The Influence of Solvent Viscosity on the Fluorescence Decay and Time-Resolved Anisotropy of Green Fluorescent Protein

This report describes fluorescence decay and time-resolved anisotropy studies of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in various environments. The addition of glucose and fructose, NaCl, or polyethylene glycol changes the viscosity of the medium surrounding the GFP. Both the time-resolved anisotropy and the fluorescence decay of GFP are measured and it is shown that only the time-resolved anisotropy of GFP is affected by the viscosity, but not its fluorescence decay.     

Effect of the External Refractive Index on Fluorescence Kinetics of Perylene in Human Erythrocyte Ghosts

Fluorescence kinetics of perylene molecules in hemoglobin-free human erythrocyte membranes is investigated as a function of the refractive index of the external medium varied by adjusting the concentration of sorbitol or sucrose in an aqueous suspension of erythrocyte ghosts. It has been found that the fluorescence of perylene in erythrocyte ghosts decays nonexponentially, with the mean decay time decreasing from 7.13 to 5.70 ns with an increase in the refractive index of the suspension from 1.333 to 1.442. An analysis of the dependence made it possible to obtain an estimate of the second-rank orientational order parameter of perylene in the human erythrocyte membrane «P ₂ (cos)» = 0.32 ... 0.43, which bears witness of considerable ordering of perylene molecules along acyl chains of phospholipids constituting the membrane. Good correspondence of the order parameter with the value of the steady-state emission anisoptropy of perylene in erythrocyte ghosts suggests that acyl chains of phospholipids in the human erythrocyte membrane are predominantly oriented along the normal to its surface.     

Comparison Between Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy and Time-Resolved Fluorescence Anisotropy as Illustrated with a Fluorescent Dextran Conjugate

The motional properties of rhodamine green alone and conjugated to 10-kDa dextran have been studied by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy (TRFA). With FCS the translational diffusion times of the fluorescent particles can be determined, which are directly proportional to the shear viscosity as shown in aqueous solutions of different sucrose concentrations. With TRFA the rotational correlation times of the fluorescent particles can be determined. TRFA experiments in the case of fluorescent dextran reveal a distinct restricted internal motion of the fluorescent probe independent of the slower overall rotation of the polysaccharide. The fast depolarization is most likely due to internal motion and not to energy transfer between different rhodamine green molecules in the same dextran, since a higher viscosity of the solvent increases the correlation time for internal motion proportionally. FCS and TRFA yield complementary information in the sense that the correlation time for overall dextran rotation can be accurately determined from the translational diffusion coefficient.     

Influence of Stochastic Refractive Index Variation on Time Jitters

The model of stochastic refractive index variation is built in dark soliton transmission system, its influence is studied on time jitters. The results show: the stochastic variation apparently leads to the time jitters in arrival, and reduces the stability and the capacity of the transmission system.     

Effects of the Solvent Refractive Index and Its Dispersion on the Radiative Decay Rate and Extinction Coefficient of a Fluorescent Solute

It is well known that the probabilities of radiative transitions in a medium differ from those in vacuum. Excitation of a fluorescent molecule and its radiative decay are examples of radiative transitions. The rates of these processes in solution depend on the optical characteristics of the solvent. In this article the radiative decay rate and the extinction coefficient of a fluorescent molecule in solution are expressed in terms of the intrinsic properties of the fluorescent molecule (electronic transition moments) and the optical characteristics of the solvent (refractive index, group velocity of light). It is shown that the group velocity does not enter in the final expressions for the radiative decay rate and the extinction coefficient; this means that the dispersion of the refractive index has no effect on these quantities. The expressions for both the radiative decay rate and the extinction coefficient contain the refractive index of the solvent and the local field correction factor. The latter depends on the cavity model, and, for some cavity models, on the shape of the cavity. Four types of cavity models are discussed; for each model the limits of applicability are examined. Experimental evidence in support of specific cavity models is reviewed.     

Dipolar Relaxation Times of Tryptophan and Tyrosine in Glycerol and in Proteins: A Direct Evaluation from Their Fluorescence Decays

The dipolar relaxation process induced around tryptophan, indole and tyrosine in viscous media, as well as in several single tryptophan-containing proteins (staphylococcal nuclease, ribonuclease T1, melittin and albumin), has been studied by dynamic fluorescence measurements. A new theoretical model has been developed, including the relaxation dynamics directly in the fluorescence decay function. The phase shift and demodulation data have been fitted with this new algorithm which allows to resolve the different relaxation times influencing the fluorophore excited state. These parameters are in a good agreement with those measured with the traditional time-resolved emission spectroscopy. The results indicate that indeed a correlation exists between the radiative rate change obtained with the new model and the temporal spectral shift reported in the literature. Finally, this new approach has also been extended to the case of superoxide dismutase and phosphofructokinase, allowing to measure the relaxation time even in proteins lacking a temporal spectral shift during the fluorphore's lifetime.     

靶压对磁控溅射GeC薄膜折射率的影响

采用磁控溅射技术,以碳氢气体和氩气为工作气体,在Ge基底上制备了GeC薄膜。研究了靶压对薄膜折射率的影响,发现在较高的靶压下制备的GeC薄膜具有较低的折射率,而在较低的靶压下则得到了高折射率的薄膜。通过控制溅射靶压,制备了折射率在2．5～3．8之间可变的GeC薄膜。利用拉曼光谱研究了GeC薄膜的结构。薄膜样品的硬度测试表明,较低折射率的GeC薄膜具有较高的硬度。     

利用电磁波折射现象计算和测量液体折射率

电磁波在传播过程中如果遇到障碍物,就会产生反射和折射现象,并且遵守反射定律和折射定律.本实验利用一个金属板作为反射体,利用蒸馏水、乙醇、糖溶液(80％)作为折射体,验证了电磁波中反射现象和折射现象,同时测量出了液体的折射率.     

强度调制型光纤折射率传感器的设计与研究

研制了一种基于菲涅耳反射原理的测量液体折射率的光纤传感器.该传感器采用普通FC/PC尾纤插头作为传感头.整个实验系统需要的元件少、光路简单.讨论了测量的基本原理和数据处理方法.采用相对强度的数据处理方法,有效地消除了光源不稳定性和光路中各种损耗所带来的误差,提高了系统的测量准确度.实验结果表明,测量准确度能够达到10－4 量级,并且适合微量液体的测量.该测量方法还可扩展到固体、气体和其它与折射率相关参量的测量.     

光频段双层手征结构光学特性及负折射率研究

设计了一种工作在光波段的新型四重对称的双层手征结构,通过数值模拟得到透射系数和反射系数,反演计算了结构的圆二色性、旋光角、手征参数和折射率。结果表明该结构在谐振波长附近具有很强的旋光性,并且在椭偏度为零时,即透射光变成完全线偏振光时,旋光角达到了55°;在一定波段内可以实现左旋圆偏振光(LCP)和右旋圆偏振光(RCP)的负折射率,且不需要介电常数和磁导率同时为负,更重要的是,实现负折射率的左旋圆偏振光(LCP)具有较宽的频带,不局限于谐振波长附近,在椭偏度为零时,折射率也为负。考虑到具体的实验制作,对加衬底的手征结构进行了数值模拟,结果表明谐振波长向长波长方向产生了偏移,完全线性偏振光的旋光角仍然有40°。     

温度和应变对光纤折射率的影响

采用迈克尔逊（Ｍｉｃｈｅｌｓｏｎ）光纤白光干涉系统，通过测量随着温度或应变改变而变化的光程，给出了单模光纤有效折射率的温度和应变相关特性。对于ＳＭＦ－２８型单模光纤，测得折射率温度系数和应变温度系数在波长为１３００ｎｍ处分别为０．７６２×１０－５／℃及－０．１３３２×１０－６／με；在波长１５５０ｎｍ处则为０．８１１×１０－５／℃及－０．１６４９×１０－６／με。并与几种不同光纤相应的数据进行了比较。     

气溶胶粒子散射和吸收特性对复折射率依赖性的数值研究

利用米散射理论数值计算分析了尺度参数为0.1~100时球形典型气溶胶粒子的散射和吸收特性对复折射率的依赖性关系。气溶胶粒子复折射率的实部和虚部是一个有机的整体,粒子复折射率的实部和虚部可以分别影响其散射和吸收特性。若实际大气气溶胶粒子大多是成核模态和积聚模态的小粒子,基于气溶胶的散射和吸收特性可以获得其复折射率的唯一解。但是,如果大气中存在大量的粗模态粒子时,气溶胶散射和吸收特性对其复折射率的依赖性较为复杂,只有选择有限的合适复折射率库区间,才有可能获得更合适的有效复折射率。     

晶格常数对左手材料的能量透射率及负折射率的影响

研究晶格常数对左手材料的能量透射率、负折射率以及品质因素(FOM)的影响.结果表明,随着晶格常数的减小,左手材料的低阶透射峰出现异常增大,其物理机制为阻抗匹配;左手材料的负折射的中心频率随着晶格常数的减小而蓝移,与理论结果基本一致;晶格常数对左手材料的FOM有重要的影响,当晶格常数减小到一定值时,可以实现完美阻抗匹配,从而得到较高的FOM.     

湿度起伏对可见光波段折射率结构常数的影响

大气折射率起伏主要是由温度和湿度起伏引起的。提出一种研究湿度起伏对折射率结构常数影响的新方法,即从超声风速计测量的虚温信号中提取出湿度起伏的信息,可计算出湿度起伏、温湿相关项的结构常数。采用自行研制的温度脉动仪和超声风速计分别在湿度差异较大的干燥的戈壁滩和潮湿的海边进行实验,并用实验时的气象参量对湿度起伏进行了模式计算。测量和模式计算都表明：湿度起伏本身对Cn^2的贡献很小,可忽略不计,湿度起伏对Cn^2的影响主要是通过与温度起伏相结合来实现的,在一般情况下,这种贡献不到10％。但在湿度较大,特别是日落前Cn^2处于最小值附近,温湿相关项的贡献可超过10％。     

傅里叶变换红外光谱对水溶性气溶胶复折射率的测量分析方法研究

当前大气气溶胶的成分比较复杂,其水溶性离子成分影响着大气质量,并且对人类健康不利。因此,对水溶性离子成分进行快速可靠的检测是环境科学领域中的一项重要研究工作。以SO24-为例,研究采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)技术,对水溶性气溶胶离子的消光系数进行测量,并通过理论分析计算得到其复折射率N的过程。通过测量大气气溶胶水溶性SO24-离子的质量消光截面k和消光系数α,再根据消光系数α来计算复折射率N的虚部ni,使用KK(Kramers-Kronig)关系,来计算复折射率N的实部nr,并对实验结果进行了分析和讨论。     

少模光纤布拉格光栅折射率传感的分析与测量

理论分析和模拟计算了少模光纤布拉格光栅基模及高阶模的耦合与传输特性,得到在相同外部折射率变化情况下,少模光纤基模与高阶模耦合对应的布拉格波长变化,比正、反向基模之间耦合对应的布拉格波长变化显著增大.实验上制作了少模光纤布拉格光栅,测量了基模之间以及基模与高阶模之间对应的布拉格波长随外部折射率、温度变化的情况,得到与理论分析相符的结果.而对于温度变化对折射率测量结果干扰的问题,提出了通过计算布拉格波长差来克服温度影响的方法.这些结果为采用布拉格光纤光栅测量外部折射率变化提供了一种新的途径.     

用光拍法研究葡萄糖溶液密度和折射率的关系

实验根据葡萄糖溶液浓度不同对折射率的影响,采用光拍法测定液体的折射率,计算出液体的密度,并采用最小二乘法进行线性拟合,最后发现葡萄糖溶液的密度和折射率几乎呈线性关系.     

彩虹法和成像法测量玻璃微珠折射率对比研究

基于几何光学原理,彩虹法使用激光作为光源,利用激光在玻璃微珠中进行一次或者多次内反射后出射形成最小偏向角,在最小偏向角附近形成彩虹条纹,通过测量彩虹条纹来反演计算玻璃微珠的折射率。然而,成像法则根据厚透镜的成像原理,对玻璃微珠所成的像经过显微物镜放大后使用CCD相机进行接收,获得玻璃微珠的焦距,进而测得对应玻璃微珠的折射率。较传统方法来说,彩虹法和成像法具有安全、简便和快捷的优点。对型号不同的玻璃微珠,分别使用彩虹法和成像法测量其折射率,并对它们的测量结果进行了对比分析,都获得相对于名义值的误差小于1%的结果。     

Fluorescence of organic dyes in lipid membranes: Site of solubilization and effects of viscosity and refractive index on lifetimes

The fluorescence decay of several organic dye molecules intercalated in egg phosphatidylcholine lipid membrane vesicles is consistent with the existence of two or three prominent lifetime components rather than a single continuous distribution of lifetimes. The major lifetime components are identified with different sites of solubilization in the membrane. The variation of the lifetime of the membrane-bound dye was studied as a function of the sucrose concentration, which varied the viscosity and refractive index of the aqueous solution. The combined effect of viscosity and refractive index on the lifetime of the dye was used to identify the site of solubilization of the dye in the membrane. The study was useful to identify dye molecules on the surface which are exposed to the aqueous phase, for which the fluorescence lifetime increased systematically with sucrose (viscosity effect). More importantly, it was possible in a few cases to identify the dye molecules which are oriented in the membrane phase, and the fluorescence lifetime decreased systematically with sucrose (refractive index effect). Anomalous values of order parameters determined from the refractive index effect are explained in terms of an orientational distribution of the linear dye molecule weighted in favor of mutually orthogonal orientations.     

熔盐对Li+/Na+离子交换及折射率分布的影响

研究发现利用Li⁺/Na⁺离子交换制取径向梯度折射率(GRIN)棒透镜时,在NaNO₃熔盐中,添加NaCl,会影响Li⁺/Na⁺离子交换反应平衡,最终改变径向GRIN棒透镜的折射率分布、折射率差值及像差.并着重分析和讨论了在本实验中NaNO₃+NaCl混合熔盐对径向GRIN棒透镜中折射率分布、数值孔径及像差的影响机理.