Depth visualization of a local blood region in skin tissue by use of diffuse reflectance images

A simple method is proposed for visualizing the depth distribution of a local blood region in skin tissue by using diffuse reflectance images at two isosbestic wavelengths of hemoglobin, 420 and 585 nm. Monte Carlo simulation of light transport specifies a relation between optical densities and the depth of the region under given concentrations of melanin in the epidermis and blood in the dermis. Phantom and in vivo experiments were performed to show the usefulness of the method.     

Evaluation of the robustness of estimating five components from a skin spectral image

Optical Review - We evaluated the robustness of a method used to estimate five components (i.e., melanin, oxy-hemoglobin, deoxy-hemoglobin, shading, and surface reflectance) from the spectral...     

Principal component analysis for surface reflection components and structure in facial images and synthesis of facial images for various ages

In this paper, principal component analysis is applied to the distribution of pigmentation, surface reflectance, and landmarks in whole facial images to obtain feature values. The relationship between the obtained feature vectors and the age of the face is then estimated by multiple regression analysis so that facial images can be modulated for woman aged 10–70. In a previous study, we analyzed only the distribution of pigmentation, and the reproduced images appeared to be younger than the apparent age of the initial images. We believe that this happened because we did not modulate the facial structures and detailed surfaces, such as wrinkles. By considering landmarks and surface reflectance over the entire face, we were able to analyze the variation in the distributions of facial structures and fine asperity, and pigmentation. As a result, our method is able to appropriately modulate the appearance of a face so that it appears to be the correct age.     

A spectral invariant representation of spectral reflectance

Spectral image acquisition as well as color image is affected by several illumination factors such as shading, gloss, and specular highlight. Spectral invariant representations for these factors were proposed for the standard dichromatic reflection model of inhomogeneous dielectric materials. However, these representations are inadequate for other characteristic materials like metal. This paper proposes a more general spectral invariant representation for obtaining reliable spectral reflectance images. Our invariant representation is derived from the standard dichromatic reflection model for dielectric materials and the extended dichromatic reflection model for metals. We proof that the invariant formulas for spectral images of natural objects preserve spectral information and are invariant to highlights, shading, surface geometry, and illumination intensity. It is proved that the conventional spectral invariant technique can be applied to metals in addition to dielectric objects. Experimental results show that the proposed spectral invariant representation is effective for image segmentation.     

基于密度的凹版专色梯尺光谱预测模型的研究

基于密度与光谱反射率的关系建立了一种凹版专色梯尺的光谱反射率预测模型。该方法首先依据密度的定义建立实地光谱反射率与其密度的关系,并基于实地光谱反射率建立阶调光谱反射率的计算方法;然后根据密度的叠加原理,假设阶调密度与实地密度比例关系成立建立阶调密度、实地密度和承印物密度的关系;最后结合计算阶调光谱反射率的方法建立凹版专色梯尺光谱反射率预测模型;调配30种专色油墨通过凹印实打样,对预测模型通过决定系数R²和色差进行验证。实验结果表明,不同专色在同一网点面积率下实际阶调密度与实际实地密度的比例系数相同,两者的决定系数R²均大于0.98。在此关系基础上所建立的预测模型在不同网点面积率下都具有较高的决定系数,其均方根误差都小于0.01,最大色差为2.667 NBS。最后另外调配10种专色油墨在相同工艺条件下实打样样张,利用实际阶调密度与实际实地密度的比例系数,通过色差公式进而验证该模型预测专色油墨梯尺光谱反射率的精度。色差结果表明,82.12%的色差小于2.5 NBS,大部分色差在0.5～2 NBS之间,占据了总频率的58.32%,平均色差为1.58...     

Evaluating a Multi-Spectral Imaging System for Mapping Pigments in Human Skin

A multi-spectral imaging system is evaluated for mapping melanin density, total-hemoglobin density, and oxygen saturation in human skin. In this system, the distribution of pigments in human skin is estimated and displayed from digital video signals using three pre-computed “look-up” tables for color conversions. The accuracy of the system is analyzed based on computer simulation by changing the number of bands, quantization levels of the camera system, and dimensions of approximation for spectral reflectance. The optimal system is examined based on the results of computer simulation.     

Noninvasive spectral imaging of skin chromophores based on multiple regression analysis aided by Monte Carlo simulation

In order to visualize melanin and blood concentrations and oxygen saturation in human skin tissue, a simple imaging technique based on multispectral diffuse reflectance images acquired at six wavelengths (500, 520, 540, 560, 580 and 600 nm) was developed. The technique utilizes multiple regression analysis aided by Monte Carlo simulation for diffuse reflectance spectra. Using the absorbance spectrum as a response variable and the extinction coefficients of melanin, oxygenated hemoglobin, and deoxygenated hemoglobin as predictor variables, multiple regression analysis provides regression coefficients. Concentrations of melanin and total blood are then determined from the regression coefficients using conversion vectors that are deduced numerically in advance, while oxygen saturation is obtained directly from the regression coefficients. Experiments with a tissue-like agar gel phantom validated the method. In vivo experiments with human skin of the human hand during upper limb occlusion and of the inner forearm exposed to UV irradiation demonstrated the ability of the method to evaluate physiological reactions of human skin tissue.     

基于吸光度的PET薄膜专色配方预测方法

基于吸光度与物质浓度的相关关系建立了一种PET薄膜印刷的混合油墨组分预测模型。该方法首先依据光的传播理论和光在墨层与承印材料中的多重内反射原理,利用基色和混合专色薄膜印品在黑白两色基底上的反射光谱,建立具有高透低反特性薄膜印品透射光谱的获取方法,并利用透射光谱求解吸收光谱;然后对专色吸光度与基色浓度进行回归分析,确定吸光度与基色浓度线性相关度高的特征波段,再根据郎伯比尔定律,利用特征波长处的专色样本吸光度与基色样本吸光度建立组分预测模型,求解专色样本的配方比例;最后,分析预测配方与预设浓度的偏差,并按照预测配方浓度重新打样,采用色差与光谱均方根误差对计算配方色与目标专色的匹配程度进行分析,验证模型精度。以凹印PET薄膜双基色混合样品为实验对象,对提出的方法进行测试。光谱分析表明,基色样本和专色样本光谱反射率曲线在黑白两种基底上有明显差异,但都随基色油墨浓度变化具有相同的变化规律,专色样本的光谱透射曲线随着基色浓度的变化接近浓度比例大的基色曲线,在400～580 nm区间,专色的吸收光谱随着基色油墨A浓度降低而升高,在580～700 nm区间随着基色油墨A浓度降低而降低。除570～590 nm吸收曲线相交区间以外,在可见光范围内专色油墨吸光度与基色油墨浓度之间的判定系数R2均大于0.95,平均值为0.990 0,两者具有强线性相关关系。分别选取基色A和B波长为520 nm(R2为0.994 2)和700 nm(R2为0.998 5)处的吸光度代入配色模型,并利用最小二乘法求解目标专色的配方比例。实验结果表明,六组预测浓度与预设浓度相比较,配方平均偏差为2.5%,无显著偏差。配方色样本与专色样本色差最大值为1.98,最小值为0.30,平均值为0.85,均满足GMI对专色复制的要求,其中5组专色色差小于1.5,符合专色忠实复制的要求;6组专色的光谱均方根误差最大值为2.93%,最小值为0.49%,平均值为1.40%,基本实现了同色同谱的高精度颜色复制。验证了该方法对于提高专色油墨配色精度和改善PET薄膜印刷质量具有显著效果,可为PET薄膜专色配方预测提供科学方法。     

双面半色调图像的Clapper-Yule色彩预测分程模型

通过印刷品光谱反射比预测半色调图像色彩是印刷质量控制与设备检测研制领域十分关注的课题。在假定油墨是非散射介质以及油墨的折射率与纸张的折射率近似相等的条件下,利用光在油墨与纸张中散射迁移路径长短不同的分程理论和多重内反射的网状结构分析方法,研究了光照射在双面印刷品上的光谱反射规律,建立了双面印刷品的光谱反射色彩预测模型。并在此基础上通过理论分析,论证了新建双面印刷品的Clapper-Yule色彩分程预测模型的合理性。新模型为双面印刷品的呈色规律分析与印刷品在线检测仪的研制提供了理论依据。     

An operative quantitative analysis of multispectral images of the eyeground

In the approximation of a four-layer model of the eyeground, we have studied the information content of photographs of the eyeground obtained in different spectral intervals from the visible range of the spectrum. We have shown that, under conditions of a priori uncertainty of all parameters of the eyeground that affect spectral fluxes of light multiply scattered by the eyeground, the two-dimensional distributions of the following parameters can be determined: (i) the contents of hemoglobin and macular pigment in the retina; (ii) the contents of melanin in the pigment epithelium and choroid; (iii) the degree of blood oxygenation; and (iv) the structural parameter of the retina, which characterizes the volume concentration of its effective scatterers. Based on results of a numerical simulation of the light-transfer process in the medium under study, we have determined regression relationships between parameters of the eyeground and spectral characteristics of its image and have proposed a method for the operative retrieval of parameter maps of the eyeground, which uses the determined regressions.     

半色调双面图像的色彩预测Clapper-Yule模型

为了准确地预测印刷图像的光谱反射率,在假定油墨是非散射介质以及油墨的折射率与纸张的折射率近似相等的近似下,利用考虑光在纸基内多次内反射的Clapper-Yule理论和描述多重内反射的网状结构分析模型,建立了同色不同加网周期双面墨像的光谱反射色彩预测模型.同时给出了包含纸基的向下体反射和反面纸基-空气构成界面定向反射作用的单面墨像Clapper-Yule色彩预测修正新模型.     

一种色度自适应投影标记点的选取方法

近年来,对物体的颜色显现力、光源光谱功率分布和自身表面反射光谱三者的定量关系方面的研究备受大家关注。在三维扫描测量领域,由于颜色特征具有反映物体材料和纹理等丰富信息的优势,提出了一种主要由彩色相机、投点光源和PC机组成的色度自适应投点仪结构,其中数字微镜(DMD)作为投点光源的核心元件用于调制R,G,B 三个LED光源的光谱功率分布。然而主动式标记点的颜色显现力因受未知反射光谱投影接受面的影响,其颜色特征往往难以识别和区分。为了提高投影标记点与不同反射光谱的投影接收面作为背景的分辨力,描述了一种色度自适应投影标记点的选取方法。在高维线性反射光谱建模的基础上,用光谱响应的方法对彩色投点仪设备特征化,以解决三通道彩色相机设备特征化精度低的问题。并通过样本训练为高维线性反射光谱的求解提供条件约束。继而,在CIE1931色度坐标空间下,选取与投影接收面背景色度坐标欧氏矩最大的色度坐标点。根据投点仪设备特征化结果,推导其LED最优设定值。最后,采用24孟塞尔色卡作为被投影对象,主动标记点与色块的色差作为其颜色显现力的评价参数,通过与激光二极管投点仪做对比性实验。实验结果表明对各不同色度的投点接受面,提出的色度自适应投影标记点的选取方法均有较好表现。     

Multidimensional Polyhedral Gamut Representation of Reflective Objects and Calculation of Metamer Ensembles

The spectral reflectance of most reflective objects, such as natural objects and color hardcopy, is relatively smooth and can be approximated by several principal components with high accuracy. Although the subspace spanned by those principal components represents a space in which reflective objects exist, it does not provide the limit of the object distribution or the gamut. In this paper we propose to represent the gamut of reflective objects as a convex polyhedron in the subspace spanned by several principal components. The concept of the polyhedral gamut representation based on the spectral reflectance database and its application to the calculation of metamer ensembles are described. The color-mismatch volume caused by different illuminant and/or observer for a metamer ensemble is also calculated and compared with the theoretical ones.     

彩色扫描仪的光谱反射率估计方法

为从扫描仪获取精确的、设备无关的颜色描述,必须对扫描仪进行颜色表征(Characterization)。考虑到实际扫描仪的成像过程往往偏离线性反射模型,并且训练样本在颜色空间中的不同分布对颜色估计的精度有较大影响,提出了一种基于有限样本加权训练的彩色扫描仪光谱表征方法,从而可以从低维的RGB颜色值计算得到精确的光谱反射率。 实验结果表明,该方法在色度及反射率精度方面均明显优于先前的方法。     

光照光谱功率分布的估计和颜色分割

提出了应用有限维线性模型和双色反射模型和双色反射模型抽表示而物体颜色的本征特性的方法，首先估计出光照的光谱功率分布，再获取物体的表面光谱反射率，从而得到和光照与几何条件无关的归一化偏差光谱反射率，它仅反映物体的表面反射特性，可作为颜色分割和识别的可靠特征。     

利用近红外光谱监测皮肤血氧输运

利用近红外光谱无创监测移植手术的皮瓣成活状况，是近红外组织氧检测技术的最新应用之一，本文介绍子我们设计的利用光纤传导的近外皮肤血氧监测系统。该系统可以灵活调整光谱－探测器间距以适应皮层检测。利用该系统进行的前臂皮皮肤阻断试验中，静脉阻断时皮肤内有显著的血液充盈现现象，全阻断时氧含量明显下降，实验表明，利用近红外光谱法监测瓣血氧输运情况是非常有效的，特别是可以比较好地监测脉回流情况。     

一种新的全色图像与光谱图像融合方法研究

给出了一种新的综合伪彩色映射技术和小波变换理论的图像融合方法,并将其应用于全色图像和光谱图像的融合中.通过提取两个不同谱段光谱图像的共有信息和特别信息,并进行伪彩色映射融合,来增强目标与背景的对比度.同时将伪彩色映射融合后的图像进一步用IHS变换提取空间信息,在小波变换框架下将其与全色图像进行融合以提高目标的边缘细节信息,使所获得的融合结果不仅包含丰富的光谱信息的同时还具有较高的空间分辨率.仿真图和评价指标表明,该算法在增强目标与背景的对比度以及保留目标信息等方面具有较强的优势.     

基于冠层辐射传输模型的地表反射率光谱重建方法

针对基于多光谱数据有限光谱信息重建地表反射率光谱的病态求解难题,提出一种基于冠层辐射传输物理机理并充分考虑像元异质性的地表反射率光谱重建方法,该方法假设混合像元由植被和土壤两种地物类型组成,利用冠层辐射传输模型构造端元光谱查找表,进而通过组分比例因子估算实现基于多光谱图像的高光谱地表反射率模拟。以Landsat ETM+多光谱图像为例的地表反射率超光谱重建验证实验结果表明,模拟的反射率光谱能够较好的反映不同地物特征信息。进一步地,利用模拟的地表反射率拟合Landsat ETM+图像和MODIS图像,各波段模拟图像与实际观测图像之间具有较高的相关系数(Landsat: 0.90~0.99, MODIS: 0.74~0.85),进一步验证了该方法的可行性。     

A modified image enhancement algorithm based on color constancy

According to the color constancy theory, a modified variation Retinex is proposed for improving the visibility of the dark regions in images under insufficient and/or non-uniform lighting conditions. A new penalty functional based on nonlinear diffusion and correlation between the reflectance and the given image is designed for the intensity image enhancement, followed by adaptive color compensation. With high computational efficiency achieved by an improved multi-resolution algorithm, simulation results prove that the proposed method shows more colorful and vivid visual performance, and achieves wider dynamic range with higher objective standard values.     

基于三维重建理论的目标光谱散射特性研究

根据三维重建理论,基于目标的多角度视图,重建了目标表面的三维点云。利用德洛奈三角剖分法结合可见性原理,得到了目标的曲面和曲面面元的法线方向。根据粗糙面散射理论和目标表面的双向反射分布函数(BRDF),结合大气传输软件Modtran计算的某时间、地点的背景光谱辐射亮度,数值分析了目标光谱散射亮度分布特性。以覆盖车衣的汽车为例,重建的三维几何模型误差为4.11%,数值计算了目标在三个波段的光谱散射亮度分布。上述方法可以进一步用于卫星和其他空间目标的光谱辐射、散射特性研究。