Investigation on transition crystal of ordinary rutile TiO2 powder and its sonocatalytic activity

The transition crystal TiO(2) sonocatalyst was prepared utilizing the method of ultrasonic irradiation in hydrogen peroxide solution. The sonocatalytic activity of the transition crystal TiO(2) powder was validated through the degradation of methyl orange in aqueous solution by ultrasonic irradiation. The results show that the sonocatalytic activity of the transition crystal TiO(2) powder is obviously higher than that of pure rutile and anatase TiO(2) powders as well as mixed rutile and anatase TiO(2) powders according to the proportion of corresponding transition crystal TiO(2) catalyst. The degradation ratio of methyl orange in the presence of the transition crystal TiO(2) catalyst surpasses 75% within 80 min ultrasonic irradiation, while the degradation ratios are 55.93%, 51.68% and 40.88%, respectively, for rutile, mixed and anatase TiO(2) powders.     

Investigation on the sonocatalytic degradation of acid red B in the presence of nanometer TiO2 catalysts and comparison of catalytic activities of anatase and rutile TiO2 powders

Here, the nanometer anatase and rutile titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) powders were introduced to act as the sonocatalysts during the ultrasonic degradation of azo dye-acid red B which was chosen as model compound. The ultrasound of low power was used as an irradiation source to induce TiO(2) particles performing catalytic activity. It was found that the processes of sonocatalytic degradation were different between nanometer anatase TiO(2) and nanometer rutile TiO(2). For nanometer anatase TiO(2) catalyst, the acid red B was mainly oxidated by the holes on the surface of nanometer anatase TiO(2) particles, so that the decolorization and degradation happened at the same time. For the nanometer rutile TiO(2) catalyst, the acid red B was mainly oxidated by the *OH radicals from the ultrasonic cavitation, so that the decolorization of azo bond takes place primarily, and then the degradation of naphthyl ring does. The intermediates of acid red B in the presence of nanometer anatase and rutile TiO(2) powders have been monitored by UV-vis spectra and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. All experiments indicated that the degradation effect of acid red B in the presence of nanometer anatase TiO(2) powder was obviously better than that in the presence of nanometer rutile TiO(2) powder. Hence, the method of sonocatalytic degradation for organic pollutants in the presence of nanometer anatase TiO(2) powder is expected to be promising as an advisable choice for the treatment of organic wastewaters in future.     

Investigation on the transition crystal of ordinary rutile TiO2 powder by microwave irradiation in hydrogen peroxide solution and its sonocatalytic activity

The transition crystal TiO(2) catalyst with high sonocatalytic activity was obtained utilizing the microwave irradiation in hydrogen peroxide solution. At the same time a series of affecting factors (microwave irradiation time, heat-treated time and heat-treated temperature) to prepare the TiO(2) catalyst on the sonocatalytic degradation of parathion were considered in this paper. The ultrasound of low power was used as an irradiation source to induce treated TiO(2) particles to perform catalytic activity. The results show that the sonocatalytic activity of the transition crystal TiO(2) powder is obviously higher than those of pure ordinary rutile and anatase TiO(2) powders. At last, the parathion in aqueous solution was degraded completely and became some simple inorganic ions such as NO(3)(-), PO(4)(3-), SO(4)(2-), etc. The degradation ratio of parathion in the presence of the transition crystal TiO(2) catalyst attains nearly 80% within 60 min ultrasonic irradiation, while corresponding ones are only 65.23% and 53.88%, respectively, for pure ordinary rutile and anatase TiO(2) powders.     

Sonocatalytic degradation of some dyestuffs and comparison of catalytic activities of nano-sized TiO2, nano-sized ZnO and composite TiO2/ZnO powders under ultrasonic irradiation

Here, a novel sonocatalyst, composite TiO2/ZnO powder, was prepared through the combination of nano-sized TiO2 and ZnO powders. Because of the appropriate adsorbability to organic pollutants and special crystal interphase between TiO2 and ZnO particles, the composite TiO2/ZnO powder exhibits a high sonocatalytic activity under ultrasonic irradiation during the degradation of acid red B. Especially, the sonocatalytic activity of composite TiO2/ZnO powder with 4:1 molar proportion treated at 500 degrees C for 50 min showed obvious improvement compared with pure nano-sized TiO2 and ZnO powders. When the experimental conditions such as 10mg/L acid red B concentration, 1.0 g/L catalyst addition amount, pH=7.0, 20 degrees C system temperature, 100 min ultrasonic time and 50 mL total volume were adopted, the satisfactory degradation ratio and rate were obtained. All experiments indicate that the sonocatalytic method using composite TiO2/ZnO powder may be a more advisable choice for the treatments of non- or low-transparent organic wastewaters in future.     

Treatment of nano-sized rutile phase TiO2 powder under ultrasonic irradiation in hydrogen peroxide solution and investigation of its sonocatalytic activity

The treated mixed-crystal TiO(2) powder with high sonocatalytic activity was obtained through utilizing ultrasonic irradiation in hydrogen peroxide solution. At the same time, some influencing factors (including heat-treated temperature and heat-treated time) on the sonocatalytic activity of treated mixed-crystal TiO(2) powder were also considered through the degradation of methylene blue in aqueous solution. In this work, it was found that the sonocatalytic degradation ratio of methylene blue in the presence of treated mixed-crystal TiO(2) powder was much higher than ones in the presence of nano-sized rutile phase TiO(2) powder and with onefold ultrasonic irradiation. At last, the methylene blue in aqueous solution was completely degraded and became some simple inorganic anions such as NO(3)(-), SO(4)(2-) and Cl(-). All experiments indicated that the sonocatalytic method adopting treated mixed-crystal TiO(2) powder as sonocatalyst was an advisable choice for the treatments of non- or low-transparent wastewaters in future.     

Reactive dye degradation by combined Fe(III)/TiO2 catalyst and ultrasonic irradiation: Effect of Fe(III) loading and calcination temperature

The development of Fe(III)/TiO(2) catalysts for sonocatalytic degradation of Reactive Blue 4 (RB4) dye in water was carried out using sol-gel method. Their surface morphology, phase transformation and surface characteristics were studied using SEM, XRD and surface analyzer, respectively. Phase transformation from amorphous to anatase occurred at 500°C and transformation of anatase to rutile phase occurred at 700°C. Complete rutile phase was formed at 900°C with corresponding increase in the particle size. Increasing in Fe(III) loading led to a reduction in the anatase phase and with the formation of weaker and broader of diffraction peaks. Surface morphology of the prepared catalyst was clearly observed with increasing calcination temperature. Surface area of the prepared catalyst decreased with increasing calcination temperature or increasing Fe(III) loading. The combination of 0.4 mol% of Fe(III)/TiO(2) with ultrasonic irradiation gave the highest sonocatalytic activity in the removal of RB4 from the aqueous solution. On the other hand, the presence of even small amount of rutile inhibited the catalytic activity of catalyst. 1.5 g/L was the optimum amount of catalyst that led to the highest sonocatalytic degradation of RB4 with an efficiency of 90%. Aeration significantly accelerated the reaction rate. Higher removal at 96% could be achieved with the combination of 0.4Fe(III)/TiO(2) and aeration under ultrasonic irradiation.     

Sonocatalytic degradation of methyl parathion in the presence of nanometer and ordinary anatase titanium dioxide catalysts and comparison of their sonocatalytic abilities

The degradation of methyl parathion (O,O-dimethyl-O-(4-nitrophenyl)-phosphorothioate) using anatase titanium dioxide (TiO₂) powder as heterogeneous sonocatalysts is reported. The influences of reaction parameters such as the species of TiO₂ sonocatalysts, methyl parathion concentrations, TiO₂ adding amount, pH, ultrasonic intensity, ultrasonic frequency and temperature have been investigated and the optimal conditions for eliminating methyl parathion have been identified. The efficiencies of sonocatalytic degradation in both nanometer and ordinary anatase systems are compared and the results indicate that the sonocatalytic activity of nanometer anatase TiO₂ powder is better than that of ordinary anatase TiO₂ powder. The primary degradation and the total mineralization of methyl parathion have been monitored by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and UV–vis spectra, respectively. Methyl parathion got destroyed to some extent in both nanometer and ordinary anatase systems under ultrasonic irradiation. The kinetics for the degradation process of methyl parathion follows the first-order reaction. The degradation ratio of methyl parathion surpassed 90% within 50 min in the optimal experiment conditions.     

Sonophotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange by nano-sized Ag/TiO2 particles in aqueous solutions

Sonophotocatalytic behaviour of methyl orange (MeO) in aqueous solution illuminated by light generated by a xenon lamp was investigated. For all three kinds of photocatalysts: Degussa P25 (75% anatase, 25% rutile, with a surface area of 55.07 m(2)/g), Yili TiO(2) (mainly anatase, with a surface area of 10.45 m(2)/g) and Ag/TiO(2) (silver loaded on Yili TiO(2)), the degradation followed pseudo-first order kinetics. The results showed a synergistic effect between sonolysis and photocatalysis. Some parameters affecting the sonophotocatalytic degradation of MeO with nanoparticles Ag/TiO(2) were determined. The results indicated that the degradation ratio of MeO increased with the increase of ultrasonic power. An optimum 60 mg/L of Ag/TiO(2) added to relatively low concentrations of MeO was proved to have the most effective degradation efficiency. The study on the effects of hydroxyl radical (*OH) scavengers (i.e. mannitol and dimethyl sulfoxide) on the MeO degradation indicated that *OH radicals played an important role during MeO degradation, which enhanced MeO to be completely decomposed.     

Synthesis of porous and trigonal TiO2 nanoflake, its high activity for sonocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B and kinetic analysis

Porous and trigonal TiO(2) nanoflakes (p-TiO(2)) have been synthesized via a simple hydrothermal calcination process, and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV-vis absorption/reflection spectroscopy (UV-vis). The X-ray diffraction patterns of the as-prepared samples show that p-TiO(2) has an anatase structure. Transmission electron microscopy images indicate that p-TiO(2) consists of sheet-like particles with numerous pores about 100nm in diameter. Ultraviolet-visible reflection spectroscopy exhibits that the absorption edge acquires a blue shift with increased calcination temperature. The effects of the calcination temperature, catalyst dosage, and initial rhodamine B (RhB) concentration on the sonocatalytic activity for removing RhB are investigated in detail. The results show that the as-prepared p-TiO(2) obtained at the optimal calcination temperature of 600°C exhibits a higher sonocatalytic activity than commercial P25. Based on the effects of the initial RhB concentration on sonocatalytic activity, the sonocatalytic degradation kinetics of RhB is also investigated.     

TiO2/SnO2复合光催化剂的制备及性能

采用特殊液相沉淀法制备纳米级的TiO2/SnO2复合粒子,对制备的纳米TiO2/SnO2采用XRD、TEM等手段进行了表征。用它做催化剂在日光下对甲基橙溶液进行了光催化实验。结果表明,纳米级TiO2/SnO2复合催化剂比纯TiO2的催化活性好,当SnO2摩尔百分数为20%时效果最佳,在60min内对10mg/L的甲基橙水溶液的降解率高达90.2%,具有较好的光催化活性。     

TiO2/SiO2复合材料的制备及光催化性能

通过TiCl4水解与超细石英粉制备TiO2/SiO2复合材料,红外光谱表明TiO2与SiO2发生键合作用,形成了Si-O-Ti的网络结构,XRD结果表明TiO2/SiO2复合材料为锐钛矿晶型结构,透射电镜结果表明复合粒子之间有团聚现象.以TiO2/SiO2复合材料对甲基橙进行降解,光催化120min可达到69％的降解率...     

Zn、Cu共掺杂TiO_2∶SiO_2薄膜材料的光学性能研究

用溶胶-凝胶法制得Zn、Cu共掺杂的TiO_2∶SiO_2凝胶,旋转法于玻璃基底涂膜,制得Zn、Cu共掺杂的TiO_2∶SiO_2薄膜,探讨了煅烧温度、煅烧时间及掺杂比例对其结构、形貌和性能的影响。采用XRD、FESEM、FTIR等测试技术对薄膜进行表征,并考察了其对甲基橙的光催化降解性能。XRD测试结果显示:薄膜样品的晶型为锐钛矿型,结晶良好。SEM谱图显示:薄膜微粒粒径小,分布均匀,表面平整、致密且无明显裂痕;紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)表明:Zn、Cu共掺杂的TiO_2∶SiO_2薄膜在紫外区和可见光区的吸光度明显增加,提高了对光的利用率;光催化性能测试表明:与纯相TiO_2对比,Zn、Cu共掺杂的TiO_2∶SiO_2薄膜对甲基橙的光催化降解率有较大提高,在600℃下焙烧2h的掺杂的量比为n(Ti)∶n(Si)∶n(Zn)∶n(Cu)=3∶2∶1.5∶4的薄膜样品光催化降解率最高。     

Sonocatalytic degradation of acid red B and rhodamine B catalyzed by nano-sized ZnO powder under ultrasonic irradiation

Nano-sized ZnO powder was introduced to act as the sonocatalyst after the treatment of high-temperature activation, and the ultrasound of low power was used as an irradiation source to induce nano-sized ZnO powder performing sonocatalytic degradation of acid red B and rhodamine B. At the same time, the effects of operational parameters such as solution pH value, initial concentration of dyestuff and addition amount of nano-sized ZnO powder have been examined in this paper. We found that the degradation ratios of acid red B and rhodamine B in the presence of nano-sized ZnO powder were much higher than that with only ultrasonic irradiation. However, the degradation ratio of acid red B was about two times higher than that of rhodamine B for the initial concentration of 10.0 mg/L, addition amount of 1.0 g/L nano-sized ZnO powder, solution acidity of pH 7.0 and 60 min irradiation experimental condition. The difference of the degradation ratios can be illustrated by the difference of chemical forms of acid red B and rhodamine B in aqueous solution and the surface properties of nano-sized ZnO particles. In addition, the researches on the kinetics of sonocatalytic reactions of acid red B and rhodamine B have also been performed and found to the follow pseudo first-order kinetics. All the experiments indicated that the sonocatalytic method in the presence of nano-sized ZnO powder was an advisable choice for the treatments of non- or low-transparent organic wastewaters in future.     

纳米二氧化钛的红外辐照相变

以四氯化钛为原料 ,采用溶胶凝胶法技术合成路线 ,可以获得平均粒径在 30到 4 0纳米的二氧化钛粉末。在X—射线衍射 (XRD)和拉曼散射 (Raman)测试技术下 ,分析得到红外干燥方式下可使锐钛矿向金红石相转化 ,同时由于TiO2 纳米晶粒的尺寸效应以及弱的结晶性和局部格点不完善 ,使得Raman光谱特征峰向低波数移动。此外 ,随着反应温度的提高 ,逐步有金红石相产生 ,而 4 48cm- 1Eg 活性模对温度的依赖性体现了反斯托克斯现象。     

Sonochemical and visible light induced photochemical and sonophotochemical degradation of dyes catalyzed by recoverable vanadium-containing polyphosphomolybdate immobilized on TiO2 nanoparticles

Na₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀ supported on nanoporous anatase TiO₂ particles, TiO₂–PVMo, was used as an efficient photocatalyst for photocatalytic degradation of different dyes by visible light using oxygen as oxidant. This catalyst showed a good catalytic activity in the sonocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic decomposition of different dyes in aqueous solutions. The TiO₂–PVMo composite showed higher photocatalytic and sonocatalytic activity than pure polyoxometalate or pure TiO₂.     

The investigation of sonocatalytic activity of Er3+:YAlO3/TiO2-ZnO composite in azo dyes degradation

In this work, the emphasis was mainly placed on investigating the sonocatalytic activity of TiO(2)-ZnO mixed with Er(3+):YAlO(3), namely, Er(3+):YAlO(3)/TiO(2)-ZnO composite. It is able to utilize the sonoluminescence light to improve the sonocatalytic degradation of organic dyes. The Er(3+):YAlO(3) as up-conversion luminescence agent was synthesized by sol-gel and auto-combustion method, and then Er(3+):YAlO(3)/TiO(2)-ZnO composite as sonocatalyst were prepared by ultrasonic dispersion and liquids boil method. The prepared up-conversion luminescence agent and composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Acid Red B dye was selected to examine the sonocatalytic activity of Er(3+):YAlO(3)/TiO(2)-ZnO composite. The degradation reaction processes were monitored by UV-vis spectrophotometer and ion chromatogram. The influences on the activity of the Er(3+):YAlO(3)/TiO(2)-ZnO such as Ti/Zn molar ratio, heat-treated temperature and heat-treated time were studied. The results showed that the Er(3+):YAlO(3)/TiO(2)-ZnO composite exhibited a significantly high sonocatalytic activity compared with other catalysts in the degradation of Acid Red B. And the sonocatalyst with 1:1 Ti/Zn molar ratio heat-treated at 550°C for 60min showed the highest sonocatalytic activity. At last, the experiment also indicated that it has a good sonocatalytic activity to degrade other organic dyes.     

TiO_2纳米粒子的Ram an光谱表征和紫外可见光吸收特性

用 Sol- Gel方法制备粒径约 1 0 - 50 nm的 Ti O2 微粒。Raman光谱测量显示 ,水解时 p H值不同 ,在同样热处理温度下得到的 Ti O2 微粒的晶体结构不尽相同。在低于 673K热处理温度下得到的 Ti O2 微粒是板钛矿和锐钛矿的混合晶体。用谱峰拟合技术可以将样品 A1的1 57cm-1 Raman谱峰分解成分属于板钛矿和锐钛矿的两个振动峰。 UV- Vis测量表明 ,锐钛矿型 Ti O2 微粒的紫外光吸收性能最好。而粒度约 2 0 μm的市售锐钛矿型 Ti O2 的紫外光吸收性能甚至比板钛矿型和金红石型 Ti O2 纳米粒子的还略低些 ,表明小尺寸效应和表面缺陷对紫外光吸收亦有贡献     

二氧化钛薄膜的结构和光催化活性关系

用化学气相沉积法合成了具有不同晶体结构的二氧化钛薄膜，研究了二氧化钛薄膜的结构和光催化活性的关系．用XRD、AFM研究了薄膜的晶体组成和形貌，用亚硝酸根研究了薄膜的光催化活性．结果表明在制备温度低于573 K或高于773 K时，薄膜的结构分别为锐钛矿型或金红石型．而在上述温度之间生成的薄膜具有混合的晶型结构，特别是在623 K附近，制备的薄膜具有最高的光催化活性．进一步研究表明，当金红石与锐钛矿微晶体的比例在0.5?0.7时，催化剂薄膜具有高活性．     

Preparation of cube micrometer potassium niobate (KNbO3) by hydrothermal method and sonocatalytic degradation of organic dye

Cube micrometer potassium niobate (KNbO₃) powder, as a high effective sonocatalyst, was prepared using hydrothermal method, and then, was characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). In order to evaluate the sonocatalytic activity of prepared KNbO₃ powder, the sonocatalytic degradation of some organic dyes was studied. In addition, some influencing factors such as heat-treatment temperature and heat-treatment time on the sonocatalytic activity of prepared KNbO₃ powder and catalyst added amount and ultrasonic irradiation time on the sonocatalytic degradation efficiency were examined by using UV–visible spectrophotometer and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) determination. The experimental results showed that the best sonocatalytic degradation ratio (69.23%) of organic dyes could be obtained when the conditions of 5.00 mg/L initial concentration, 1.00 g/L prepared KNbO₃ powder (heat-treated at 400 °C for 60 min) added amount, 5.00 h ultrasonic irradiation (40 kHz frequency and 300 W output power), 100 mL total volume and 25–28 °C temperature were adopted. Therefore, the micrometer KNbO₃ powder could be considered as an effective sonocatalyst for treating non- or low-transparent organic wastewaters.     

锐钛矿型二氧化钛纳米粉体的IR光谱与光催化性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2光催化剂,研究了不同温度下焙烧TiO2粉体的XRD和FT-IR光谱。400℃焙烧后,相应有机物的红外吸收峰消失,随着焙烧温度的升高,粉体粒径变大,800-420cm-1之间的吸收峰逐渐锐化,700℃焙烧的FT-IR谱的423cm-1为金红石型TiO2的特征Ti-O键振动。500℃焙烧的锐钛矿型TiO2粉体对水杨酸具有较好的光催化活性。