Effect of oxygen on the activity of a Pd-Fe/a-Al2O3catalyst for CO coupling to diethyl oxalate

The effect of oxygen on the activity and selectivity of a Pd-Fe/a-Al₂O₃ catalyst for CO coupling to diethyl oxalate (DEO) was studied in the range of 105 - 120^oC. The results showed that the conversion of CO and the STY (Space Time Yield) of DEO increased with increasing oxygen concentration from 5 to 10 mol% and reaction temperature, but the selectivity to DEO decreased. The role of oxygen in CO coupling is discussed on the basis of the experimental results in the present work and the XPS characterization of the catalysts. It was also found that the activity and selectivity of the catalyst could be fully recovered after removing O₂ from the reaction system.     

CO偶联临氢反应Pd-Fe/Al2O3催化剂的XPS研究

 利用XPS及氩离子溅射等技术对CO偶联和临氢反应中所用催化剂\r\n表面活性组分和助剂的含量及其化学状态进行了分析，并通过测定氢在\r\n催化剂表面的化学吸附，以及氢浓度对催化剂活性的影响，探讨了CO偶\r\n联反应中催化剂临氢失活的主要原因．XPS表征结果表明，CO偶联反应\r\n中催化剂活性组分以Pd0和Pd2＋形式共存；而临氢反应后仅以Pd0形式\r\n存在，助剂FeO从催化剂的内部向表面迁移且有少量Fe2＋转变为Fe3＋\r\n．催化剂临氢失活的主要原因是H2在活性组分Pd及助剂Fe（主要是FeO\r\n）表面均可形成解离吸附，形成的金属氢化物可在低活化能条件下发生\r\n迁移．这种迁移有利于副产物乙醇的生成，从而削弱了CO偶联主反应，\r\n催化剂表面活性组分Pd的相对含量减少，并几乎处于钝化状态，导致临\r\n氢反应中CO转化率、草酸二乙酯选择性及空时收率均下降．停止通入H\r\n2后，催化剂的活性可恢复至正常状态．     

Comparative pharmacokinetic studies of andrographolide and its metabolite of 14‐deoxy‐12‐hydroxy‐andrographolide in rat by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

Andrographolide (AND), one of the major diterpenoids from Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees, can be metabolized as a phase two metabolite of 14‐deoxy‐12‐hydroxy‐andrographolide‐19‐O‐β‐d ‐glucuronide in human. The aim of this study is to characterize and synthesize the phase one metabolite of 14‐deoxy‐12‐hydroxy‐andrographolide (DEO‐AND) after gavage feeding of AND in rats, and to compare the pharmacokinetics of AND and DEO‐AND after intravenous administration. DEO‐AND was first discovered existing in rat serum by HPLC‐MSⁿ after administration of AND. Furthermore, the target metabolite was synthesized and elucidated by NMR. In addition, a rapid, selective and sensitive UPLC‐ESI/MS method was developed for the first time to determine the content of AND and DEO‐AND in rats serum. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats after a single intravenous dose of 5 mg/kg AND and DEO‐AND, respectively. In comparison, the pharmacokinetic parameters of metabolite DEO‐AND, including distribution rate constant, elimination rate constant, half‐life and mean residence time, were significantly less than those of AND (p < 0.05). However, the AUC_{0→720 min} value after intravenous administration of DEO‐AND was 781.59 ± 81.46 µg min/mL, which was 17.71 times higher than that of AND (44.13 ± 10.45 µg min/mL; p < 0.05). These results show the pharmacokinetic profile of AND to be significantly different from that of DEO‐AND by intravenous administration. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Scanning electrochemical microscopy of hydrogen electro-oxidation. Rate constant measurements and carbon monoxide poisoning on platinum

We describe an application of the scanning electrochemical microscope that uses tip–sample feedback to characterize the electro-oxidation of hydrogen on a polycrystalline platinum electrode in sulfuric acid solutions in the presence and absence of adsorbed carbon monoxide. The hydrogen oxidation reaction is probed by reducing protons at a diffusion-limited rate at the microscope's tip electrode while it is positioned near a platinum substrate. A series of approach curves measured as a function of the substrate potential provides hydrogen oxidation rate constant values over a wide range of substrate conditions. In the absence of CO, the rate of hydrogen oxidation exceeds 1 cm s⁻¹ at potentials within the hydrogen adsorption and double layer charging regions. A Tafel slope of 30 mV per decade is determined near the reversible potential. At increasingly positive substrate potentials, the hydrogen oxidation rate decreases exponentially with increasing potential as the surface is covered with an oxide layer. The adsorption of solution-phase carbon monoxide completely deactivates the platinum substrate towards steady-state hydrogen oxidation over a large range of substrate potentials. Approach curves indicate a near-zero rate constant for hydrogen oxidation on CO-covered platinum at potentials below oxide formation. An increase in the hydrogen oxidation rate is seen at potentials sufficiently positive that CO fails to adsorb and the platinum oxide forms. In comparison, dynamic tip–substrate voltammetry depicts a complex substrate response whereby the adsorbed carbon monoxide layer transforms from a weakly adsorbed state at low potentials to a strongly adsorbed state at high potentials. Although steady-state approach curve measurements depict the complete deactivation of catalytic activity at these potentials, a significant hydrogen oxidation current is observed during the potential-induced transformation between these weakly and strongly adsorbed CO states. The rate of hydrogen oxidation approaches that of a pristine platinum surface during this surface transformation before returning to the poisoned state.     

Kinetics of Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition in Guaiacol Solution, Catalyzed by Hexacyanoferrate(II)

The kinetics of hydrogen peroxide decomposition in a guaiacol solution, catalyzed by potassium hexacyanoferrate(II), were studied. The reaction mainly follows the pathway of guaiacol hydroxylation. The reaction order is 1 with respect to H₂O₂, 0.5 with respect to hexacyanoferrate, and from 0.4 to 0 with respect to guaiacol (the latter parameter decreases with increasing guaiacol concentration). The apparent activation energy is 105 kJ mol^{- 1}. A kinetic scheme of the process was proposed. An expression consistent with the experiment was obtained for the rate of hydrogen peroxide decomposition in the presence of guaiacol, catalyzed by hexacyanoferrate(II).     

Energy Dissipation Processes of singlet‐excited 1‐Hydroxyfluorenone and its Hydrogen‐bonded Complex with N‐methylimidazole¶

Effects of solvent, pH and hydrogen bonding with N‐methylimidazole (MIm) on the photophysical properties of 1‐hydroxyfluorenone (1HOF) have been studied. Fluorescence lifetime, fluorescence quantum yield and triplet yield measurements demonstrated that intersystem crossing was the dominant process in apolar media and its rate constant significantly diminished with increasing solvent polarity. The acceleration of internal conversion in alcohols paralleled the strength of intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The faster energy dissipation from the singlet‐excited state in cyclohexane was attributed to intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The pK_a of 1HOF decreased from 10.06 to 5.0 on light absorption, and H₃O⁺ quenched the singletexcited molecules in a practically diffusion‐controlled reaction. On addition of MIm in toluene, dual fluorescence was observed, which was attributed to reversible formation of excited hydrogen‐bonded ion pair. Rate constants for the various deactivation pathways were derived from the combined analysis of the steady‐state and the time‐resolved fluorescence results.     

Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of aniline and substituted anilines by isoquinolinium bromochromate in aqueous acetic acid

Oxidation of anilines by isoquinolinium bromochromate (IQBC) in aqueous acetic acid leads to the formation of corresponding azobenzenes. The reaction is first order with respect to both aniline and IQBC and is catalyzed by hydrogen ion. The rate of oxidation decreases with increasing dielectric constant of solvent, indicating the presence of an ion-dipole interaction. The rate of oxidation decreases with increase in concentration of KCl, possibly due to the formation of less reactive species by interaction of Cl^- and protonated IQBC. The specific rate of oxidizing species anilines reaction correlates with substituents constant affording a negative reaction constant. Hammett plot is found to be valid and the correlation between enthalpies and free energies of activation is reasonably linear with an isokinetic temperature of 401 K.     

Kinetics and mechanism of acid catalyzed oxidation of phenol and substituted phenols by isoquinolinium bromochromate

Oxidation of phenols by isoquinolinium bromochromate (IQBC) in aqueous acetic acid leads to the formation of corresponding quinones. The reaction is first order with respect to both phenol and IQBC and catalysed by hydrogen ion. The rate of oxidation decreases with increase in dielectric constant of solvent indicating ion-dipole interaction. The rate of oxidation decreases with increase in concentration of KCl, this may be due to the formation of less reactive species by interaction of Cl⁻ and protonated IQBC. The specific rates of oxidizing phenol reaction correlate with substituents constants affording negative reaction constants. Hammett plot is found to be valid and the correlation between enthalpies and free energies of activation is reasonably linear with an isokinetic temperature of 320 K.     

Heterogeneous thermoradiation processes for hydrogen production from steam

A experimental flow unit for investigation of the radiation-catalytic decomposition of gases and liquids over the temperature range of 50–500°C in a ⁶⁰Co γ-radiation field was designed and fabricated. The process of radiation-catalytic decomposition of steam in the presence of solids with different chemical compositions and structures was studied. The effect of the dose rate and the contact time of the reaction mixture with the solid on the rate of hydrogen formation was revealed. It was shown that the hydrogen formation efficiency decreases after cessation of irradiation.     

Deactivation of Cationic CuI and AuI Catalysts for A3 Coupling by CH2Cl2: Mechanistic Implications of the Formation of Neutral CuI and AuI Chlorides

Care should be exercised when using CH₂Cl₂ as a solvent for reactions in which amines are a reagent, since undesirable deactivation of cationic copper(I) and gold(I) catalysts to form the corresponding inactive neutral chloride complexes [LMCl] (M=Cu or Au) can occur as a result of the generation of hydrogen chloride in the medium. Cu^I and Au^I deactivation has been proved for the Mannich three‐component coupling reaction. A series of Cu^I and Au^I complexes with potential mechanistic implications were isolated and characterized by X‐ray crystallography.     

Mechanisms for the Breakdown of Halomethanes through Reactions with Ground‐State Cyano Radicals

One route to break down halomethanes is through reactions with radical species. The capability of the artificial force‐induced reaction algorithm to efficiently explore a large number of radical reaction pathways has been illustrated for reactions between haloalkanes (CX₃Y; X=H, F; Y=Cl, Br) and ground‐state (²Σ⁺) cyano radicals (CN). For CH₃Cl+CN, 71 stationary points in eight different pathways have been located and, in agreement with experiment, the highest rate constant (10⁸ s^?1 M ^?1 at 298 K) is obtained for hydrogen abstraction. For CH₃Br, the rate constants for hydrogen and halogen abstraction are similar (10⁹ s^?1 M ^?1), whereas replacing hydrogen with fluorine eliminates the hydrogen‐abstraction route and decreases the rate constants for halogen abstraction by 2–3 orders of magnitude. The detailed mapping of stationary points allows accurate calculations of product distributions, and the encouraging rate constants should motivate future studies with other radicals.     

Deactivation of a ruthenium(II) <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-heterocyclic carbene <Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-cymene complex during transfer hydrogenation catalysis

A ruthenium (II) N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complex was synthesized to investigate ligand dissociation as a possible deactivation pathway for the catalytic cycle of a transfer hydrogenation reaction. Diiodo(1,3-dimethylbenzimidazole-2-ylidene)(p-cymene)ruthenium(II) was synthesized for use as the catalytic species and characterized using physico-chemical, spectroscopic methods, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The transfer of hydrogen from isopropanol to acetophenone was followed using ¹H NMR. We observed 94% conversion of the substrate to the alcohol product after 1 h. We also found that the p-cymene complex decomposed during the catalytic reaction to the extent of 80% deactivation after 1 h, based on ¹H NMR spectrometry. From Gaussian calculations, an ultraviolet–visible spectrum that is in excellent agreement with the actual spectrum was computed, giving insight into the nature of the absorptions observed experimentally.     

Cu/SiO2催化剂的制备、表征及其对草酸二乙酯加氢制乙二醇的催化性能

用沉淀沉积法和不同加料顺序制备了一系列草酸二乙酯气相加氢制乙二醇的Cu/SiO2催化剂,考察了反应温度、反应压力及氢气/草酸二乙酯摩尔比对催化性能的影响,以优化催化剂的制备方法和反应工艺条件.通过TPR,XRD,BET,HRTEM和SEM对催化剂进行了表征,揭示催化剂的稳定性、成型和活性位的分布.通过对实验数据的分析,确定了最佳的制备方法、铜负载量、还原温度和反应工艺条件,使草酸二乙酯的转化率和乙二醇的收率分别达到94.8%和76.0%.     

Untersuchungen an oxidischen Katalysatoren. XXV. Katalytische Aktivität und Aktivitäts-Zeit-Verhalten modifizierter Mordenite beim Spalten von n-Octan

Studies on Oxide Catalysts. XXV. Catalytic Activity and Aging Properties of Modified Mordenites in the Cracking of n-Octane MeH-mordenites (Me = Li, K, Mg, Ca, Ba) were prepared by ion exchange starting with H-mordenite (SiO₂/Al₂O₃ mole ratio = 14). To characterize these samples the cracking of n-octane was used as catalytic test reaction. Surface OH groups and the adsorption of NH₃ on these samples were investigated by i. r. spectroscopy. Unaffected by the kind of the exchanged cation the Brönsted acidity of the H-mordenite decreases monotonously with increasing content of the incorporated cation. The catalytic activity and (to a much higher degree) the rate of deactivation by coking during the reaction decrease as the Brönsted acidity decreases. The strong dependence of the Brönsted acidity on the deactivation rate points to a multi-site mechanism of the coking process.     

Effect of Temperature on the Deactivation of a Pd-Fe／α-Al2O3 Catalyst for CO Coupling to Diethyl Oxalate

Destructive tests of the catalyst was carried out to study the effect of temperature on the catalytic activity of CO coupling to diethyl oxalate (DEO) over a Pd-Fe/Al2O3 catalyst. It was found that a temperature jump could cause the deactivation of the Pd-Fe/α-Al2O3 catalyst. The catalyst deactivated at different temperatures has different characteristics. After deactivation the crystal structure of α-Al2O3 did not change, but the Pd particle size was enlarged. Most of the Pd^0 were oxidized to Pd^2 . and Fe^2 was oxidized to Fe^3 on the surface of the deactivated catalyst. The catalyst could be regenerated, but its original activity could not be recovered completely.     

Polymerization kinetics of octene-1 catalyzed by metallocene methylaluminoxane investigated with attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared (ATR-FT-IR) spectroscopy

The kinetic parameters have been measured for octene-1 solution polymerization at 120°C catalyzed by zirconocene with the cocatalyst methylaluminoxane. The polymerizations were performed in an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) reaction cell. The progress of the reactions were followed by observing the disappearance of octene-1 using the 910 cm^?1 band measured by FT-IR spectroscopy. The dependence of the reaction rate, R_p, on catalyst concentration and cocatalyst/catalyst ratio was examined. The catalyst deactivation mechanism was studied by fitting the experimental data to mathematical models involving second-order propagation and either first or second order catalyst deactivation. Second-order catalyst deactivation provided a much better fit. The calculated deactivation rate constant, k_d, is 21 (Ms)^?1. This model is used to determine the propagation rate constant for Al/Zr = 4 × 10³ as k_p = 19.9 (M s)^?1. A decrease in Al/Zr = 3 × 10² lowered the propagation rate constant, k_p, to 9.6 (M s)^?1 indicating that less than 50% of the initial Zr is active at this Al/Zr ratio.     

Ni-Mg复合催化剂催化裂解CH_4制氢动力学研究

基于定温热重实验,建立了甲烷催化裂解反应动力学模型和催化剂表面积炭失活动力学模型。其中,甲烷催化裂解动力学模型将初始产氢速率视为催化剂未积炭条件下的动力学基础数据;催化剂表面积炭失活动力学则基于甲烷催化裂解速率的降低。实验使用Ni-Mg复合催化剂,分别在535、585、635℃,甲烷分压10~4、2×10~4、3×10~4Pa条件下展开甲烷催化裂解动力学特性研究。结果表明,甲烷催化裂解的反应级数为0.5,活化能为82 k J/mol;Ni-Mg复合催化剂反应失活级数为0.5,催化剂失活活化能为118 k J/mol。实验条件下均制得了多壁碳纳米管。     

Effect of pressure on the efficiency of nickel and nickel-copper catalysts in decomposition of methane

Methane decomposition into hydrogen and nanofibrous carbon in the presence of high-percentage catalysts (70–90)% Ni–(0–20)% Cu–10% Al at a temperature of 948 K and pressures of 1 to 5 atm was studied in order to develop a technology for enrichment of natural gas with hydrogen. It was found that, With an increasing copper content in the catalyst and and with increasing pressure, the average, methane decomposition rate decreases by 10–20% and the catalyst lifetime and the specific yield of hydrogen (mol/mol_Ni+Cu) become (3.8–12) times higher over the catalyst deactivation period. The mechanisms by which the pressure and the copper content of the catalyst affect these process characteristics are discussed.     

Cu/SiO2催化剂在草酸二乙酯加氢过程中失活研究

草酸酯加氢合成乙二醇过程中负载量为20％的Cu催化剂可以获得较高的乙二醇(EG)收率,但是该催化剂寿命过短的问题限制了其工业应用.本实验主要研究造成该催化剂失活的原因.使用蒸氨法将铜负载在SiO2上,制成用于草酸二乙酯(DEO)加氢的催化剂.运用X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温还原(TPR)和高分辨率透射电镜(HRTWE...     

Effect of dose and dose rate of gamma radiation on catalytic activity of catalase

Catalytic activity of gamma irradiated catalase from bovine liver was studied for hydrogen peroxide decomposition at constant temperature and pressure. The measurement was performed at temperatures 27, 32, 37, 42 and 47 °C. Solutions containing 1 and 0.01 g dm⁻³ of catalase in phosphate buffer were used for the study. Repeatability of both sample preparation and kinetics measurement was experimentally verified. Rate constants of the reaction were determined for all temperatures and the activation energy was evaluated from Arrhenius plot. Gamma irradiation was performed using ⁶⁰Co radionuclide source Gammacell 220 at two different dose rates 5.5 and 70 Gy h⁻¹, with doses ranging from 10 to 1000 Gy. The observed reaction of irradiated and non-irradiated catalase with hydrogen peroxide is of the first order. Irradiation significantly decreases catalytic activity of catalase, but the activation energy does not depend markedly on the dose. The effect of irradiation is more significant at higher dose rate.