An improved model of damage depth of shock-melted metal in microspall under triangular wave loading

Damage depth is an important dynamic parameter for describing the degree of material damage and is also a key fundamental issue in the field of impact compression technology. The present work is dedicated to the damage depth of shock-melted metal in microspall under triangular wave loading, and an improved model of damage depth considering the material's compressibility and relative movement is proposed. The damage depth obtained from the proposed model is in good agreement with the laser-driven shock loading experiment. Compared with the previous model, the proposed model can predict the damage depth of shock-melted metal in microspall more accurately. Furthermore, two-groups of the smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH) simulations are carried out to investigate the effects of peak stress and decay length of the incident triangular wave on the damage depth, respectively. As the decay length increases, the damage depth increases linearly. As the peak stress increases, the damage depth increases nonlinearly, and the increase in damage depth gradually slows down. The results of the SPH simulations adequately reproduce the results of the proposed model in terms of the damage depth. Finally, it is found that the threshold stress criterion can reflect the macroscopic characteristics of microspall of melted metal.     

Morphology and distribution of subsurface damage in optical fused silica parts: Bound-abrasive grinding

The depth and morphology of subsurface damage (SSD) in fused silica samples ground with diamond grinding wheels were investigated. The factors possibly influencing the SSD depth of ground samples were examined. The results demonstrate that the SSD depth is most responsive to diamond grit size while the processing parameters (i.e. depth of cut, feed rate, and wheel peripheral speed) have marginal effects on the SSD depth. The SSD depth decreases with the abrasive/grit size of diamond wheels and slightly diminishes with the decrease of cutting depth but little influenced by feeding rate and wheel speed. The morphology inspection shows that the density of subsurface cracks in ground fused silica samples decays exponentially with the depth from the ground surface into the bulk and the cracks vanish at a certain depth that depends on the mechanical and physical properties of samples and diamond abrasives/grits.     

An optodynamic determination of the depth of laser-drilled holes by the simultaneous detection of ultrasonic waves in the air and in the workpiece

A sufficiently powerful pulsed-laser beam can be used to 'drill' a hole in a stainless-steel workpiece. Here we present a real-time method for determining the depth of such a hole produced by multi-pulse laser drilling with a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The developed experimental setup allowed us to detect the laser-induced ultrasonic waves in the surrounding air and in the workpiece simultaneously by means of a probe-beam-deflection method and a piezoelectric transducer. Our optodynamic approach involved an analysis of these ultrasonic waves in order to determine the depth of the hole at any stage of the process. The increasing depth of the hole and its maximum extent were estimated from changes in the propagation time of the ultrasonic waves traveling from the bottom of the hole to both detectors. Measurements of the maximum hole depth were compared with the predictions of a theoretical model and they were found to be in a good agreement.     

Theoretical assessments of major physical processes involved in the depth resolution in sputter profiling

Two of the more important physical processes which militate against high depth resolution capabilities for ion-induced sputter sectioning associated with compositional analysis techniques are surface topography development and recoil atomic mixing. This review describes earlier, simplistic, theoretical modelling of such processes and describes new approaches based upon empirical evidence of the nature and magnitude of these processes. It is shown that, in general, the depth resolution of the sputtering technique will be a complex function of the depth probed and that both “broadenings” and “shifts” in depth evaluation are to be expected.     

Anisotropy of penetration depth in superconducting tin

Microwave resonance technique at 3000 MHz has been used to carry out measurements of the temperature variation of penetration depth in single crystals of pure tin. Several samples of known crystallographic orientations have been studied, and the anisotropy of penetration depth obtained. The results clearly show non-tensorial anisotropy of penetration depth, and hence provide a direct experimental evidence for non-local relation between the current density and associated magnetic field in a type I superconductor.     

Peculiar meaning of the concept of the information depth in appearance potential spectroscopy

The information depth of APS is not related to the escape depth of the Auger electrons, because all electrons escaping from the target at a threshold potential can contribute to the signal without respect to the amount of energy they have lost. Nevertheless, the definition of the information depth proposed by the E-42 Committee of the American Society for Testing and Materials is still valid. Our paper presents and discusses results of a recent experimental investigation of the information depth of AEAPS and DAPS.     

利用宽带声场频率—掠射角干涉结构的深海直达声区目标深度估计方法

针对典型深海环境中宽带声源的深度分辨问题,通过研究深海声场随频率起伏的干涉结构与垂直线阵频域波束输出图中的干涉结构,给出一种直达声区内可区分多水下目标的宽带声源深度估计方法.该方法以近水面目标的射线声场模型为基础,推导出近海面宽带声源接收声场的波束输出表达式,阐明了频域波束输出图中干涉结构与声源深度的对应关系.然后利用...     

深径比对邱克拉斯基结构内旋转驱动流动的影响

为了了解深径比对邱克拉斯基(Czochralski)结构内旋转驱动流动的影响,利用有限容积法进行了三维非稳态数值模拟。结果表明:随着液池深径比的增加,流动逐渐加强,当旋转速度超过某一临界值后,流动转变为三维非稳态振荡流动。随着液池深径比的增加,速度波振荡幅度增大,速度波波数和周向传播方向都随之改变;浅液池内坩埚旋转作用占主导地位,速度波传播方向与坩埚旋转方向相同,深液池内晶体旋转大于坩埚旋转对流动的影响,速度波传播方向和晶体旋转方向相同。     

Deuterium depth distribution study in Yb

The deuterium depth distribution for a 20 keV/D D_3~+beam implanted into ytterbium(Yb) at a temperature between 300 and 340 K was studied using the D(d,p)T reaction.By analyzing the proton yields,the deuterium depth distribution from the front surface to 500 nm depth was found.The results indicate that an equilibrium deuterium distribution region from the front surface to a depth approximately equal to the mean range of implanted deuterons was formed in Yb during the implantation.The deduced deuterium concentration in the equilibrium deuterium distribution region was D/Yb = 22%.     

Changes in auditory sensitivity with depth in a free-diving California sea lion (Zalophus californianus)

All current data on underwater hearing in pinnipeds are based on tests conducted in small tanks, and may not accurately represent the auditory functioning of free-ranging animals, especially if hearing sensitivity changes with water depth. Underwater auditory thresholds were determined for a California sea lion at depths ranging from 10 to 100 meters. The following results were obtained: (1) False alarm probabilities (responding in the absence of a signal) decreased significantly with depth, indicating that the sea lion adopted a more conservative response criterion in deeper water. (2) Hearing sensitivity generally worsened with depth. (3) There was a significant interaction between depth and frequency, the depth effect being most pronounced at 10 kHz and reversing at 35 kHz. Increasing pressure related to diving probably alters the impedance characteristics of the pinniped ear, in particular affecting the size of the middle-ear air space via expansion of cavernous tissue in the middle-ear cavity. These results show that the middle ear plays a functional role in underwater sound detection in sea lions. However, contrary to previous speculation, the presence of cavernous tissue in the sea lion middle ear does not appear to enhance sensitivity at depth.     

显微镜景深拓展技术研究

随着生命科学需求的日益迫切,显微镜的景深拓展成为显微领域的一个重要发展方向,为了更好地了解、研究显微景深问题,对景深拓展技术进行研究与总结。以显微景深的大幅提升为出发点,就光学切片扫描、空间光调制、波前编码及光场显微4个方面进行了全面的综合性论述。对这些技术的原理、方式及拓展水平进行了阐述,并就其技术缺陷、发展方向进行了归纳总结。随着技术水平的提高,显微景深较传统显微镜可提高1~2个数量级。     

Computerized measurement of melanocytic tumor depth in skin histopathological images

Measuring the tumor depth of invasion in skin tissue is of great importance for decision making in treatment of melanoma. Traditionally, measuring the tumor depth is based on the examination of histopathological slides by pathologist under the microscope which is time consuming and prone to intra and inter observer variability. In this paper, we propose a method for computer assisted measurement of tumor depth. At first, cornified layer is segmented based on entropy of the ridges detected in the image. Then, segmentation of cells nuclei is done using color features and active contour model. Melanocytes are distinguished from lymphocytes by applying convergence index filter and Fourier feature extraction. Experimental results indicate that the method performs well in automated measurement of tumor invasion depth.     

Femtosecond laser micromachining of grooves in indium phosphide

Femtosecond laser micromachining of indium phosphide is investigated using 150 fs light pulses at a center wavelength of 800 nm. The ablation rate for micromachining of grooves is investigated as a function of pulse energy, feed rate, number of passes over the same groove, and the light polarization relative to the cutting direction. A logarithmic dependence of the groove depth on the laser fluence is observed with two regimes characterized by different ablation rates and different thresholds. The groove depth is found to be inversely proportional to the feed rate or equivalently linearly proportional to number of pulses delivered per unit area. With multiple passes over the same groove the depth increases linearly up to about 20 consecutive passes. Above 20 passes the ablation rate decreases until a depth limit is approached. The best results in terms of groove geometry and depth limit are obtained with the polarization of the beam perpendicular to the cutting direction. PACS 42.62.Cf; 79.20.Ds; 81.20.Wk     

Generation of bubbles in glass by a femtosecond laser

Permanent microscale bubbles with varied size and number density are induced in borosilicate glasses by adjusting the focusing depth (FD) of a tightly focused femtosecond laser. With continuously increasing of the focusing depth, the average size of generated bubbles experiences an increase-decrease process. However, the number density of generated bubbles experiences an opposite changing process compared to the change of the size. The possible mechanism for the bubble generation and changing with the focusing depth has been discussed.     

融雪期积雪深度高光谱反演方法研究

积雪在干旱区的水分平衡中发挥着极为重要的作用,积雪深度的监测主要依靠地面站点观测和遥感反演等技术,高光谱遥感为快速、大面积监测积雪的物理特性提供了可能。通过对融雪期不同厚度积雪表面的反射光谱以及积雪深度数据的观测,进而对二者进行相关性分析;采用相关性较高同时也是特征吸收谷的波段数据建立单波段雪深回归模型;采用呈显著相关的波段进行逐步回归,选用贡献率最高的波段作为神经网络模型的输入变量进行积雪深度的反演研究。结果表明：在天山北坡中段的军塘湖流域地区,1 022,1 241和1 492 nm附近是积雪的特征吸收谷;相比单波段反演雪深模型的估算精度(R2=0.53),BP神经网络模型具有更高的雪深反演水平,当隐含层节点数为4时,R2为0.86,RMSE为0.67,表明神经网络模型可以显著提高高光谱数据反演积雪深度的能力。     

理想浅海波导中声场奇异点与声源深度的关系

为了有效利用声场奇异点蕴含的声源参数信息,研究了在理想浅海波导中,远场不同邻阶模态组的声场奇异点与声源深度之间的关系。推导计算了典型浅海声源声场的邻阶模态组奇异点位置,并通过仿真对奇异点的分布进行分析,结果显示邻阶模态组的阶数和阶差越大,奇异点分布越复杂。进一步研究发现,邻阶模态组第一组奇异点的深度和声源深度之间存在联系,并且基于奇异点与声压场的对应关系,在获得准确模态分布的前提下,可以通过两个邻阶模态组的第一组奇异点深度逆运算获得对应声源深度信息,也可以通过第一组奇异点深度反演获得声源深度信息。该文为获取浅海声源深度提供了思路。     

Effects of passage of 200 MeV Ag9+ ions in indium phosphide at different depths

Indium phosphide sample was irradiated with 200?MeV Ag⁹⁺ ions for the fluence of 2?×?10¹³?ions?cm^?2. The sample was chemically etched down up to 240?nm depth to investigate the distribution of defects at different regions. Raman scattering and glancing incidence X-ray diffraction spectra were recorded at different depths. The stress estimated from Raman shift was found to increase with depth up to 160?nm and thereafter it decreased and at a depth of 224?nm sample did not show any stress. Phonon coherence length estimated from the Phonon Confinement Model was found to vary between 43 and 18?nm with respect to depth. Glancing incidence X-ray diffraction results revealed the decrease in crystallite size from 16.12 to 1.00?nm in different depth regions.     

超声速气流中液体横向射流雾化过程数值模拟

为了更加深入了解超燃冲压发动机燃烧室中的燃料雾化机理,对来流Mach数为1.94的超声速气流中液体横向射流的雾化过程进行了数值模拟研究.计算采用Euler-Lagrange方法,液滴二次破碎模型采用K-H/R-T模型.计算结果表明:考虑液滴二次破碎时,采用雾化锥模型获得的射流穿透深度以及液滴速度分布与实验结果符合得很好...     

功能近红外光谱用于麻醉深度监测的研究进展

术中麻醉深度监测是保证临床麻醉质量和安全的重要手段,关系着患者的生命安全。功能近红外光谱分析技术作为一种非侵入式的脑功能监测技术手段,能够实现客观可靠的脑神经活动实时监测和成像,十分适合于进行麻醉深度监测的相关研究。因此简要介绍了功能近红外光谱分析技术的基本原理和技术实现,综述了目前功能近红外光谱分析技术在麻醉深度监测相关领域的研究进展,指出了应用功能近红外光谱进行麻醉深度监测研究的可能途径,并阐述了亟待解决的重大问题和发展前景。     

Effect of polarization on focal depth in high numerical apertures optical systems

The generalized cylindrical vector beam is just a linear combination of radial and azimuthal polarization. For radially polarized light in the focal plane, there are two electric field components, the radial component and z-component whose magnitude increase with the increase of numerical aperture. By contrast, for azimuthally polarized light in the focal plane, there is only one electrical field component in the azimuthal polarization, it is easy to understand the difference between the two polarization effects. In this paper, we demonstrate how this phenomenon can be harnessed to make a properly selected polarization component to achieve high focal depth in high numerical aperture systems. Numerical simulations show that the evolution of the focal shape is very considerable by changing polarization rotation angle of the generalized cylindrical vector beam. And some interesting focal spots and focal split may occur. And if the ratio of radial and azimuthal polarization is set properly by changing the polarization rotation angle, a largest focal depth is achieved. The tunable range of the focal depth is very considerable. The ratio of radial and azimuthal polarization is different in different NA optical system for obtaining the largest focal depth. We will denote a technique of polarization-assisted high focal depth in high numerical aperture systems.