分辨率对大气中痕量污染气体的DOAS测量性能影响研究

在差分吸收光谱(DOAS)测量过程中,光谱分辨率的选择直接决定了污染气体浓度的测量准确度.主要研究了光谱分辨率对污染气体被榆测到的特征吸收结构形状的影响,以及差分吸收截面随分辨率的变化趋势,从而确定了光谱分辨率对污染气体最低可检测浓度的影响,通过研究分辨率与光强的关系,确定了分辨率与信噪比(S/N)的函数关系式,得出了DOAS测量NO2,O3,和SO2的最佳信噪比范围,对多种污染物标准气体进行了同时监测,计算出标准气体在不同光谱分辨率下的测量误差,确定了对NO2,O3和SO2监测的最适用的分辨率范围.在此分辨率范围既能够实现对痕量气体的准确定性定量测量,又能达到测量所需要的高灵敏度,强选择性和适用的时间分辨率.通过在北京丰台区的实际监测得到了与点式仪器测量结果很好的一致性.     

Image resolution and sensitivity in an environmental transmission electron microscope

An environmental transmission electron microscope provides unique means for the atomic-scale exploration of nanomaterials during the exposure to a reactive gas environment. Here we examine conditions to obtain such in situ observations in the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) mode with an image resolution of 0.10nm. This HRTEM image resolution threshold is mapped out under different gas conditions, including gas types and pressures, and under different electron optical settings, including electron beam energies, doses and dose-rates. The 0.10nm resolution is retainable for H(2) at 1-10mbar. Even for N(2), the 0.10nm resolution threshold is reached up to at least 10mbar. The optimal imaging conditions are determined by the electron beam energy and the dose-rate as well as an image signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio that is consistent with Rose's criterion of S/N≥5. A discussion on the electron-gas interactions responsible for gas-induced resolution deterioration is given based on interplay with complementary electron diffraction (ED), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) as well as electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) data.     

Spectroscopic exploration of atomic scale superfluidity in doped helium nanoclusters

We present high resolution spectra of He(N)-OCS clusters with N up to 39 in the microwave and 72 in the infrared regions, observed with apparatus-limited line widths of about 15 kHz and 0.001 cm(-1), respectively. The derived rotational constant, B (proportional to the inverse moment of inertia), passes through a minimum at N=9, then rises due to onset of superfluid effects, and exhibits broad oscillations with maxima at N=24, 47 and minima at 36, 62. We interpret these unexpected oscillations as a manifestation of the aufbau of a nonclassical helium solvation shell structure. These results bridge an important part of the gap between individual molecules and bulk matter with atom by atom resolution, providing new insight into microscopic superfluidity and a critical challenge for theory.     

Precise force measurement over 6 decades applying the resonator-internal photoelastic effect

Mechanical forces can be measured over a range of 6 decades by applying the photoelastic effect inside the laser cavity. Our experiments with a modular test setup (633nm) demonstrate proportional force-to-frequency conversion from 1·10^–4N up to 80N with the noise equivalent resolution of 3·10^–5N. The frequency response of our test setup was established from dc up to some kilohertz. Measurement range and resolution can be extended to 10^–6N or smaller values by applying improved laser stabilization and miniaturizing cavity length and size of photoelastic material. The upper limit of the scale factor is calculated to be of the order of 25MHz/N.     

分辨率对DOAS测量二硫化碳影响的研究

差分光学吸收光谱技术(DOAS)由于易操作,耗费低,且具有高准确性和高分辨率等优点,非常适合对大气中难闻的有毒气体二硫化碳(CS₂)进行实时监测。在DOAS测量过程中,分辨率的选择直接决定了CS₂测量准确度。文章主要研究了分辨率对CS₂被检测到的特征吸收结构形状的影响,以及CS₂差分吸收截面随分辨率的变化趋势,从而确定了分辨率对CS₂的最低可检测浓度的影响。通过研究分辨率与光强的关系,确定了分辨率与信噪比(S/N)的函数关系式,得出了DOAS测量CS₂的最佳信噪比范围为0.41～0.50 nm(FWHM)。在此范围既能够实现对CS₂的准确定性定量分析(五种标样线性相关性r＝0.999 9,测量10次的相对标准偏差小于0.3％),又能达到对CS₂测量所需要的高灵敏度,高选择性和适用的时间分辨率同时保证了CS₂具有区别于其他物质的特征吸收结构。最后对北京市丰台区的CS₂进行了实时、连续地监测, 取得了良好的效果。     

一种新的提高CCD成像分辨率的方法

提高数字图像的分辨率一直是一个热门话题,在现代高技术战争中发挥着重要的作用。从CCD成像原理出发,分析了1／2像素错位的低分辨率图像与高分辨率图像各像素灰度值之间的对应关系,提出了一种新的提高CCD成像分辨率的方法。通过多次移动CCD获得多幅低分辨率图像,按照介绍的算法合成一幅高分辨率图像,达到了CCD分辨率提高多倍的目的,算法的本质是使一超定解多元方程组变成有唯一解的方程组。通过仿真实验和分析表明：所建立的提高分辨率的方法是正确的,分辨率可以提高2倍、3倍甚至更高在理论上是可行的,而计算时间的复杂度远远小于其它方法。     

基于立体像素匹配的图像重构技术研究

为了解决目前全景成像技术中分辨率低的问题,提出了一种新的基于3D场景立体像素光线映射的全景图像计算机重构技术.在全景成像技术中,3D场景的每个立体像素点经全景成像系统的编码系统分别映射在一定区域的多个体元素图像的不同像素点上.在计算机重构全景图像时,根据逆光学路径原理,提出了从立体像素映射到的体元素图像区域中提取对应立体像素的多个2D像素点来重构全景图像,使重构的全景图像最大分辨率可达到传统成像方法图像分辨率的N倍（N为映射区域面积）.提出的立体像素的匹配技术大大提高了重构的计算机全景图像分辨率.     

Super-resolution and super-sensitivity of entangled squeezed vacuum state using optimal detection strategy

Interference metrology is a method for achieving high precision detection by phase estimation. The phase sensitivity of a traditional interferometer is subject to the standard quantum limit, while its resolution is constrained by the Rayleigh diffraction limit. The resolution and sensitivity of phase measurement can be enhanced by using quantum metrology. We propose a quantum interference metrology scheme using the entangled squeezed vacuum state, which is obtained using the magic beam splitter, expressed as |ψ〉=(|ξ〉|0〉+|0〉|ξ〉)/(2+2/coshr)~(1/2), such as the N00 N state. We derive the phase sensitivity and the resolution of the system with Z detection, project detection, and parity detection. By simulation and analysis, we determine that parity detection is an optimal detection method, which can break through the Rayleigh diffraction limit and the standard quantum limit.     

Very fast magic angle spinning (1)H-(14)N 2D solid-state NMR: sub-micro-liter sample data collection in a few minutes

Substantial resolution and sensitivity enhancements of solid-state (1)H detected (14)N HMQC NMR spectra at very fast MAS rates up to 80 kHz, in a 1mm MAS rotor, are presented. Very fast MAS enhances the (1)H transverse relaxation time and efficiently decouples the (1)H-(14)N interactions, both effects leading to resolution enhancement. The micro-coil contributes to the sensitivity increase via strong (14)N rf fields and high sensitivity per unit volume. (1)H-(14)N HMQC 2D spectra of glycine and glycyl-L-alanine at 70 kHz MAS at 11.7 T are observed in a few minutes with a sample volume of 0.8 μL.     

Evaluation of cross-correlation effects and measurement of one-bond couplings in proteins with short transverse relaxation times

Various strategies are described and compared for measurement of one-bond J(NH) and J(NC') splittings in larger proteins. In order to evaluate the inherent resolution obtainable in the various experiments, relaxation rates of (15)N-(1)H(N) coupled and heteronuclear decoupled resonances were measured at 600- and 800-MHz field strengths for both perdeuterated and protonated proteins. A comparison of decay rates for the two (15)N-?H(N)? doublet components shows average ratios of 4.8 and 3.5 at 800- and 600-MHz (1)H frequency, respectively, in the perdeuterated proteins. For the protonated proteins these ratios are 3.2 (800 MHz) and 2.4 (600 MHz). Relative to the regular HSQC experiment, the enhancement in TROSY (15)N resolution is 2.6 (perdeuterated; 800 MHz), 2.0 (perdeuterated; 600 MHz), 2.1 (protonated; 800 MHz), and 1.7 (protonated; 600 MHz). For the (1)H dimension, the upfield (1)H(N)-?(15)N? component on average relaxes slower than the downfield (1)H(N)-?(15)N? component by a factor of 1.8 (perdeuterated; 800 MHz) and 1.6 (perdeuterated; 600 MHz). The poor resolution for the upfield (15)N-?(1)H? doublet component in slowly tumbling proteins makes it advantageous to derive the J(NH) splitting from the difference in frequency between the narrow downfield (15)N doublet component and either the (1)H-decoupled (15)N resonance or the peak position in an experiment which J-scales the frequency of the upfield doublet component but maintains some of the advantages of the TROSY experiment.     

Al3O3N纳米线的制备与表征

在H2+Ar混合气氛中加入少许N2+O2气氛，采用直流电弧等离子体法制备了Al3O3N纳米线.用XRD，SEM，TEM，HRTEM测定了纳米线的成分、形貌特征、显微结构等.Al3O3N纳米线直径分布为25—110nm，长度达55μm.Al3O3N纳米线是尖晶石结构.另外，对Al3O3N纳米线的生长机理进行了研究. 关键词： 纳米线 等离子体 纳米结构陶瓷 尖晶石结构     

Sub-Rayleigh imaging via N-photon detection

The Rayleigh diffraction bound sets the minimum separation for two point objects to be distinguishable in a conventional imaging system. We demonstrate sub-Rayleigh resolution by scanning a focused beam--in an arbitrary, object-covering pattern that is unknown to the imager--and using N-photon photodetection implemented with a single-photon avalanche detector array. Experiments show resolution improvement by a factor ～(N-N(max))(?) beyond the Rayleigh bound, where N(max) is the maximum average detected photon number in the image, in good agreement with theory.     

Intensity perception. XIII. Perceptual anchor model of context-coding

In our preliminary theory of intensity resolution [e.g., see N. I. Durlach and L. D. Braida, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 46, 372-383 (1969)], two modes of memory operation are postulated: the trace mode and the context-coding mode. In this paper, we present a revised model of the context-coding mode which describes explicitly a process by which sensations are coded relative to the context and which predicts a resolution edge effect [L. D. Braida and N. I. Durlach, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 51, 483-502 (1972); J. E. Berliner, L. D. Braida, and N. I. Durlach, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 61, 1256-1267 (1977)]. The sensation arising from a given stimulus presentation is coded by determining its distance from internal references or perceptual anchors. The noise in this process, combined with the sensation noise, constitutes the limitation on resolution in the model. In the revised model the probability density functions of the decision variable are not precisely Gaussian (and cannot be expressed analytically in closed form). This paper outlines the predictions of the model for one-interval paradigms and for fixed-level two-interval paradigms and derives estimates of the values of model parameters.     

基于合成频率步进线性调频信号的合成孔径激光雷达成像

为解决合成孔径激光雷达(SAL)所需高重复频率大带宽相干光源问题,提出了合成频率步进线性调频信号(SFSCS)的方案,并进行了基于SFSCS信号SAL(SFSCS-SAL)的成像理论和实验演示研究。采用多台独立的窄带宽高重复频率线性调频激光器构成SFSCS信号,给出了SFSCS-SAL的成像数据方程和图像形成方法。理论分析表明:在一定条件下,SFSCS-SAL的成像处理与常规SAL相同;但是,与单个子脉冲激光器SAL相比,SFSCS-SAL的距离向成像分辨率提高至少N倍(N为构成SFSCS的独立激光器数目)。实验演示中,利用一台1550nm波段的线性调波长激光器,通过光学斩波的方法模拟生成了子脉冲数为3的SFSCS信号。以此SFSCS信号作为探测光源,建立了SFSCS-SAL实验装置,对强散射目标和弱散射扩展目标,均实现了高分辨率成像。实验结果与理论分析一致。     

J-modulated TROSY experiment extends the limits of homonuclear coupling measurements for larger proteins.

This paper describes the use of a TROSY experimental scheme and its variant extended with a scaled J-modulation spin-echo sequence for accurate and sensitive measurement of homonuclear 3J(H(N)H(alpha)) coupling constants in larger proteins with uniform 15N labeling. Exclusive selection of the most slowly relaxing component of a 15N-1H multiplet by the TROSY approach leads to substantial improvement in resolution; this is a prerequisite for accurate measurement of couplings from the 1H multiplets directly along the 1H frequency dimension or from the J-scaled doublets along the 15N frequency dimension.     

偏振共焦扫描激光显微镜的成像特性研究

讨论了共焦扫描激光显微镜的纵向分辩率和信噪比对三维成像能力的影响, 给出了纵向分辨率极限的判据, 提出了旨在提高信噪比进而获取强表面反射或弱散射物体以及偏振物体的显微结构图像的偏振共焦扫描激光显微镜     

利用对称位移脉冲改善分辨率-IMPRESS HMBC

众所周知异核二维实验在中、小分子的结构确定中非常重要. 例如¹H与¹³C/¹⁵N异核远程相关无疑是连接分子中孤立结构碎片及季碳的最有利的工具. 然而，在间接检测的异核二维实验中，间接检测域-异核维的太低分辨率一直是困扰着化学家的主要问题. 过去在有限的采样时间内提高分辨率的方法主要有线性预测、带选择脉冲和控制好的折叠3种方法. 文中介绍一种最新开发出的利用Hadamard激发雕刻的方法. 借助Varian核磁共振系统的高品质射频系统和灵活的软件工具, 用户可以方便的实施新的激发雕 刻方案，极大地改善gHMBC实验的F₁分辨率.     

表面钝化前后Al0.22Ga0.78N/GaN异质结势垒层应变的高温特性

用高分辨X射线衍射仪(HRXRD)研究了表面钝化前后Al_0.22Ga_0.78N/ GaN异质结势垒层应变的高温特性，温度变化范围从室温到813K.结果表明，对未钝化的异质 结，当测试温度高于523K时，Al_0.22Ga_0.78N势垒层开始出现应变 弛豫；钝化后，在Al_0.22Ga_0.78N势垒层中会产生一个附加的平面 拉伸应变，并随着温度的增加，势垒层中的平面拉伸应变会呈现出一个初始的增加，接着应 变将减小，对100nm厚的Al_0.22Ga_0.78N势垒层，应变只是轻微地减 小，但对于50nm厚的Al_0.22Ga_0.78N势垒层，则出现了严重的应变 弛豫现象. 关键词： 0.22Ga_0.78N/GaN异质结')" href="#">Al_0.22Ga_0.78N/GaN异质结 应变 3 N₄钝化')" href="#">Si₃ N₄钝化 高温XRD     

Raman spectroscopy of small para-H2 clusters formed in cryogenic free jets

Small para-H2 clusters (pH2)N with N=2,...,8 have been identified by Raman spectroscopy in cryogenic free jets of the pure gas, near the Q(0) Raman line of the H2 monomer. The high resolution in space, time, and number size makes it possible to follow their growth kinetics with distance from the orifice. At lower source temperatures liquid clusters appear early in the expansion and then undergo a gradual phase transition to the solid state. The technique is very promising for exploring superfluidity in pure (pH2)N clusters.     

双狭缝透射光栅软X光时空分辨谱仪

 利用双狭缝、透射光栅配亚仟X光条纹相机做了具有一维空间、时间和能谱分辨的三维软X光测量仪器(双狭缝透射光栅软X光时空分辨谱仪), 并成功地获得了金盘靶的N带X光(中心波长1.7nm)时空分辨图象 。该仪器空间分辨可达23μm, 时间分辨可达003ns, 能谱分辨(当源大小为100～300μm时对波长1.7nm的X光)可达0.4～ 0.7nm, 只需稍加改动, 即可用于其它波段的X光测量。