二维高分子——新碳同素异形体石墨炔研究

二维平面网络结构的石墨炔具有大的共轭体系、宽面间距、优良的化学稳定性和半导体性能.石墨炔特殊的电子结构和孔洞结构使其在信息技术、电子、能源、催化以及光电等领域具有潜在、重要的应用前景.自2010年被成功合成后,吸引了来自化学、物理、材料、电子、微电子和半导体领域的科学家,对其诱人的半导体、微纳电子、光学、储能、催化和机械性能进行了探索.本文总结了二维高分子石墨炔的研究进展,重点描述了石墨炔潜在性质和性能的理论预测,以及石墨炔的合成及其在电子、光伏、储能和催化领域的应用等.     

非金属元素的同素异形体(二)——再谈碳的同素异形体

以“同一元素的不同形态的纯单质互称同素异形体”来定义,对数目众多的碳的同素异形体进行了归纳,它们可分为石墨、金刚石、富勒烯碳原子簇和新型纳米材料等4类。简要叙述了各种同素异形体的存在、组成、结构、制备、性质,并强调了计算化学对同素异形体的预测和现代科学技术发展对制备的作用及其在材料中的应用。     

具有螺共轭结构的碳的同素异形体:glitter碳

介绍碳的新的同素异形体glitter碳的结构及螺共轭特征,对碳的同素异形体的结构进行了比较。     

金属锑的同素异形体概述

结合最新研究进展,归纳总结了金属锑的同素异形体,包括块体锑(灰锑、爆炸性锑、黑锑、黄锑)和纳米锑(锑烯、锑纳米管).介绍了锑的各种同素异形体的组成、结构、性质、制备和应用等,为丰富金属元素的教学和扩展研究提供重要素材.     

一维新型碳的同素异形体:碳链

碳链是一种完全一维的、具有电子轨道sp杂化结构的新型碳的同素异形体.正是由于碳链的独特的一维结构,使其拥有区别于富勒烯、石墨烯和碳纳米管的化学键,从而表现出更加优异的性能,如:理论预言碳链的机械强度是石墨烯的几倍;碳链的导热也类似于石墨烯和碳纳米管;碳链是具有直接带隙的半导体材料,且带隙的大小可以通过其长度来调控,其长...     

非金属元素同素异形体化学(三)——硅的同素异形体

对数目众多的硅的同素异形体进行了全面归纳,它们可分为硅纳米晶的不同物相类、纳米结构硅物质、硅原子簇和硅烯等4大类。简要叙述了各种同素异形体的存在、组成和结构、制备和性质,并强调了计算化学对同素异形体的预测和现代科学技术发展对制备的作用及其在材料中的应用。     

再谈磷的同素异形体(1)——块体磷的同素异形体

结合最新研究进展，全面介绍了块体状磷的同素异形体——白磷、红磷、黑磷等，包括存在、组成、性质、结构、制备、应用等，同时明确了紫磷、希拖夫磷、灰磷、褐磷等概念，提出了大学本科化学教学的建议。     

非金属元素的同素异形体(一)——氢和硼的同素异形体概述

进行了同素异形体概念的探讨。简要叙述了氢和硼2种典型非金属元素形成的各种同素异形体的存在、组成以及结构、制备和性质,首次将多种硼富勒烯、硼纳米管、硼单层平面等晶态硼的内容补充在硼的同素异形体中,并强调了计算化学对同素异形体的预测和现代科学技术发展对制备的作用及其在材料中的应用。     

非金属元素氮的同素异形体概述

依据全氮物质的研究进展对非金属氮元素的同素异形体进行了归纳,按结构不同可将其分为分子氮、聚合氮、金属氮和原子簇氮等4类.分别对各种同素异形体的组成、结构、存在与合成进展以及应用进行了综合介绍,为丰富氮元素的教学和扩展应用研究提供重要素材.     

硫的同素异形体*

硫是固态同素异形体数量最多的元素。但就单质硫的同素异形体而言,教材中并没有详细概述。根据硫化学的研究进展,全面考察了硫的同素异形体的种类,讨论了它们的制备、晶体结构及其相互转化,着重体现了科学技术对其同素异形体扩展的重要作用,完善了硫同素异形体在教学中的深入介绍。同时,也体现了科学研究对本科教学内容改革的推进作用。     

Micro-Raman and Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Carbon Allotropes

Summary: Raman spectroscopic data are obtained on various carbon allotropes like diamond, amorphous carbon, graphite, graphene and single wall carbon nanotubes by micro-Raman spectroscopy, tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy imaging, and the potentials of these techniques for advanced analysis of carbon structures are discussed. Depending on the local organisation of carbon the characteristic Raman bands can be found at different wavenumber positions, and e.g. quality or dimensions of structures of the samples quantitatively can be calculated. In particular tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy allows the investigation of individual single wall carbon nanotubes and graphene sheets and imaging of e.g. local defects with nanometer lateral resolution. Raman spectra of all carbon allotropes are presented and discussed.     

诺贝尔奖宠儿——碳元素的前世今生

碳元素历史悠久,与现代人类社会联系紧密,对人类未来意义重大,多次斩获诺贝尔奖。在揭开碳元素的发现史之后,介绍了活性炭、碳纤维、玻璃碳等无定形碳以及热解炭等过渡碳的重要作用。此外,晶形碳的经典同素异形体——C₆₀富勒烯、碳纳米管、石墨烯的独特结构造就了其在纳米材料领域的非凡用途;新型同素异形体的合成、发现与应用更是碳元素研究领域的热点。     

A Three-Dimensional Porous Organic Semiconductor Based on Fully sp2-Hybridized Graphitic Polymer

Dimensionality plays an important role in the charge transport properties of organic semiconductors. Although three-dimensional semiconductors, such as Si, are common in inorganic materials, imparting electrical conductivity to covalent three-dimensional organic polymers is challenging. Now, the synthesis of a three-dimensional π-conjugated porous organic polymer (3D p-POP) using catalyst-free Diels–Alder cycloaddition polymerization followed by acid-promoted aromatization is presented. With a surface area of 801 m² g⁻¹, full conjugation throughout the carbon backbone, and an electrical conductivity of 6(2)×10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹ upon treatment with I₂ vapor, the 3D p-POP is the first member of a new class of permanently porous 3D organic semiconductors.     

Novel λ3‐Iodane‐Based Functionalization of Synthetic Carbon Allotropes (SCAs)—Common Concepts and Quantification of the Degree of Addition

The covalent functionalization of carbon allotropes represents a main topic in the growing field of nano materials. However, the development of functional architectures is impeded by the intrinsic polydispersibility of the respective starting material, the unequivocal characterization of the introduced functional moieties, and the exact determination of the degree of functionalization. Based on a novel carbon allotrope functionalization reaction, utilizing λ³‐iodanes as radical precursor systems, we were able to demonstrate the feasibility to separate and to quantify thermally detached functional groups, formerly covalently linked to carbon nanotubes and graphene through thermogravimetric GC‐MS.     

Exploration of Carbon Allotropes with Four-membered Ring Structures on Quantum Chemical Potential Energy Surfaces

The existence of a new carbon allotrope family with four-membered rings as a key unit has been recently predicted with quantum chemical calculations. This family includes carbon allotropes in prism-, polymerized prism-, sheet-, tube-, and wavy-forms. An atypical bond property has been observed in this series of carbon structures, which differs from the typical sp³, sp², and sp hybridizations. The lowest energy barrier from some of the equilibrium states of the carbon structures has been determined with the SHS-ADDF (s caled-h ypersphere-s earch combined with the a nharmonic d ownward d istortion f ollowing) method within the GRRM software program package. The height of the barriers indicates that the well is deep enough for the carbon structures to exist. This class of carbon allotropes is expected to be energy-reservoirs with extra energy of 100–350 kJ mol⁻¹ per one carbon atom. This article presents the structures, energies and reactivity of the carbon allotropes with four-membered ring structures as well as the background of the findings in the context of the global exploration of potential energy surfaces. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Diamond: Electronic Ground State of Carbon at Temperatures Approaching 0 K

The relative stability of graphite and diamond is revisited with hybrid density functional theory calculations. The electronic energy of diamond is computed to be more negative by 1.1 kJ mol^?1 than that of graphite at T=0 K and in the absence of external pressure. Graphite gains thermodynamic stability over diamond at 298 K only because of the differences in the zero‐point energy, specific heat, and entropy terms for both polymorphs.     

Electroanalytical Application of Carbon Based Electrodes to the Pharmaceuticals

Abstract

Carbon and its derivatives, as the high performance material, occupy a special place in electrochemistry due to its ‐in many ways‐ extreme properties. Recent trends and advances in the electrochemistry of carbon‐based electrodes are reviewed. The varieties of carbon‐based electrodes, their basic physicochemical properties and some characteristics are surveyed. Special attention is paid to the possibilities of carbon‐based electrodes in electroanalytical investigation in pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological samples using modern electrochemical techniques. This review includes a summary of the rules that must be considered for drug analysis from its dosage forms and biological samples using carbon‐based electrodes. The present review is the first comprehensive report on the heterogeneous and homogeneous carbon electrodes, and an addition to many excellent reviews on carbon electrodes in the literature. This review summarizes some of the recent developments and applications of carbon‐based electrodes for drug compounds in their dosage forms and in biological samples in the period from 1996 till 2006. Also some further selected designs (screen‐printed; carbon nanotubes, etc.) and applications have been discussed.