皮秒激光烧蚀Al膜的理论分析与实验验证

为研究Al膜受短脉冲激光作用时的能量传输过程,建立了一维半经典双温热传导模型。根据材料加工过程的熔化现象,对模型的相变区域进行有效设置。通过有限元法求解,得到晶格温度随时间分布的规律。根据自由电子气理论优化了模型,得到Al膜表面反射率和热吸收系数随时间的分布图。得到了激光辐照所产生热电场的分布规律,并分析了电子温度梯度对其影响。描绘出电子漂移运动速度的分布规律,证实激光作用产生的热电场是电子漂移运动的主导因素,发现最大漂移速度位置随时间的延长而加深。对激光作用后的晶格温度进行了区域性分析,定义了过热加热区,并得到激光烧蚀深度随时间的变化关系。实验结果表明,不同功率皮秒激光烧蚀Al膜的深度接近于理论计算结果。     

NASA lasers probe planets

NASA is engaged in monitoring the health of planet Earth and exploring the other planets. For the former, global measurements of critical Earth parameters including ice sheet thickness, greenhouse gases, oxygen, wind velocity, and aerosols, are required. Highly specialized lasers, sometimes at new laser wavelengths, are needed to measure these variables. There are three approaches for this laser development being pursued by NASA. First, rather than seeking new lasers employing an empirical approach, a quantum mechanical model is used to predict better new lasers. Second, where lasers exist but the wavelength is not quite right, a technique referred to as compositional tuning was developed. Third, innovative laser designs are devised to produce laser sources at the requisite wavelengths.     

Laser flow visualization and velocity fields by particle image velocimetry in an electrostatic precipitator model

Although improving electrostatic precipitator (ESP) collection of fine particles (micron and submicron sizes) remains of interest, it is not yet clear whether the turbulent flow patterns caused by the presence of electric field and charge in ESPs advance or deteriorate fine particle precipitation process. In this paper, results of the laser flow visualization and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements of the particle flow velocity fields in a wire-to-plate type ESP model with seven wire electrodes are presented. Both experiments were carried out for negative and positive polarity of the wire electrodes. The laser flow visualization and PIV measurements clearly confirmed formation of the secondary flow (velocity of several tens of cm/s) in the ESP model, which interacts with the primary flow. The particle flow pattern changes caused by the strong interaction between the primary and secondary flows are more pronounced for higher operating voltages (higher electrohydrodynamic numbernehd) and lower primary flow velocities (lower Reynolds number Re). The particle flow patterns for the positive voltage polarity of the wire electrodes are more stable and regular than those for the negative voltage polarity due to the nonuniformity of the negative corona along the wire electrodes (tufts).     

Full Quantum Theory of Transient-State Electromagnetically Induced Transparency

We develop a full quantum theory of transient-state electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in thevapor of three-level A-type atoms interacting with probe and coupling lasers. As applications of the full quantum theory,we show that transient-state EIT medium exhibits normal dispersion and find that group velocities of both coupling andprobe lasers are greatly reduced. It is shown that the group velocity of the probe laser in the transient-state EIT case isequal to that in the adiabatic EIT case and that the coupling laser group velocity in the transient-state EIT is generallyless than that in the adiabatic EIT.     

Full Quantum Theory of Transient-State Electromagnetically Induced Transparency

We develop a full quantum theory of transient-state electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in the vapor of three-level A-type atoms interacting with probe and coupling lasers. As applications of the full quantum theory, we show that transient-state EIT medium exhibits normal dispersion and find that group velocities of both coupling and probe lasers are greatly reduced. It is shown that the group velocity of the probe laser in the transient-state EIT case is equal to that in the adiabatic EIT case and that the coupling laser group velocity in the transient-state EIT is generally less than that in the adiabatic EIT.     

Temporal investigation of acoustic wave pressure spectrum of high repetition rate TEA-CO2 lasers by using a three-dimensional mathematical model

The production of acoustic wave is one of the most important factors on the action of High Repetition Rate TEA-CO₂ lasers. In this paper a three-dimensional mathematical modeling has been considered for investigation of temporal and spatial variations of acoustic waves in the laser cavity and its effect on the output of HRR lasers. By calculation of equations obtained from this model and plotting the pressure spectrum in different states, the effect of electrodes dimensions, cavity dimensions, gas flow velocity and repetition rate of laser in different times have been acquired. At last, optimum conditions for performance of laser action and having a good output have been arrived.     

自混频激光理论模型及应用

建立了在同一块非线性激光晶体上实现自混频激光的理论模型。该模型计入了具有任意腰斑大小的泵浦光和腔内基频光的空间分布,并将该模型应用到NYAB和Nd:GdCOB的自混频蓝光实验。理论分析预测和证实了一些实验结果,同时,讨论和总结了提高自混频激光输出效率的途径。     

C. 超短激光光源

本文对超短激光脉冲的产生、压缩技术的最新发展做了详细评述。     

Fluorescence from doubly driven four-level atoms

The unusually narrow features in the fluorescence from ⁸⁵Rb driven by two laser fields L1 and L2, reported in [1], are explained on the basis of a four-level density matrix calculation. The L2 laser enables atom transfer to the fluorescing levels connected by the strong L1 laser. In turn the L1 laser causes the Autler-Townes splitting of the upper levels connected by L2 laser. These two effects are shown to maximise fluorescence within a narrow spectral range of the scanned L2 laser due to velocity selection of atoms from co-propagating and counter propagating L1 and L2 lasers. The analysis reveals the existence of narrow spectral features from a collection of atoms at room temperature even in the absence of induced coherences between the levels.Received: 2 July 2004, Published online: 21 September 2004PACS: 42.50.Hz Strong-field excitation of optical transitions in quantum systems; multiphoton processes; dynamic Stark shift - 32.80.Bx Level crossing and optical pumping     

空间碎片典型材料激光烧蚀反喷羽流实验研究

建立了观测和记录不同激光入射角度烧蚀6061铝合金靶材等离子体反喷羽流特性的实验装置,对实验结果图像进行了处理,并对处理结果进行了数值拟合。拟合结果表明,激光辐照靶材后100ns内,等离子体反喷羽流大致分布区域为靶面外5mm×5mm。激光以不同角度入射时,等离子体反喷速度相对于靶面法线方向大致呈轴对称分布。当激光相对靶面法线方向小角度范围内入射时,激光烧蚀引起的冲量主要沿靶面法线方向,反喷羽流沿靶面法方向的速度为20~40km·s-1。激光斜入射时,反喷羽流沿靶面法线方向的速度要大于激光垂直入射的情况。高斯函数可以很好地描述等离子体反喷羽流速度分布。     

空间碎片典型材料激光烧蚀反喷羽流实验研究

建立了观测和记录不同激光入射角度烧蚀6061铝合金靶材等离子体反喷羽流特性的实验装置,对实验结果图像进行了处理,并对处理结果进行了数值拟合。拟合结果表明,激光辐照靶材后100 ns内,等离子体反喷羽流大致分布区域为靶面外5 mm5 mm。激光以不同角度入射时,等离子体反喷速度相对于靶面法线方向大致呈轴对称分布。当激光相对靶面法线方向小角度范围内入射时,激光烧蚀引起的冲量主要沿靶面法线方向,反喷羽流沿靶面法方向的速度为20~40 kms-1。激光斜入射时,反喷羽流沿靶面法线方向的速度要大于激光垂直入射的情况。高斯函数可以很好地描述等离子体反喷羽流速度分布。     

Directional achromatic heterodyne fiber laser Doppler anemometer

The application of diode-pumped double-clad Nd:glass fiber lasers with high fundamental mode power for laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) will be presented. An acousto-optic modulator (AOM) is used as a diffractive beam splitter, so that the LDA calibration constant is wavelength independent, i.e., achromatic. Hence, broadband emitting powerful fiber lasers can also be employed. The directional discrimination of the LDA velocity measurement was achieved using the heterodyne technique with the frequency shift of the AOM element.     

Spectrally Adjustable Picosecond Dye Laser Pulses Generated with Nanosecond Nitrogen Lasers

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用超声光栅测量氦氖激光的波长

介绍了一种新的测量激光波长的方法,并与传统的迈克耳孙干涉仪测量的结果进行了比较.我们对汞光和氦氖激光在乙醇(97%)形成的超声光栅中的衍射光谱进行了测量研究,首先利用汞光数据计算得到了超声波在乙醇中的传播速度,并分析了温度对结果的影响,然后利用超声波波速计算了氦氖激光的波长,得到的结果与标准值相比的相对误差为0.55%.此方法操作简便,且有与迈克耳孙干涉仪可比的精度.     

Design considerations and scaling laws for high power convective cooled CW CO2 lasers

Various criteria for designing high power convective cooled CO₂ lasers have been discussed. Considering the saturation intensity, optical damage threshold of the optical resonator components and the small-signal gain, the scaling laws for designing high power CW CO₂ lasers have been established. In transverse flow CO₂ lasers having discharge of square cross-section, the discharge lengthL and its widthW for a specific laser powerP (Watt) and gas flow velocityV (cm/s) can be given byL = 1.4 x 10⁴ p ^1/2 V ^-1 cms andW = 0.04P ^1/2 cms. The optimum transmitivity of the output coupler is found to be almost constant (about 60%), independent of the small signal gain and laser power. In fast axial flow CO₂ lasers the gas flow should be divided into several discharge tubes to maintain the flow velocity within sonic limit. The discharge length in this type of laser does not depend explicitly on the laser power, instead it depends on the input power density in the discharge and the gas flow velocity. Various considerations for ensuring better laser beam quality are also discussed.     

Velocity of pulse propagation in media with amplitude nonlinearity

The propagation velocity of optical wave fronts can be accelerated by the influence of gain saturation. We report systematic measurements for the specific case of Brillouin gain in optical fibers. A simplified analytic rate equation approach permits a qualitative understanding of the observations in terms of a pure amplitude nonlinearity. We point out that there is a close analogy to a mode-locked laser with gain saturation. Pursuing this analogy, we can explain why the changes in propagation velocity are hardly measurable for synchronously pumped lasers, but easily amount to several percent for amplifiers or lasers based on stimulated Brillouin scattering.     

Effective traveling-wave excitation below the speed of light

We demonstrate that effective traveling-wave excitation of high-gain amplifiers requires velocities that are remarkably slower than the velocity of light. Experiments with a femtosecond-laser-pumped molecular hydrogen laser exhibit pronounced enhancement of the intensity if an excitation velocity that is slower than the velocity of light is employed. These results are directly scalable to shorter wavelengths, paving the way for a more effective pump setup for x-ray lasers.     

Analysis of temperature distributions in diode-pumped alkali vapor lasers

Assuming the pump light to be a Gaussian beam and considering the medium absorption, we establish the heat conduction model to describe the temperature distribution in diode-pumped alkali vapor lasers (DPALs) with two different pumping ways. Combining with the experimental parameters in cesium laser, the spatial temperature distribution picture, the longitudinal and the radial temperature distributions of two cesium lasers are obtained by numerical solving the model. Influences of the pump power, the beam waist and the absorption coefficient on the axial and the radial temperature distribution are calculated and compared for the two Cs lasers. The result suggests that Cs laser pumped by two laser diode arrays can improve the spatial temperature distribution condition and reduce the longitudinal temperature gradient, which is good for reducing the thermal effects and improving the output characteristics of DPALs.     

Characterization of aerosol plumes in nanosecond laser ablation of molecular solids at atmospheric pressure

Ablation of molecular solids with pulsed ultraviolet lasers at atmospheric pressure is an important process in (bio-)organic mass spectrometry. Of practical importance for analytical sampling and analysis are the plume formation and expansion. Plumes formed by atmospheric-pressure laser ablation of anthracene and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHB) were studied by light scattering imaging, which showed significant material release in the form of aerosols. The monitored plume expansion dynamics could be fitted to the drag-force model, yielding initial plume velocities of 150 m/s for anthracene and 43 m/s for DHB. While the angle of incidence does not affect the plume direction and propagation, a large dependence of the plume-expansion velocity on the laser pulse energy could be found, which is limited at atmospheric pressure by the onset of plasma shielding. With respect to analytical applications, the efficiency of sampling of the laser ablation products by a capillary could be experimentally visualized.