Analysis of broadband third harmonic generation with non-collinear angular dispersion in KDP crystals

A new scheme with non-collinear sum frequency generation (SFG) process of broadband third harmonic generation (THG) with two KDP crystals (one doubler and one mixer) using angular dispersion was proposed. The principle of broadband harmonic generation with non-collinear angular dispersion was presented. The comparison between the schemes of non-collinear and collinear SFG process was performed. The effects of the angular dispersion on the conversion efficiency, the pulse shape and the spectrum of the third harmonic field were discussed. The results show that, if proper angular dispersion is added to the fundamental and the second harmonic field outside the mixing KDP crystal, respectively, the broadband third harmonic conversion efficiency can be improved significantly. However, the difficulty of this scheme arises due to the requirement of two gratings with different angular dispersion outside the mixer. With the new scheme, it can be simpler that only one grating is needed to realize the broadband phase matching in the non-collinear SFG process. Although the fundamental and the second harmonic field inside the mixing crystal are non-collinear except the center wavelength, a blazing grating with proper angular dispersion for the fundamental field (twice as that for second harmonic field) can yield the well compensation for phase mismatching in the SFG process. Consequently, the conversion efficiency and the characteristics of the third harmonic field for the broadband third harmonic generation can be improved significantly.     

超对称准经典近似和本征值问题

运用超对称准经典近似方法给出三维谐振子、氢原子的能谱,进而将该方法用于含角坐标的二阶微分方程,得到角动量平方L2的本征值和非中心势的角向本征值.     

Transmission second harmonic generation in CdTe at 1.064 μm

Transmission geometry measurements of the efficiency of second harmonic generation in various thicknesses of CdTe samples were made to determine the conversion efficiency dependence on material thickness. Neglecting pump depletion, it is found that for samples of well-defined symmetry, the second harmonic conversion efficiency scales with film thickness, with no observed enhancement owing to coherence length effects. The angular dependence of the observed second harmonic light in films of well-defined symmetry is consistent with second harmonic generation originating in the bulk.     

Observation of nonlinear acoustic effects at isotropic solid-solid interfaces

The second harmonic generation of SV shear waves at isotropic solid-solid interfaces is experimentally studied. The amplitude of shear waves is measured for the interfaces of glass-air, glass-iron, glass-copper, and glass-aluminum. The measured angular relation of amplitude of the second harmonic wave is compared with theory and the agreement is reasonably good. The influence of the physical state of the interface on second harmonic generation is also observed. It is found that the second harmonic generation is sensitive to the interface state.     

Effects of weak localization of photons in nonlinear optics: Second harmonic generation

The angular distribution of the second harmonic generation (SHG) in disordered nonlinear media is shown to exhibit sharp peaks due to the weak localization of photons. The shape of these peaks is related to the spatial structure of the electric field for strongly scattered second harmonic (SH) radiation and is sensitive to the Anderson localization effects. The angular distribution of the second harmonic energy flux is calculated for the case of steady state and pulse generation in a slab of thickness d ≫ l (l is the elastic mean free path). For the case of pulse generation the time dependence of the SHG is discussed.     

Angle resolved second harmonic generation from silver and copper surfaces

Dephasing of the second harmonic light generated at silver and copper surfaces is studied as a function of roughness. The degree of sample roughness was limited to the range where the reflected light was predominantly specular in nature. The second harmonic from these roughened surfaces was compared both in intensity and in angular diffusiveness to that from smooth silver and copper surfaces. Smooth surfaces produced well collimated second harmonic light. As the roughness increased, the second harmonic light became largely diffuse and significant enhancement was observed. This suggests that the process that leads to surface roughness enhancement also rapidly leads to the dephasing of the second harmonic light.     

Peculiarities of self-action in second harmonic generation of laser radiation in nonlinear crystals

By using the generalized method of strong interaction of nonlinear waves and computer simulation, an analysis of the influence of self-action effects on second harmonic generation of an intense diverging picosecond pulse is performed. Using the approximation of strong wave interaction, an analytic solution is obtained for frequency conversion of the laser radiation taking into account the pump intensity depletion, the influence of the angular dispersion effect (ADE), and the higher nonlinearities. It is shown that the self-action effects, the ADE, and the linear phase mismatch can compensate for each other, increasing the efficiency of second harmonic generation. Optimum conditions for second harmonic generation in converging and diverging laser beams were found. An asymmetry of the angular dependence of the second harmonic intensity was experimentally observed and theoretically explained. The asymmetry is caused by the reverse energy conversion of the second harmonic into the pump by the influence of the ADE and Kerr nonlinearities.     

采用光栅角色散的宽带二倍频及聚焦特性分析

针对带宽为20 nm左右、中心波长为1 053 nm的线性啁啾宽带激光,分析了采用光栅角色散方式宽带二倍频的原理,讨论了光栅角色散性能及光栅加工误差引入的基频光位相扰动对二倍频光转换效率及聚焦特性的影响.研究结果表明:采用光栅角色散方式的宽带二倍频光的转换效率、脉冲宽度和带宽均明显增大;在0～22 nm基频光带宽范围内,二倍频光均可保持80％左右的转换效率;对于入射基频光带宽为22 nm的情况,光栅角色散率在30～80 μrad/nm范围内变化时,宽带二倍频转换效率均可保持在70％以上;基频光有位相扰动时,二倍频光带宽对二倍频聚焦光斑的主瓣影响不大,但对旁瓣有一定的匀滑作用,采用光栅角色散方式宽带二倍频的聚焦光斑旁瓣的匀滑效果更为明显.     

Management of the orbital angular momentum of vortex beams in a quadratic nonlinear interaction

Light intensity control of the orbital angular momentum of the fundamental beam in a quadratic nonlinear process is theoretically and numerically presented. In particular we analyzed a seeded second harmonic generation process in presence of orbital angular momentum of the interacting beams due both to on axis and off axis optical vortices. Examples are proposed and discussed.     

Correction of cosine oscillation to the improved correlation method of estimating the amplitude of gravitational background signal

In the measurement of G with the angular acceleration method,the improved correlation method developed by Wu et al.(Wu W H,Tian Y,Luo J,Shao C G,Xu J H and Wang DH 2016 Rev.Sci.Instrum.87 094501) is used to accurately estimate the amplitudes of the prominent harmonic components of the gravitational background signal with time-varying frequency.Except the quadratic slow drift,the angular frequency of the gravitational background signal also includes a cosine oscillation coming from the useful angular acceleration signal,which leads to a deviation from the estimated amplitude.We calculate the correction of the cosine oscillation to the amplitude estimation.The result shows that the corrections of the cosine oscillation to the amplitudes of the fundamental frequency and second harmonic components obtained by the improved correlation method are within respective errors.     

KNbO_3高效倍频产生427～470nm蓝紫光

厚1.5 mm的KNbO_ 3晶体在室温下角度相位匹配倍频脉冲参量激光获得427～470nm蓝紫光,能量转换效率超过40％,输出单脉冲蓝紫光的峰功率达60kW.对相位匹配曲线、倍频效率与基波光强的关系和相应匹配角允差作了计算和讨论.     

Exact solution for second harmonic generation in XFELs

The generation of harmonic radiation via a non-linear mechanism, driven by electron bunching at the fundamental frequency, is an important option in the operation of high-gain Free-Electron Lasers (FELs). By utilizing harmonic generation at a large scale facility, the production of intense radiation at shorter wavelengths for the same electron beam energy is feasible. This paper describes a theory of second harmonic generation in planar undulators with particular attention to X-Ray FELs (XFELs). Our study is based on an exact analytical solution of Maxwell’s equations, derived with the help of a Green’s function method. Up-to-date theoretical understanding of second harmonic generation is limited to the estimation of the total radiation power, which is based on a comparison of the right hand side of the wave equation for the first harmonic with the right hand side of the equation for the second harmonic, the latter being incorrectly modified. The exact solution should be obtained by solving the wave equation itself. Our work yields correct parametric dependencies and specific predictions of additional properties such as polarization, angular distribution of the radiation intensity and total power. The most surprising prediction is the presence of a vertically polarized part of the second harmonic radiation, whereas current knowledge predicts a horizontally polarized field.     

基于角色散的非共线匹配宽带三倍频技术

宽带光打靶可以有效降低激光等离子体相互作用过程中非线性效应。提出一种基于角色散的非共线匹配宽带三倍频方案,利用宽带基频与窄带二倍频的非共线和频产生宽带三倍频,和频过程中通过特殊设计的渐变光栅实现不同频率的基频光束以特定角度入射,补偿了波长差异引入的位相失配使得全波段满足位相匹配条件。理论模拟表明,采用KDP晶体Ⅱ类位相匹配,将中心波长为1058 nm、带宽10 nm的宽带基频光与526.5 nm的二倍频光进行非共线匹配和频,可以实现高效宽带三倍频转换。     

Generation of ultraviolet radiation with wide angular tolerance in cesium lithium borate crystal

Tangential phase-matching has been realised in cesium lithium borate (CLBO) crystal for the first time for the generation of fourth harmonic (266 nm) of Nd:YAG and third harmonic (226.7 nm) of a dye laser radiation by second harmonic generation and sum-frequency mixing with the angular tolerance as large as 22 mrad and 21 mrad respectively, over one of the interacting beams. An energy conversion efficiency of 15% for fourth harmonic generation is obtained with a 5.5 mm thick crystal and with the average pump powers only 170 and 70 mW. A set of Sellmeier dispersion equations for the CLBO crystal have also been formulated.     

相对论涡旋高次谐波的产生与调控理论研究

目前,具有螺旋相位波前和环状光强分布的涡旋光束已在光学领域获得了广泛应用,其产生与调控自然成了研究的热点。利用三维粒子模拟程序对双色拉盖尔高斯激光驱动固体等离子激发同时携带自旋角动量与轨道角动量的高次谐波的物理过程进行了研究,根据高次谐波产生过程中的光子能量与角动量守恒定律对其内在物理机制进行了理论分析,并讨论了对谐波阶次、偏振态（自旋角动量）以及拓扑荷数（轨道角动量）进行调控的方法。研究结果为开发高亮度、超短超快、短波长、自旋与轨道角动量可调控的涡旋光束辐射源提供了理论依据,在光学微操控、超分辨成像、光通信以及离子加速等领域具有较大的实际应用前景。     

A comparison of ruby second harmonic generation in RDA and other KDP isomorphs

The relative merits of ruby, second harmonic generation using non-critically, phase matched RDA rather than critically, phase matched ADP are presented. Among the advantages to be gained are an order of magnitude increase in temperature and angular bandwidth as well as the absence of double refraction. An estimate of the non-linear coefficient for RDA is also made.     

Second harmonic generation of light in the Kretschmann attenuated total reflection geometry in the presence of surface roughness

Abstract

Using a computer simulation approach we study the generation of second harmonic light in reflection and in transmission in the Kretschmann attenuated total reflection geometry. In this geometry a thin metal film is deposited on the planar base of a dielectric prism, through which p-polarized light is incident on the film. The back surface of the film, which separates the film from vacuum, is a one-dimensional, randomly rough surface, whose generators are normal to the plane of incidence of the light. The nonlinearity responsible for the second harmonic generation is assumed to arise at the prism-metal and metal–vacuum interfaces, and thus enters the problem only through the boundary conditions at these interfaces at the harmonic frequency. The source terms entering these boundary conditions are obtained from the solutions of the corresponding scattering and transmission problems at the fundamental frequency. It is found that a peak in the angular dependence of the intensity of both the transmitted and reflected second harmonic light occurs in the directions normal to the mean scattering surface, in addition to an enhanced backscattering peak in the retroreflection direction. The enhanced transmission peak occurs in the non-radiative region, and therefore cannot be observed in the far field.     

Properties of periodic multicrystal configurations in walk-off-compensating second harmonic generation of ultrashort pulses

This work designs a four-platelet periodic multicrystal configuration in the second harmonic generation of ultra-short pulses as a new walk-off-compensating device. It theoretically investigates a proposed active and a typical passive compensating scheme with the undepleted-pump approximation. The result shows that the angular and spectral band-widths are proportional to the number of crystal pairs as expected,but the temperature tunability is basically unaltered owing to inter-plate pulse interference. At the same time,an analysis reveals that a misuse of the phase mismatch factor is responsible for a historic controversy about pulse interference. A real design of an ultraviolet second harmonic generation (262.5 nm) is considered in a passive periodic β-Barium Borate-calcite configuration,where the inter-plate pulse interference is found to form an azimuthal tuning restriction and to lower plate length tolerance. A subsequent numerical simulation with pump depletion is in good accordance with theoretical prediction.     

应用角谱方法研究聚焦声束在层状生物组织中的非线性声传播

应用角谱方法理论研究了聚焦声束在层状生物组织中的非线性传播特性，将声波分解为角谱，可计算垂直于声轴的任意平面的非线性声场。在圆形平面活塞聚焦换能器的焦区中插入多种生物组织样品，数值计算了样品内部及外部的二次谐波声场，并通过实验测量验证了理论方法的有效性。基于快速傅氏变换的角谱方法可直观地描述非线性声传播，对非线性声成像有指导作用。     

Ultra-broadband near-infrared pulse generation by noncollinear OPA with angular dispersion compensation

A scheme for the generation of an ultra-broadband, near-infrared beam from a Ti:sapphire source is proposed with the aim to serve as seed pulse of a petawatt-field synthesizer (Major et al. in Rev. Laser Eng. 37:431, 2009). The idler beam of a noncollinear optical parametric amplifier, pumped at the second harmonic of the Ti:sapphire output, displays the required bandwidth, albeit with an inherent angular chirp owing to the noncollinear geometry. We propose a scheme for the compensation of this angular dispersion which consists of a diffraction grating, a telescope and a deformable mirror. The suitability of this scheme is discussed quantitatively and preliminary experimental findings are shown.