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1.
Chronoamperometry of reversible redox reactions with the insertion of cations into solid particles immobilised at an electrode
surface is analysed theoretically using a semiinfinite planar diffusion model. A coupled diffusion of electrons and ions within
the crystal lattice is separated in two differential equations. The redox reaction is initiated by the polarisation of the
three-phase boundary, where the crystal is in contact with both the electrode and the solution. From this contact line the
redox reaction advances on the surface and into the crystal body by the diffusion of ions and conductance of electrons. The
effects of the geometry and conductivity of the particles on the current are discussed.
Received: 28 December 1996 / Accepted: 17 February 1997 相似文献
2.
Ahmed Galal 《Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry》1998,2(1):7-15
Conducting poly(3-methylthiophene) electrodes were electrochemically prepared. The resulting polymer films were modified
with an inorganic complex, ferrocene. The incorporation of the ferrocene/ferrocenium moiety into the polymer film resulted
in enhanced charge transfer towards the oxidation of some organic molecules of biological interest. The electrochemical response
of the complex-containing polymer electrode was compared to that of the unmodified polymer electrode and that of the substrate.
Apparent diffusion coefficients of the redox species were estimated from the cyclic voltammetric data for different biological
molecules at the ferrocene-containing polymer electrode. Infra-red spectroscopic measurements for the “as-grown” films revealed
the presence of the inorganic complex within the polymer. The modified polymer electrode showed noticeable enhancement for
the charge transfer across the film interface and can be used as an electrochemical sensor for biological compounds.
Received: 3 June 1997 / Accepted: 7 July 1997 相似文献
3.
Coupled diffusion of ions and electrons in microcrystals of insertion compounds immobilized at an electrode surface is theoretically
analysed by a lattice-gas model without interactions. The transport in the direction perpendicular to the electrode surface
depends on Wagner's factor for electrons, while the transport parallel to the electrode depends on this factor for ions. The
iso-concentration profiles may depend on the orientation of the particle on the electrode surface. Chronoamperometric responses
of volume and surface redox reactions are calculated.
Received: 5 June 1998 / Accepted: 22 August 1998 相似文献
4.
Feng Yang Chuanmin Ruan Jinsuo Xu Chenghong Lei Jiaqi Deng 《Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry》1998,361(2):115-118
A novel H2O2 biosensor was constructed employing α-zirconium phosphate as a new support substrate to hold an electron shuttle toluidine
blue between a glassy carbon electrode and horseradish peroxidase. Toluidine blue was intercalated into α-zirconium phosphate-modified
horseradish peroxidase immobilization matrix cross-linked on a glassy carbon electrode surface via bovine serum albumin-glutaraldehyde.
This co-immobilization matrix of the mediator and the enzyme was formed from the α-zirconium phosphate (α-ZrP)-toluidine blue
(TB) inclusion colloid in which horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was dissolved. Intercalation of TB in layered α-ZrP was investigated
by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and electrochemical measurements. TB immobilized in
this way underwent a quasi-reversible electrochemical redox reaction at the electrode. Cyclic voltammetry and amperometric
measurements demonstrated good stability and efficiently-shuttled electrons between HRP and the electrode. The sensor responded
rapidly to H2O2 with a detection limit of 3.0 × 10–7 mol/L.
Received: 1 July 1997 / Revised: 13 October 1997 / Accepted: 21 October 1997 相似文献
5.
Keith B. Oldham 《Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry》1997,1(1):36-44
This study concerns an infinite plane whose smoothness is marred by a single defect: either a groove or a ridge. The blemished
plane serves as an electrode supporting a diffusion-controlled steady-state process. By using a convenient coordinate transformation,
the local current density at all points on the surface is determined exactly. The results are found to confirm intuitive expectations.
Thus, compared with normal values on the plane remote from a groove, the electron transfer rate is diminished within the groove
but enhanced along its margins. Similarly, an abnormally large transfer rate is encountered high on the ridge but the rate
is subnormal on its lower flanks. The total current is demonstrated to be unchanged by the presence of the blemish.
Received: 27 September 1996 / Accepted: 11 March 1997 相似文献
6.
The crystal habit of fcc metal particles formed on an amorphous carbon film electrode in solution at different electrode
potentials is discussed. The fcc metal particles have different crystallographic habits depending on applied electrode potential;
that is, icosahedral and/or decahedral particles are formed at lower potentials, and fcc single-crystalline or polycrystalline
particles at higher potentials. It was found that decahedra and icosahedra of Cu-Au alloy particles are formed in the potential
region of underpotential deposition (UPD) of Cu at which only fcc Au single-crystalline particles and Au polycrystalline particles
appear. This is attributed to the charge transfer from the UPD Cu ions to the Au overlayer of Cu-Au alloy particles. The formation
of decahedral and icosahedral Cu-Au alloy particles depends on the composition of the Cu-Au alloy. On the basis of these results
it was deduced that the contraction of the surface lattice of the growing particles is responsible for the formation of icosahedral
and decahedral particles.
Received: 25 February 1997 / Accepted: 21 April 1997 相似文献
7.
The extent of association between the cationic surfactant TTAB and a series of hydrophobically modified polyacrylamides (HPAMs)
containing an N-n-alkyl and substituted azobenzene hydrophobic sidegroup has been studied utilizing a cationic surfactant-selective membrane
electrode. Binding of TTAB to the polymer hydrophobes is found to increase with increasing hydrophobicity of the hydrophobe.
In the presence of electrolyte, aqueous solutions of HPAMs and ionic surfactant exhibit an associative phase separation. The
temperature or clearing point (CP) at which the system goes from a one phase to two-phase system are reported. The area of
the two-phase region is found to increase with increasing electrolyte concentration, hydrophobicity of the hydrophobe for
the high molecular weight HPAMs, and decreasing hydrophobicity for low molecular weight HPAMs. Exposure of HPAMs containing
an azobenzene hydrophobe to UV light results in a decrease in interaction between the hydrophobe and surfactant and a corresponding
decrease in the CP due to conversion of azobenzene from the more hydrophobic trans form to the less hydrophobic cis isomer.
Received: 23 September 1996 Accepted: 11 March 1997 相似文献
8.
Uzawa T Cheng RR White RJ Makarov DE Plaxco KW 《Journal of the American Chemical Society》2010,132(45):16120-16126
Electrode-bound, redox-reporter-modified oligonucleotides play roles in the functioning of a number of electrochemical biosensors, and thus the question of electron transfer through or from such molecules has proven of significant interest. In response, we have experimentally characterized the rate with which electrons are transferred between a methylene blue moiety on the distal end of a short, single-stranded polythymine DNA to a monolayer-coated gold electrode to which the other end of the DNA is site-specifically attached. We find that this rate scales with oligonucleotide length to the -1.16 ± 0.09 power. This weak, approximately inverse length dependence differs dramatically from the much stronger dependencies observed for the rates of end-to-end collisions in single-stranded DNA and through-oligonucleotide electron hopping. It instead coincides with the expected length dependence of a reaction-limited process in which the overall rate is proportional to the equilibrium probability that the end of the oligonucleotide chain approaches the surface. Studies of the ionic strength and viscosity dependencies of electron transfer further support this "chain-flexibility" mechanism, and studies of the electron transfer rate of methylene blue attached to the hexanethiol monolayer suggest that heterogeneous electron transfer through the monolayer is rate limiting. Thus, under the circumstances we have employed, the flexibility (i.e., the equilibrium statistical properties) of the oligonucleotide chain defines the rate with which an attached redox reporter transfers electrons to an underlying electrode, an observation that may be of utility in the design of new biosensor architectures. 相似文献
9.
The self-assembly of thiol molecules from ethanolic solution on Au(111) depends significantly on the electrode potential.
Especially at cathodic potentials, chemisorption of thiol molecules and the development of the highly ordered structure are
slowed down significantly. At potentials near the point of zero charge, first a disordered thiol film of already high thiol
density is formed, and then domains of the highly ordered phase develop and grow together. At cathodic potentials, first a
disordered film of very low density of predominant flat adsorbed thiol molecules is formed; the formation of ordered domains
takes time three orders of magnitude longer than at potentials near the point of zero charge.
Received: 27 May 1997 / Accepted: 8 September 1997 相似文献
10.
11.
A. S. Vorob'ev I. I. Furlei A. Sh. Sultanov E. A. Burmistrov 《Russian Chemical Bulletin》1997,46(10):1797-1799
Negative-ion mass spectrometry in the mode of resonance capture of electrons and photoelectron spectroscopy in combination
with quantum-chemical calculations showed that the formation of the resonance states of negative molecular ions in the reaction
of electrons with molecules of the mechanism of intershell Feshbach resonance with the consecutive excitation of an electron
from several higher occupied MO to one vacant MO. In a low-energy region, the resonance at 1.4 eV is a resonance of form and
the resonance at 3–4 eV is the usual electron exciting Feshbach resonance with a parent triplet state (π.π*)3. The one and the same vacant π*CC MO is “active” in all the resonances mentioned.
Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 1892–1894, October, 1997. 相似文献
12.
Nanocrystalline nickel with an average diameter of about 16 nm and a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure was uniformly attached
to the surface of carbon nanotubes (CNT) by wet chemistry. The sample was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction and transmission
electron microscopy (TEM). A glass carbon electrode modified with nickel-modified multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-Ni/GCE)
was prepared. The electrochemical behavior of the MWCNTs-Ni/GCE and the electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol at the MWCNTs-Ni/GCE
were investigated by cyclic voltammetry in 1.0 mol/L NaOH solution. The cyclic voltammograms showed that the electron transfer
between β-Ni(OH)2 and β-NiOOH is mainly a diffusion-controlled quasireversible process, and that the electrode has high catalytic activity for the
electrooxidation of methanol in alkaline medium, revealing its potential application in alkaline rechargeable batteries and
fuel cells.
__________
Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2007, 24(5): 503–506 [译自: 应用化学] 相似文献
13.
Florentina-Daniela Munteanu Lo Gorton Annika Lindgren Tautgirdas Ruzgas Jenny Emnéus Elisabeth Csöregi Irina G. Gazaryan Igor V. Ouporov Elena A. Mareeva L. Mark Lagrimini 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2000,88(1-3):321-333
The properties of anionic tobacco peroxidase (TOP) adsorbed on graphite electrode have been studied in direct and mediated
electron transfer in a wall-jet flow injection system. The percentage of tobacco peroxidase molecules active in directelectron
transfer is about 83%, which is higher than that for horeradish peroxidase (40–50%). This observation is explained in terms
of the lower degree of glycosylation of TOP compared with horseradish peroxidase and, therefore, a reduced in terference from
the oligosaccharide chains with direct electron transfer. Calcium ions cause an 11% drop in the reaction rate constant toward
hydrogen peroxide. The detection limit of calcium chloride has been estimated as 5 m M. The results obtained by means of bioeletrochemistry, stopped-flow kinetics, and structural modeling provide evidence for
the interaction between calcium cations and negatively charged residues at the distal domain (Glu-141, heme propionates, Asp-79, Asp-80) blocking the activesite. The observation that both soluble and immobilized enzyme under go conformational changes resulting
in the blockade of the active site indicates that the immobilized enzyme preserves conformational flexibility. An even stronger
suppressing effect of calcium ions on the rate constant for mediated electron transfer was observed. In the case of direct
electron transfer, this couldmean that there is nodirect contact between the electrode and the active site of TOP. The electrons
are shuttled from the active site to the surface of the electrode through electron transfer pathways in the protein globule
that are sensitive to protein conformational changes. 相似文献
14.
Molecular recognition: Supramolecular, polymeric and biomimetic coatings for chemical sensors and chromatographic columns 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Complete control of the selective and reversible interaction of molecules from the gas or liquid phase at complementary recognition
sites is of increasing interest for both basic science and practical applications. This recognition may occur at the surface
or in the bulk of optimized chemically sensitive coatings. It is either monitored discontinuously by chromatography or continuously
by a suitable sensor. The latter contains the optimized coating and converts the chemical information about concentrations
of certain molecules by means of a certain transducer into an electronic signal. Generally speaking, these transducers form
the essential part of ‘chemical sensors’; they monitor the molecular interactions at the chemically sensitive layer by changes
in resistivity, impedance, mass, capacitance, work function, heat, electrochemical potential, optical thickness, or optical
absorption in a certain spectral range. Three selected case studies of such molecular recognition devices which utilize supramolecular,
polymeric, and biomimetic coatings are presented. Examples are given for both gas and liquid sensing devices. For simplification,
because of its general applicability and its easy absolute calibration, particular emphasis is put on signal transduction
via quartz crystal oscillators. The measurement principle is based on frequency changes which are directly correlated with
mass changes and thus provide a particularly suitable signal transduction. The examples presented here concern systematic
variations in the design of supramolecular cages, of selective interaction sites in polymeric matrices, and of covalently
attached biomimetic recognition sites to monitor antibodies or enzyme interactions.
Received: 11 August 1997 / Revised: 3 March 1998 / Accepted: 3 March 1998 相似文献
15.
Complete control of the selective and reversible interaction of molecules from the gas or liquid phase at complementary recognition
sites is of increasing interest for both basic science and practical applications. This recognition may occur at the surface
or in the bulk of optimized chemically sensitive coatings. It is either monitored discontinuously by chromatography or continuously
by a suitable sensor. The latter contains the optimized coating and converts the chemical information about concentrations
of certain molecules by means of a certain transducer into an electronic signal. Generally speaking, these transducers form
the essential part of ‘chemical sensors’; they monitor the molecular interactions at the chemically sensitive layer by changes
in resistivity, impedance, mass, capacitance, work function, heat, electrochemical potential, optical thickness, or optical
absorption in a certain spectral range. Three selected case studies of such molecular recognition devices which utilize supramolecular,
polymeric, and biomimetic coatings are presented. Examples are given for both gas and liquid sensing devices. For simplification,
because of its general applicability and its easy absolute calibration, particular emphasis is put on signal transduction
via quartz crystal oscillators. The measurement principle is based on frequency changes which are directly correlated with
mass changes and thus provide a particularly suitable signal transduction. The examples presented here concern systematic
variations in the design of supramolecular cages, of selective interaction sites in polymeric matrices, and of covalently
attached biomimetic recognition sites to monitor antibodies or enzyme interactions.
Received: 11 August 1997 / Revised: 3 March 1998 / Accepted: 3 March 1998 相似文献
16.
Electrochemical formation of barium tungstate (BaWO4) was studied as a model case of electrochemical formation of an advanced oxide material for electronics. BaWO4 is formed on the surface of tungsten electrode during oxidation in alkaline media (pH > 12) containing a corresponding cation.
The analysis of electrochemical as well as electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) data taken during these experiments
identifies at least three qualitatively different steps composing the electrode process. Effects of the potential, applied
current density and alkaline earth metal cation concentration are demonstrated using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic
experiments. Specific constraints of the ECC formalism for the electrochemical oxide deposition following from the galvanostatic
data are discussed.
Received: 2 October 1997 / Accepted: 4 December 1997 相似文献
17.
Azobenzene polymers were prepared by condensation of p-phenylazobenzoyl chloride and poly(ethylenimine). Their loadings in electroactive sites range from 5 to 95%. They were adsorbed on a glassy carbon electrode or on a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) whose area could be expanded after the adsorption. The voltammetric behavior of the polymeric films is described at pH 14. The azobenzene sites which are in the vicinity of the electrode surface are electroactive, but the electrochemical reaction does not propagate to the bulk of the coating. When the loading of the polymer is not too high, the expansion of the HMDE causes an increase in the number N of azobenzene double bonds which are reduced, N remaining proportional to the drop area A, because-the film is sufficiently flexible to cover the new surface which appears (soap bubble effect). For the highly loaded polymers (loading larger than about 50%), conversely, N remains nearly constant, owing to the rigidity of the film, which causes it to break up when the drop is expanded. The reversibility of the electrochemical reaction depends both on the loading and on the expansion, which could be due to changes in the orientation of the azobenzene molecules at the surface of the electrode. 相似文献
18.
We have studied the trans-membrane electron transfer in human red blood cells (RBCs) immobilized in a chitosan film on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Electron transfer results from the presence of hemoglobin (Hb) in the RBCs. The electron transfer rate (k s) of Hb in RBCs is 0.42 s?1, and <1.13 s?1 for Hb directly immobilized in the chitosan film. Only Hb molecules in RBCs that are closest to the plasma membrane and the surface of the electrode can undergo electron transfer to the electrode. The immobilized RBCs displayed sensitive electrocatalytic response to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. It is believed that this cellular biosensor is of potential significance in studies on the physiological status of RBCs based on observing their electron transfer on the modified electrode.
The transmembrane electron transfer rate of Hb in RBCs is slower than hemoglobin molecules directly immobilized on the chitosan film. Only those hemoglobin in RBCs closest to the plasma membrane and electrode could exchange electrons with the electrode. The immobilized RBCs showed sensitive electrocatalytic response to O2 and H2O2. 相似文献
19.
A new modified electrode was prepared by electrodeposition of caffeic acid (CFA) at the surface of an activated glassy carbon
electrode. Cyclic voltammetry was used to investigate the redox properties of this electrode at various solution pH values
and at various scan rates. The pH dependence of the electrode response was found to be 58.5 mV/pH, which is very close to
the expected Nernstian value. The electrode was also employed to study electrocatalytic oxidation of reduced nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide (NADH), using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and rotating disk voltammetry as diagnostic techniques.
It was found that the modified electrode exhibits potent and persistent electrocatalytic properties toward NADH oxidation
in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0) with a diminution of the overpotential of about 450 mV compared to the process at an
unmodified electrode. The electrocatalytic current increases linearly with NADH concentration in the range tested from 0.05
to 1.0 mM. The apparent charge transfer rate constant and transfer coefficient for electron transfer between the electrode
surface and immobilized CFA were calculated as 11.2 s−1 and 0.43, respectively. The heterogeneous rate constant for oxidation of NADH at the CFA-modified electrode surface was also
determined and found to be about 3 × 103 M−1 s−1. Finally, the diffusion coefficient of NADH was calculated as 3.24 × 10−6 cm2 s−1 for the experimental conditions, using chronoamperometric results.
Received: 6 January 1999 / Accepted: 11 May 1999 相似文献
20.
A mediator-free glucose biosensor, termed a “third-generation biosensor,” was fabricated by immobilizing glucose oxidase (GOD)
directly onto an oxidized boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode. The surface of the oxidized BDD electrode possesses carboxyl
groups (as shown by Raman spectra) which covalently cross-link with GOD through glutaraldehyde. Glucose was determined in
the absence of a mediator used to transfer electrons between the electrode and enzyme. O2 has no effect on the electron transfer. The effects of experimental variables (applied potential, pH and cross-link time)
were investigated in order to optimize the analytical performance of the amperometric detection method. The resulting biosensor
exhibited fast amperometric response (less than 5 s) to glucose. The biosensor provided a linear response to glucose over
the range 6.67×10−5 to 2×10−3 mol/L, with a detection limit of 2.31×10−5 mol/L. The lifetime, reproducibility and measurement repeatability were evaluated and satisfactory results were obtained. 相似文献