behavior of precipitated iron catalyst in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) are investigated. Nanostructured iron catalysts were prepared by microemulsion method in two series. Firstly, Fe2O3, CuO and La2O3 nanoparticles were prepared separately and were mixed to attain Fe/Cu/La nanostructured catalyst (sep-nano catalyst); Secondly nanostructured catalyst was prepared by co-precipitation in a water-in-oil microemulsion method (mix-nano catalyst). Also, conventional iron catalyst was prepared with common co-precipitation method. Structural characterizations of the catalysts were performed by TEM, XRD, H2 and CO-TPR tests. Particle size of iron oxides for sep-nano and mix-nano catalysts, which were determined by XRD pattern (Scherrer equation) and TEM images was about 20 and 21.6 nm, respectively. Catalyst evaluation was conducted in a fixed-bed stainless steel reactor and compared with conventional iron catalyst. The results revealed that FTS reaction increased while WGS reaction and olefin/paraffin ratio decreased in nanostructured iron catalysts.     

A Cu/Pt near-surface alloy for water-gas shift catalysis

The primary route to hydrogen production from fossil fuels involves the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction, and an improvement in the efficiency of WGS catalysts could therefore lead to a major leap forward in the realization of hydrogen economy. On the basis of a combination of high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we suggest the existence of a new thermodynamically stable Cu/Pt near-surface alloy (NSA). Temperature-programmed desorption and DFT reveal that this Cu/Pt NSA binds CO significantly more weakly than does Pt alone, thereby implying a considerable reduction in the potential for CO poisoning of the Cu/Pt NSA surface as compared to that of pure Pt. In addition, DFT calculations show that this Cu/Pt NSA is able to activate H2O easily, which is the rate-determining step for the WGS on several metal surfaces, and, at the same time, to bind the products of that reaction and formate intermediates rather weakly, thus avoiding possible poisoning of the catalyst surface. The Cu/Pt NSA is thus a promising candidate for an improved WGS catalyst.     

In situ studies of the active sites for the water gas shift reaction over Cu-CeO2 catalysts: complex interaction between metallic copper and oxygen vacancies of ceria

New information about the active sites for the water gas shift (WGS) reaction over Cu-CeO2 systems was obtained using in-situ, time-resolved X-ray diffraction (TR-XRD), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (TR-XAS, Cu K and Ce L3 edges), and infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS). Cu-CeO2 nanoparticles prepared by a novel reversed microemulsion method (doped Ce1-xCuxO2 sample) and an impregnation method (impregnated CuOx/CeO2 sample) were studied. The results from all of the samples indicate that both metallic copper and oxygen vacancies in ceria were involved in the generation of active sites for the WGS reaction. Evidence was found for a synergistic Cu-Ovacancy interaction. This interaction enhances the chemical activity of Cu, and the presence of Cu facilitates the formation of O vacancies in ceria under reaction conditions. Water dissociation occurred on the Ovacancy sites or the Cu-Ovacancy interface. No significant amounts of formate were formed on the catalysts during the WGS reaction. The presence of strongly bound carbonates is an important factor for the deactivation of the catalysts at high temperatures. This work identifies for the first time the active sites for the WGS reaction on Cu-CeO2 catalysts and illustrates the importance of in situ structural studies for heterogeneous catalytic reactions.     

Influence of Reaction Conditions on Methanol Synthesis and WGS Reaction in the Syngas-to-DME Process

A series of CuO-ZnO catalysts (with different Cu/Zn molar ratios) were prepared, and evaluated under the reaction conditions of syngas-to-dimethyl ether (DME) with three sorts of feed gas and different space velocity. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). The experiment results showed that the reaction conditions of syngas-to-DME process greatly affected the methanol synthesis and WGS reaction. The influence caused by Cu/Zn molar ratio was quite different on the two reactions; increasing of percentage of CO2 in feed gas was unfavorable for catalyst activity, and also inhibited both reactions: enhancement of reaction space velocity heavily influenced the performance of the catalyst, and the benefits were relatively less for methanol synthesis than for the WGS reaction.     

INTRAPARTICLE DIFFUSION EFFECTS IN FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS 1. MODELING OF DIFFUSION AND REACTION

The FTS/WGS over precipitated Fe/Cu/K catalyst could be approximated as a single reaction that forms an average hydrocarbon product (CnHm) with water and carbon dioxide as its by-products. It is generally assumed that the catalyst pores are filled with liquid wax produced during the synthesis, and thus, diffusivity in wax is much less than that in gas phase. Based on the intrinsic kinetics which accounts for water inhibition, as well as reaction diffusion model and single-reaction stoichiometry, effectiveness factors were calculated by assuming different sets of stoichiometric coefficients. Reasonable calculation procedure was established for the investigated catalyst. It was found that the effectiveness factors for gas/liquid system were about half of that for gas phase, which was expected as the diffusivities.     

INTRAPARTICLE DIFFUSION EFFECTS IN FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS Ⅰ. MODELING OF DIFFUSION AND REACTION

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结构助剂SiO2、Al2O3对铁基催化剂浆态床F-T合成性能的影响

采用连续共沉淀与喷雾干燥成型技术相结合的方法制备了微球状Fe/Cu/K/SiO2和Fe/Cu/K/Al2O3催化剂,研究SiO2和Al2O3作为结构助剂对铁基催化剂吸附行为、炭化行为及F-T合成反应性能的影响。表征结果表明,与Al2O3相比较,SiO2抑制了H2的吸附,但促进了CO的吸附,有利于催化剂的炭化。催化剂在260℃、1.5MPa、H2/CO=0.67和2000h-1下的浆态床F-T合成反应评价表明,Fe/Cu/K/SiO2催化剂具有较高的F-T合成活性、高的水煤气变换反应（WGS）活性,且其烃产物选择性明显向高炭数方向偏移,而Fe/Cu/K/Al2O3催化剂则表现出较低的F-T合成活性、低的水煤气变换反应（WGS）活性和高的轻质烃选择性。但Fe/Cu/K/Al2O3催化剂比Fe/Cu/K/SiO2催化剂具有更好的运行稳定性。     

Copper Promoted Au/ZnO-CuO Catalysts for Low Temperature Water-gas Shift Reaction

IntroductionThe water-gas shift(WGS)reaction is an impor-tant step in many important chemical processes[1].Re-cently,the renewed interest in the removal of CO bythe WGS reaction has grown significantly because of theincreasing attention to pure hydrogen p…     

High-temperature water gas shift catalyst based on nanodisperse,metastable, partially hydrated iron oxide—two-line ferrihydrite

Two-line ferrihydrite (2L-FH) is a metastable, heavily disordered, partially hydrated Fe(III) oxide. The catalyst prepared by heat treatment of 2L-FH promoted with chromium ions (∼9 at %) and copper ions (4–7 at %) is much more active in the water gas shift (WGS) reaction at low temperatures (<350°C) than the conventional Fe-containing catalysts. According to XAFS spectroscopy data, the copper cations in 2L-FH are in the Cu²⁺ state and are in a tetragonally distorted octahedral environment, while under the WGS conditions at <350°C, copper is in the reduced state, specifically, in the form of ultrafine (<2 nm) Cu⁰ particles. It is due to these particles that the catalyst is very active below 350°C. Above 400°C, the Cu⁰ particles are deactivated under the reaction conditions and the catalytic activity is only due to iron active sites, whose number is proportional to the specific surface area of the catalyst. The specific activity of the catalyst at these temperatures is close to the activity of the conventional (hematite-based) WGS catalysts. The high activity of the 2L-FH-based catalyst at <350°C makes it possible to reduce the starting temperature of the adiabatic high-temperature WGS reactor.     

纳米Li_2ZrO_3吸收剂原位移除CO_2强化水煤气变换反应制氢

采用浸渍法制备了在水煤气变换(WGS)反应中具有高催化活性的Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂,使用柠檬酸法合成出高效CO2吸收剂Li2ZrO3纳米材料.在固定床微反应器上对WGS和吸附强化水煤气变换(SE-WGS)反应制氢过程进行了比较研究.前者只使用20%Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂,而后者将20%Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂与纳米Li2ZrO3吸收剂混合装填.结果表明,纳米Li2ZrO3具有比已报道的CO2吸收剂更快的吸收速率及优异的吸脱附循环稳定性,可应用于吸附强化过程,通过原位吸收WGS反应产生的CO2,使得反应超越化学平衡限制,直接制得高纯度H2.在823K,0.1MPa和H2O/CO=4的条件下,在SE-WGS过程一步制得纯度高于98%的H,验证了吸附强化反应进程制高纯氢的可行性.     

Water–gas shift kinetics over lanthanum-promoted iron catalyst in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis: thermodynamic analysis of nanoparticle size effect

The kinetic parameters of water–gas shift (WGS) reaction in the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) on lanthanum-promoted iron catalyst are analyzed by size-dependent thermodynamic method. A Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic equation is considered for the catalysts activity evaluation. A series of unsupported iron catalysts with different particle sizes are prepared via microemulsion method. These results show that the iron particle size has considerable effects on reactants adsorption and WGS kinetic parameters and WGS activity pass from a maximum by increasing the catalyst particle size. Finally, the analysis of data showed that by increasing the iron particle from 14 to 41 nm, the WGS activation energies and heats of adsorption of carbon monoxide and water on catalysts increased from 68 to 83, 22 to 28 and 75 to 94 kJ/mol, respectively.     

铁/活性炭催化剂上费-托合成反应产物分布的非Anderson-Schulz-Flory特性

 在浆态反应釜中研究了铁／活性炭催化剂上费－托合成（Fischer－Tropschsynthesis,FTS）反应产物分布和链增长几率（Anderson－Schulz－Flory（ASF）链增长几率和本征链增长几率）．产物分布通常在C1处和C2处偏离ASF分布,呈现C1处偏高而C2处偏低的情况．本征链增长几率的研究结果表明,以活性炭为载体的铁基费－托合成催化剂上存在烯烃的再吸附二次反应,使产物分布偏离ASF分布．铁／活性炭催化剂上同时伴随水煤气变换（watergasshift,WGS）反应．XRD检测到铁／活性炭催化剂上存在FexC和Fe3O4两种物相．     

STUDY OF Cu-Mu CATALYST FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF METHYL FORMATE AND METHANOL FROM SYNTHESIS GAS

将一种新型的ＣｕＭｎ催化剂用于由合成气合成甲酸甲酯和甲醇，该催化剂表现出良好的反应活性和甲酸甲酯选择性。考察了反应温度、合成气压力及催化剂制备方法等对合成甲酸甲酯和甲醇的反应活性及选择性的影响。在反应条件下，产物收率最高达６０．１０ｇ／（Ｌ·ｈ），产物甲酸甲酯的选择性很高。用ＢＥＴ、ＸＲＤ及ＸＰＳＡｕｇｅｒ等测试方法对催化剂的比表面、晶相组成以及铜、锰在催化剂中的价态进行了表征，并探讨了催化剂失活的原因。     

低温水煤气变换催化剂Cu/ZrO_2的制备、表征与性能

以水热法制得的纯单斜相ZrO2为载体,采用沉积沉淀法制备了一系列具有良好水煤气变换反应活性的Cu/ZrO2催化剂.并通过X射线粉末衍射、N2物理吸附、H2程序升温还原、X射线荧光元素分析、高分辨透射电镜和扫描电镜等手段考察了制备参数对Cu/ZrO2催化剂结构的影响,探讨了其结构与性能的关系.结果表明,CuO负载量、沉淀温度、沉淀剂种类和焙烧温度均在一定程度上影响了催化剂活性组分的晶粒大小、分散状态、织构性质及载体与活性组分间的相互作用,从而影响催化剂活性.催化剂制备的适宜条件为:CuO负载量25%,沉淀温度65oC,KOH为沉淀剂,在H2气氛300oC焙烧2h.     

水煤气变换反应的微观动力学分析──Cu基催化剂上H_2S中毒失活原因的 Monte Carlo 模拟研究

用ＢＯＣＭＰ方法及ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ模拟技术，对Ｈ２Ｓ导致Ｃｕ基催化剂失活的原因进行了计算分析。研究结果表明，当原料气中存在Ｈ２Ｓ时，ＷＧＳ反应的活化能明显高于无Ｈ２Ｓ时的活化能，随着表面Ｈ２Ｓ浓度的增大（θ＝０，０．１０，０．２５），反应的活化能也逐渐变大（其大小比为１∶１．３４∶３．３），究其原因可归结为Ｈ２Ｓ的存在使得反应物分子的吸附热减小，从而使Ｈ２Ｏ的解离吸附（ＷＧＳ反应的速控步骤）活化能增大。     

A kinetic study on the conversion of cis-2-butene with deuterium on a Pd/Fe3O4 model catalyst

The conversion of cis-2-butene with deuterium over a well-defined Pd/Fe(3)O(4) model catalyst was studied by isothermal pulsed molecular beam (MB) experiments under ultra high vacuum conditions. This study focuses on the processes related to dissociative hydrogen adsorption and diffusion into the subsurface of Pd nanoparticles and their influence on the activity and selectivity toward competing cis-trans isomerization and hydrogenation pathways. The reactivity was studied both under steady state conditions and in the transient regime, in which the reaction takes place on a D-saturated catalyst, over a large range of reactant pressures and reaction temperatures. We show that large olefin coverages negatively affect the abundance of D species, as indicated by a reduction of both reaction rates under steady state conditions as compared to the transient reactivity on the catalyst pre-saturated with D(2). Limitations in D availability during the steady state lead to a very weak dependence of both reaction rates on the olefin pressure. In contrast, when the surface is initially saturated with D, the transient reaction rates of both pathways exhibit positive kinetic orders on the butene pressure. Cis-trans isomerization and hydrogenation show kinetic orders of +0.7 and +1.0 on the D(2) pressure, respectively. Increasing availability of D noticeably shifts the selectivity toward hydrogenation. These observations together with the analysis of the transient reaction behavior suggest that the activity and selectivity of the catalyst is strongly controlled by its ability to build up and maintain a sufficiently high concentration of D species under reaction conditions. The temperature dependence of the reaction rates indicates that higher activation energies are required for the hydrogenation pathway than for the cis-trans isomerization pathway, implying that different rate limiting steps are involved in the competing reactions.     

INTRAPARTICLE DIFFUSION EFFECTS IN FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS Ⅱ.EFFECTS OF PARTICLE SIZE,TEMPERATURE AND PORE STRUCTURE

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