环己酮肟气相Beckmann重排反应B2O3/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂的失活与再生

对环己酮肟气相Beckmann重排反应制己内酰胺B₂O₃/TiO₂-ZrO₂催化剂的失活原因和再生方法进行了研究。通过对失活催化剂进行N₂吸附、XRD、NH₃-TPD等表征后发现，引起催化剂失活的主要原因是催化剂表面因积炭所引起的酸性改变。失活催化剂在600℃于空气气氛中焙烧8h可完全恢复到新鲜催化剂的水平。     

CO2选择性氧化乙苯制苯乙烯

本文评述了近年来国内外利用温室气体CO₂选择性氧化乙苯制苯乙烯的研究进展.和乙苯直接脱氢法相比,新工艺不仅能降低反应温度,大幅度降低能耗,还能在一定程度上抑制催化剂的失活.氧化铝负载的Fe系催化剂和活性炭负载的La等过渡金属改性的V系催化剂具有较好的催化活性.CO₂对乙苯脱氢的显著促进作用要归因于金属氧化物催化剂的氧化还原机制以及乙苯脱氢和逆水煤气变换反应耦合的协同作用.尽管新工艺显示了良好的应用前景,但在将来的研究工作中还要强化催化剂失活机理的研究,开发新型高效催化剂并对新工艺的成本进行详细的评估。     

TiO2光催化反应及其在废水处理中的应用

TiO₂ 多相光催化能利用太阳能有效降解多种对环境有害的污染物, 使有害物质矿化为CO₂、H₂O 及其它无机小分子物质。本文综述了TiO₂光催化的机理, 提高光催化能力的途径, 多种具有代表性污染物的光催化降解处理方法,以及目前尚存在的一些问题,扼要介绍了近年来TiO₂光催化反应及其在废水处理中应用的研究进展及应用前景。     

Pt/SrZr0.95Y0.05O3-TiO2-xNx复合催化剂的制备及模拟太阳光催化产氢活性研究

利用共沉淀法和固相法制备出SrZr_0.95Y_0.05O₃微粒,采用溶胶包覆法使其与含氮TiO₂溶胶复合,并原位光沉积Pt颗粒组装成异质结复合催化剂,采用XRD、TG-DTA、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)和荧光光谱(FS)等技术对其进行了表征和分析,以草酸为牺牲剂,模拟太阳光下光催化产氢为探针,评价了催化剂的光催化活性。研究了不同氮源剂、烧结温度、载铂含量对催化剂光催化产氢活性的影响。结果表明,在模拟太阳光照射下,单独的SrZr_0.95Y_0.05O₃和TiO₂几乎不产生氢气;而将两者采用溶胶包覆法复合并掺氮后,所制备出的复合催化剂表现出一定程度的产氢活性,在氮源剂为三乙胺、400 ℃焙烧下具有最佳的产氢活性,催化活性的提高源于复合催化剂中形成的异质结抑制了光生载流子的快速复合以及氮掺杂引起对可见光的响应;进一步负载铂后,其产氢量得到大幅度的提高,其最佳负载量为1wt%,6 h内产氢量达到12.5 mmol,是未负载的样品的22倍多,这是由于铂负载进一步抑制了光生载流子的复合,从而大大地提高了光催化活性。     

Pt / InVO4 / TiO2可见光催化剂的制备及性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Pt / InVO₄ / TiO₂三元体系可见光催化剂。以乙烯为模拟目标分子，评价其光催化活性并与二元体系催化剂Pt / TiO₂ 和InVO₄ / TiO₂进行比较。用DRS，XRD对催化剂的吸收带边和晶型进行了表征。结果表明：Pt / InVO₄ / TiO₂在可见光区（λ>450 nm）的光催化比活性比Pt / TiO相似文献   

TiO2形态结构与光催化活性关系的研究

本文介绍了TiO₂多相光催化剂的作用机理及其结构特性对光催化活性的影响,并对TiO₂的晶相组成、晶粒尺寸、比表面积、表面形态与光催化活性的关系作了综述。     

氧空位对WO3光催化析氧活性影响的研究

在500 ℃下用还原性气体H₂O / H₂对WO₃进行不同时间的处理，得到一系列具有不同氧空位的催化剂。采用XRD、XPS、DRS等技术对催化剂进行了表征，并考察了它们的光催化析氧活性。实验结果表明：适量的氧空位能明显提高催化剂的光催化析氧活性。     

纳米TiO2固相光催化降解固体废弃塑料

以纳米TiO₂作光催化剂,制备出环境友好的可光催化降解的纳米复合塑料是解决“白色污染”行之有效的方法之一。本文综述了近年来纳米TiO₂固相光催化降解固体废弃塑料的研究进展,探讨了TiO₂-聚合物复合膜的固相光催化反应机理及光催化降解情况,从对纳米TiO₂表面改性以改善其在聚合物中的分散性,对纳米TiO₂进行修饰处理以提高其对可见光的吸收,从而提高其光催化效率等方面探讨了可光降解塑料研究存在的问题及应用前景。     

Br掺杂Bi2WO6微球的制备及其光催化性能

以五水合硝酸铋和二水合钨酸钠为原料,以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）为溴源,制备Br掺杂Bi₂WO₆,通过调节CTAB的含量,利用水热法制备了Br掺杂量不同的Bi₂WO₆催化剂。以抗生素环丙沙星、诺氟沙星作为污染物,测试Br掺杂Bi₂WO₆催化剂的光催化性能。结果表明,2%掺杂量（物质的量分数）的Bi₂WO₆相比于Bi₂WO₆的光催化降解性能最好。此外,通过X射线粉末衍射、红外光谱、扫描电镜、荧光光谱、X射线光电子能谱和拉曼光谱等一系列表征,对Br掺杂后催化剂的物相组成、微观形貌、光生电荷分离率和光学性质等进行分析。最后进行了自由基捕获实验并提出了可能的光催化机理。     

Ag3PO4/MoS2纳米片复合催化剂制备及可见光催化性能

采用机械球磨法成功制备Ag₃PO₄/MoS₂纳米片复合催化剂。运用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、紫外可见漫反射光谱（UV-Vis）和荧光发射光谱（PL）对复合催化剂的结构和形貌进行了表征。结果表明,Ag₃PO₄纳米粒子均匀地附着在MoS₂纳米片层结构上,两者形成紧密结合。以亚甲基蓝为模拟污染物,研究复合催化剂在可见光照射下的光催化特性;通过循环实验考察复合催化剂的稳定性。结果显示,含有1%的MoS₂纳米片与Ag₃PO₄形成的复合催化剂在30 min内对亚甲基蓝的降解率为95%,其降解动力学常数是纯相Ag₃PO₄的2倍。经过5次循环实验后复合催化剂对于亚甲基蓝的降解率为84%,而纯Ag₃PO₄对于亚甲基蓝的降解率仅为35%。Ag₃PO₄/MoS₂纳米片复合催化剂具有优良的光催化活性和高稳定性,主要归因于二硫化钼纳米片与磷酸银形成异质结,磷酸银激发的电子和二硫化钼纳米片产生的空穴直接复合,从而促使光生电子从磷酸银晶体表面快速分离,减轻了磷酸银的光电子腐蚀,同时也提高了复合物的光催化活性。     

活性炭负载Cu离子掺杂纳米TiO2颗粒的制备及光催化性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法在活性炭(AC)表面负载掺杂Cu离子的TiO2纳米颗粒, 制备负载型掺杂Cu2+-TiO2/AC复合光催化剂, 采用XRD, ESR, FS, UV-Vis和BET等手段对其进行了表征, 通过罗丹明B的光催化降解试验, 分析活性炭载体的比表面积和Cu离子掺杂量对负载型掺杂催化剂光催化活性的影响. 结果表明, Cu以+2价存在, Ti以少量的+3价存在; TiO2纳米颗粒具有量子尺寸效应, 吸光阈值显著蓝移, 并使光谱相应范围向可见光区拓展; 另外, 适量Cu离子的掺杂降低了负载型TiO2/AC的荧光强度. 负载和高温处理没有改变活性炭载体的微观结构. 以AC3为载体和质量分数为3%的Cu离子掺杂所制备的3%Cu2+-TiO2/AC3催化剂的活性最高, 并且该催化剂便于回收, 在重复使用中也表现出很高的光催化活性.     

New route to synthesize highly active nanocrystalline sulfated titania-silica: synergic effects between sulfate species and silica in enhancing the photocatalysis efficiency

A simple and efficient approach has been set up for fabricating highly active sulfated titania-silica (SO(4)(2-)/TiO(2)-SiO(2)): Ti(SO(4))(2) was hydrolyzed in the presence of silica, making it possible to sulfate titania and form titania-silica mixed oxide in one step. This study was focused on investigating the roles of sulfate species and silica in improving the physicochemical properties and photoactivity of SO(4)(2-)/TiO(2)-SiO(2) through comparison with sulfated titania (SO(4)(2-)/TiO(2)) and sulfate-free catalysts (TiO(2) and TiO(2)-SiO(2)). Various characterization methods, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPS), were employed to test these materials. The results revealed that for SO(4)(2-)/TiO(2) and TiO(2)-SiO(2) the sole presence of either sulfate species or silica imposes negative effects on the photocatalysis behavior of titania, leading them to have negligible photoactivities. On the contrary, in the case of SO(4)(2-)/TiO(2)-SiO(2), sulfate species and silica were proved to act in a cooperative manner; therefore, the following enhanced structure and surface properties of SO(4)(2-)/TiO(2)-SiO(2) were obtained: (i) relatively well-crystallized and smaller-size (15.4 nm) anatase-phase titania was formed upon 500 degrees C calcination without forming rutile phase and (ii) the formation of active surface sulfate species promotes the separation of photoinduced electron-hole pairs and therefore accelerates the photocatalysis reaction. Therefore, its photoactivity is enhanced as a result of the favorable synergic effects between sulfate species and silica due to their simultaneous presence.     

Ti基底的预处理对TiO2光催化膜长期稳定性的影响

研究了Ti基底的预处理方法对其负载的TiO2薄膜光催化活性和长期稳定性的影响.分别采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、X射线衍射和电化学交流阻抗谱对样品进行了表征,并考察了Ti基底负载的TiO2膜光催化降解模型污染物苯甲酰胺和活性艳红X-3B的活性.结果表明,采用普通Na2CO3预处理Ti基底时制得的TiO2膜层较疏松,并且由于Ti基底自身生成的TiO2钝化膜层不断生长而导致其负载的TiO2光催化膜层明显脱落流失,该TiO2膜在水中浸泡60 d后即完全失活.而在乙二酸活化法预处理的Ti基底上能制备出致密的TiO2光催化膜,可抑制Ti基底自钝化膜的生长,从而显著提高了负载TiO2光催化膜的抗脱落流失能力,在水中浸泡280 d后,其光催化活性仍不低于新制备样品活性的70%;而且在35 d的活性艳红完全脱色连续流实验中,该TiO2光催化膜基本未发生失活现象.     

Photogenerated defects in shape-controlled TiO2 anatase nanocrystals: a probe to evaluate the role of crystal facets in photocatalytic processes

The promising properties of anatase TiO(2) nanocrystals exposing specific surfaces have been investigated in depth both theoretically and experimentally. However, a clear assessment of the role of the crystal faces in photocatalytic processes is still under debate. In order to clarify this issue, we have comprehensively explored the properties of the photogenerated defects and in particular their dependence on the exposed crystal faces in shape-controlled anatase. Nanocrystals were synthesized by solvothermal reaction of titanium butoxide in the presence of oleic acid and oleylamine as morphology-directing agents, and their photocatalytic performances were evaluated in the phenol mineralization in aqueous media, using O(2) as the oxidizing agent. The charge-trapping centers, Ti(3+), O(-), and O(2)(-), formed by UV irradiation of the catalyst were detected by electron spin resonance, and their abundance and reactivity were related to the exposed crystal faces and to the photoefficiency of the nanocrystals. In vacuum conditions, the concentration of trapped holes (O(-) centers) increases with increasing {001} surface area and photoactivity, while the amount of Ti(3+) centers increases with the specific surface area of {101} facets, and the highest value occurs for the sample with the worst photooxidative efficacy. These results suggest that {001} surfaces can be considered essentially as oxidation sites with a key role in the photoxidation, while {101} surfaces provide reductive sites which do not directly assist the oxidative processes. Photoexcitation experiments in O(2) atmosphere led to the formation of Ti(4+)-O(2)(-) oxidant species mainly located on {101} faces, confirming the indirect contribution of these surfaces to the photooxidative processes. Although this work focuses on the properties of TiO(2), we expect that the presented quantitative investigation may provide a new methodological tool for a more effective evaluation of the role of metal oxide crystal faces in photocatalytic processes.     

过渡金属掺杂TiO_2/活性炭复合体的制备及双协同光催化性能

以活性炭为载体,通过溶胶-凝胶法分别制备了Fe、Ag、Zn、Mn和Cr过渡金属离子掺杂TiO2/活性炭(X-TiO2/AC,X-TA;X:过渡金属离子)复合体,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积(BET)、X光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电镜(SEM)、电子自旋共振谱(ESR)和荧光光谱(FS)对其结构进行表征.以罗丹明B的光催化降解为探针实验,评价掺杂负载型复合体的双协同光催化性能和使用寿命,提出双协同光催化扩增机制,并探讨了掺杂率和负载率对双协同扩增效果影响.结果表明:通过活性炭吸附和离子掺杂对TiO2光催化性能表现出双协同扩增作用,导致X-TA对罗丹明B的降解速率常数kapp大于掺杂X-TiO2粉体和TA负载体之和.同时,掺杂率和负载率共同影响协同效应,当Fe离子掺杂率和Fe-TiO2负载率分别为0.3%和10%时,Fe-TA复合体kapp最大为0.0208min-1.另外,过渡金属离子掺杂对TiO2光催化性能提高程度按掺杂离子Ag、Zn、Mn、Cr、Fe递增.掺杂后金属离子的价态、得电子能力、比表面积和掺杂TiO2颗粒尺寸上的差异决定了不同离子掺杂负载型复合体催化性能不同,复合体寿命降低的主要原因是由于活性组分从载体上流失所引起.     

Molecular mechanisms of photoinduced oxygen evolution, PL emission, and surface roughening at atomically smooth (110) and (100) n-TiO2 (rutile) surfaces in aqueous acidic solutions

The success in preparing atomically smooth and stable (110) and (100) TiO2 (rutile) surfaces, combined with in situ photoluminescence (PL) and photocurrent measurements as well as atomic force microscopic (AFM) inspection, has enabled us to make systematic studies on molecular mechanisms of oxygen photoevolution and related processes on TiO2 (rutile), which are important for solar water splitting and photocatalytic environmental cleaning. The studies have revealed that various surface processes and properties, such as the flat-band potential (Ufb), the spectrum and intensity of the PL from a precursor of the oxygen photoevolution reaction, and photoinduced surface roughening, have all strong dependences on the atomic-level structure of the TiO2 surface. Importantly, all the results have been explained on the basis of our recently proposed new mechanism that the oxygen photoevolution reaction is initiated by a nucleophilic attack of an H2O molecule to a surface-trapped hole, thus giving confirmative evidence to it. The molecular mechanisms for photoinduced primary processes at the TiO2 surface, clarified in the present work, will provide a typical model for photoreactions on metal oxides in contact with aqueous solutions.     

WO3/TiO2纳米棒复合材料的制备及其光催化活性

 以纳米 TiO2 (P25) 为前驱体, 采用水热-煅烧法制备了具有大比表面积和高紫外光催化活性的 TiO2 纳米棒 (TiO2-NRs), 并考察了热处理温度对其形貌、晶型、比表面积及光催化活性的影响. 以400 oC 热处理制得的 TiO2-NRs 为载体, 采用溶胶-凝胶法制得负载型 WO3/TiO2-NRs 复合光催化剂, 并使用透射电镜、X 射线衍射和X 射线电子能谱等手段对其进行了表征. 结果表明, WO3 负载量为 2% 时, WO3/TiO2-NRs 的光催化活性是 P25 的 5 倍. 对 1 × 10?5 mol/L 罗丹明 B 溶液的脱色反应结果表明, 该催化剂具有高速染料脱色特性. 同时对光催化机理进行了探讨.     

A kinetic study of ozone decomposition on illuminated oxide surfaces

The heterogeneous chemistry and photochemistry of ozone on oxide components of mineral dust aerosol, including α-Fe(2)O(3), TiO(2), and α-Al(2)O(3), at different relative humidities have been investigated using an environmental aerosol chamber. The rate and extent of ozone decomposition on these oxide surfaces are found to be a function of the nature of the surface as well as the presence of light and relative humidity. Under dark and dry conditions, only α-Fe(2)O(3) exhibits catalytic decomposition toward ozone, whereas the reactivity of TiO(2) and α-Al(2)O(3) is rapidly quenched upon ozone exposure. However, upon irradiation, TiO(2) is active toward O(3) decomposition and α-Al(2)O(3) remains inactive. In the presence of relative humidity, ozone decay on α-Fe(2)O(3) subject to irradiation or under dark conditions is found to decrease. In contrast, ozone decomposition is enhanced for irradiated TiO(2) as relative humidity initially increases but then begins to decrease at higher relative humidity levels. A kinetic model was used to obtain heterogeneous reaction rates for different homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction pathways taking place in the environmental aerosol chamber. The atmospheric implications of these results are discussed.     

Facile fabrication of anatase TiO2 microspheres on solid substrates and surface crystal facet transformation from {001} to {101}

Anatase TiO(2) microspheres with controlled surface morphologies and exposed crystal facets were directly synthesized on metal titanium foil substrates by means of a facile, one-pot hydrothermal method without use of any templating reagent. The obtained products were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelecron spectroscopy (XPS), and the focused ion beam (FIB) technique. The sizes of the resultant microspheres ranged from 1.1 to 2.1 μm. The transformation of anatase TiO(2) microspheres with exposed {001} facets surface to nanosheets surface with {101} facets was achieved by simply controlling the hydrothermal reaction time. The anatase TiO(2) microspheres with exposed square-shaped plane {001} facets were obtained by controlling the reaction time at 1 h. The prolonged reaction time transforms the anatase TiO(2) microspheres with exposed square-shaped plane {001} facets to eroded {001} facets then to a nanosheet surface with exposed {101} facets. With hydrothermal synthesis, the surface morphological structure and crystal facets formation are highly dependent on dissolution/deposition processes, which can be strongly influenced by attributes, such as pH of the reaction media, the total concentration of dissolved and suspended titanium species, and the concentration of fluoride in the reaction solution. The changes of these attributes during the hydrothermal process were therefore measured and used to illustrate the morphology and crystal-facet transformation processes of anatase TiO(2) microspheres. The surface morphologies and crystal-facet transformations during hydrothermal processes were found to be governed by the compositional changes of the reaction media, driven by dynamically shifted dissolution/deposition equilibria. The photocatalytic activities of the photoanodes made of anatase TiO(2) microspheres were evaluated. The experimental results demonstrated that the photocatalytic activity of anatase TiO(2) microspheres with exposed {001} facets was found to be 1.5 times higher than that of the anatase TiO(2) microspheres with exposed {101} facets.     

Al-TiO2粉体材料的微结构与可见光催化性能的关联

用固相反应法制得的铝掺杂二氧化钛（Al-TiO2）材料研究了该材料在可见光下对吡啶的可见光降解性能,着重探讨了材料的微结构与可见光催化活性的关联．结果表明,处于热力学亚稳体系的锐钛矿型的Al-TiO2粉体材料,对吡啶的可见光降解活性远高于纯TiO2;其可见光催化活性与微晶尺寸呈正相关性,而与晶格畸变应力呈负相关性．Al...