光电倍增管的噪声分析和建模

着重讨论光电倍增管的噪声来源、不同噪声源的噪声特征。为了便于实际应用,借助于光电子学和电子学分析方法,建立光电倍增管的噪声模型。这有利于应用光电倍增管探测更加微弱的信号,也有利于从微弱信号中提取研究对象的真实信息。     

The resolution of photo-multipliers in scintillation spectrometers

The resolution of scintillation spectrometers for -rays is influenced by several factors. In this paper a method for separately judging the individual factors is discussed. The influence of statistical processes in the photo-multiplier and the possibility of improving the resolution of the scintillation spectrometer by choosing the most suitable photo-multiplier and its working parameters is particularly studied.     

A high-resolution high-speed data acquisition system based on an IBM-PC 486, for control of a Fourier transform spectrometer

The mini-computer and control electronics of a Bruker 113v Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS), capable of 0.03 cm^–1 resolution for frequencies up to 4000cm^–1, have been replaced by an inexpensive IBM-PC 486-based system. The original performance is exceeded. JCAMP-DX standard is used for data exchange. The system can be adapted to any FTS or similar instrument which requires time domain data acquisition.     

Solid state NMR study of carbon bonding in amorphous hydrogenated carbon films

Carbon bonding environments in hydrogenated amorphous carbon films (a-C:H) deposited from an rf-biased methane plasma onto various substrates have been quantified by application of solid state¹³C NMR. A family of films were prepared by systematically varying the substrate bias voltage. Quantitative data on carbon chemistry in these films is required for modeling the impact of structure on mechanical and optical properties. A variety of NMR acquisition pulse sequences have been investigated to determine the conditions under which quantitative¹³C NMR data can be acquired in this system. The results indicate that data acquisition from this material requires different protocols than for the study of polymeric hydrocarbon films. With proper experimental design, NMR is an excellent technique for structural studies of these materials.     

CSRe的 Schottky束流诊断系统的研制

 介绍了Schottky信号的产生原理。研制了CSRe的Schottky束流诊断系统,该系统由一对平行的Schottky电极板、四分之一波螺旋谐振腔、低噪声放大器及数据获取系统组成。利用能量为481.88 MeV/u的⁷⁸Kr³⁶⁺束流对Schottky束流诊断系统进行灵敏度测试。结果表明该系统能够测量流强大于82 nA的束流。     

真空光电探测器件的发展动向及其应用

真空光电探测器件的发展动向及其应用陈举忠（南京电子器件研究所，２１００１６）［摘要］介绍光电倍增管、高灵敏度高分辨率视像管、ＥＢＣＣＤ／像增强器、条纹管类光电探测器的发展现状及其应用。关键词：光电探测器，光电倍增管，视像管，条纹管ＴＨＥＤＥＶＥＬＯＰ...     

A data acquisition system based on digital signal processors for a setup with the detecting of coincident events

A setup is described for detecting several charged and neutral particles in coincidence and determining their energy and time parameters. The CAEN DT5742 (DT5720) desktop digitizer based on a digital signal processor is chosen as a central element of the data acquisition system. Using measurements of the parameters of secondary particles in the d + ²H → ²He + ²n reaction as an example, it is shown that this configuration allows all necessary information to be collected using a minimal set of electronic units, while the processing of digitized signals offers broad opportunities for interpreting the obtained data.     

Images of triple gas electron multiplier with pixel-pads

Testing of a triple gas electron multiplier (GEM) with pixel-pads is described. Images by scanning and suspending radioactive sources were obtained by using 96 channels digital data acquisition (DAQ) system which was composed of 96 8× 8~mm² pads and associated electronics channels.     

有关光电倍加管中的几个问题

本文简要叙述了射线的探测技术对光电倍加管的各种要求,以及管子的基本参数与应用的关系,综合了近年来文献中与此有关的光阴极、二次极和结构方面的工作情况。在阴极方面介绍了锑-铯、锑-钾-钠-铯光阴极和新的反射式锑-铯光阴极。在二次极方面介绍了锑-铯二次极和银-镁、铝-镁合金二次极等。在结构方面介绍了光阴极到第一个二次极区域的电子光学输入部分的结构和二次发射倍增系统的结构。本文还初步讨论了光阴极、二次极及管型结构方面的若干改进意见。     

Multiple-gate time domain diffuse fluorescence tomography allows more sparse tissue sampling without compromising image quality

Diffuse fluorescence tomography systems that employ highly sensitive photo-multiplier tubes for single-photon detection are pushing the sensitivity limits of the field. However, each of these detectors only offers a single data projection to be collected, implying these imaging systems either require many detectors or long scan times to collect full data sets for image reconstruction. This study presents a method of utilizing the time-resolved collection capabilities of time-correlated single-photon counting techniques to increase spatial resolution and to reduce the number of data projections to produce reliable fluorescence reconstructions. Experimental tissue phantom results demonstrate that using data at 10 time gates in the fluorescence reconstructions for only 40 data projections provided superior image accuracy when compared to reconstructions on 320 continuous-wave data projections.     

便携式多通道数据采集系统设计

在EAST全超导托卡马克核聚变放电实验中,某些信号需要低功耗、便捷的进行独立同步采集与分析;而现有的大型采集系统并不能满足此需求,所以需要设计一套低功耗的、便携式的多通道数据采集系统来保障EAST实验的顺利进行。系统具有界面友好、性能稳定等诸多优点。在LabVIE软件编程环境中,系统能够实现对多达32路信号的同步采集、实时显示、数据存储、数据分析以及历史数据回放等功能。经过实验测试,该系统运行稳定可靠,完全满足EAST实验的数据采集需求。     

Euroball: Present status and outlook

Euroball is a European project to build a highly efficient and powerful gamma-ray spectrometer for nuclear structure spectroscopy. The project is an amalgamation of recent technical advances in detectors, electronics and data acquisition. In the first phase the spectrometer consists of 30 large single crystal Ge detectors, 26 Clover Ge detectors and 15 Cluster Ge detectors each with an associated suppression shield. The 239 individual Ge detector elements will have a total photopeak efficiency ∈ _p of ≈ 10% and will enable the properties of the atomic nucleus to be studied with a sensitivity up to or better than 10^?5 of the production cross-section. The elements of the spectrometer, including the detectors, the electronics and the data acquisition system, some of the planned ancillary detectors and the first results will be presented. Several developments are under investigation for the upgrade of Euroball for its second phase. These include an inner BGO ball for multiplicity and summed energy determination and inner particle detectors for charged particle identification. These developments will also be discussed.     

A scintillator-based particle detector for CRYRING@ESR

With the unprecedented range of ion species and energies offered by the newly commissioned CRYRING facility, the availability of single ion detectors is of significant importance as part of standard instrumentation as well as for novel experiments. A detector system was constructed on the basis of the YAP:Ce crystal scintillator, which is at once radiation-hard, fast, and affordable. Results of a characterization experiment confirmed the feasibility of the setup for incident ion rates on the order of MHz and found a critical fluence of some 10¹³ cm⁻² upon which the crystal is rendered locally blind to further ion irradiation. The device was first used in CRYRING commissioning runs in August and November 2018. Future efforts will complete the integration of the detector into the GSI control and data acquisition system MBS.     

Development of system and technology for m?ssbauer spectroscopic microscope

We have been developing a “M?ssbauer Spectroscopic Microscope (MSM)” which consists of a focusing lens for 14.4?keV γ-rays and a high precision X–Y stage. The measuring system both for electrons and γ-rays combined with a new M?ssbauer driver, i.e., “a moving coil actuator with a liner encoder” enables us to measure the mapping images simultaneously corresponding to different spectral components. The system has a controlling system based on a LabVIEW program and a LIST mode data acquisition system (NIKI-GLASS/A3100). To investigate a correlation between the microstructure of a sample and ⁵⁷Fe atoms, a scanning electron microscope (APCO/Mini-EOC) is also installed to this system.     

Development and testing of a CW-EPR apparatus for imaging of short-lifetime nitroxyl radicals in mouse head

This article describes a method for reducing the acquisition time in three-dimensional (3D) continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance (CW-EPR) imaging. To visualize nitroxyl spin probes, which have a short lifetime in living organisms, the acquisition time for a data set of spectral projections should be shorter than the lifetime of the spin probes. To decrease the total time required for data acquisition, the duration of magnetic field scanning was reduced to 0.5 s. Moreover, the number of projections was decreased by using the concept of a uniform distribution. To demonstrate this faster data acquisition, two kinds of nitroxyl radicals with different decay rates were measured in mice. 3D EPR imaging of 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-d₁₇-1-¹⁵N-1-oxyl in mouse head was successfully carried out. 3D EPR imaging of nitroxyl spin probes with a half-life of a few minutes was achieved for the first time in live animals.     

Wavelength-swept optical parametric oscillator for broadband mid-infrared spectroscopy

In this work we describe a wavelength-swept continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator (OPO) for the rapid acquisition of mid-infrared spectra spanning over hundreds of wavenumbers. Rapid tuning of a ytterbium-doped fibre pump laser resulted in the OPO idler tuning over 900 cm^?1 in 3.36 ms at a resolution of 4.5 cm^?1, within a total accessible range of 2.67 to 4.34 μm (2304–3752 cm^?1). Predictable tuning characteristics allowed simple online calibration of recorded spectra for absolute mid-infrared frequency. The system thus offers a viable approach to broadband spectral acquisition in applications requiring high-radiance illumination.     

Quantitative intact specimen magnetic resonance microscopy at 3.0 T

In this report, we discuss the application of a methodology for high-contrast, high-resolution magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) of murine tissue using a 3.0-T imaging system. We employed a threefold strategy that included customized specimen preparation to maximize image contrast, three-dimensional data acquisition to minimize scan time and custom radiofrequency resonator design to maximize signal sensitivity. Images had a resolution of 100×78×78 μm³ with a signal-to-noise ratio per voxel greater than 25:1 and excellent contrast-to-noise ratios over a 30-min acquisition. We quantitatively validated the methods through comparisons of neuroanatomy across two lines of genetically engineered mice. Specifically, we were able to detect volumetric differences of as little as 9% between genetically engineered mouse strains in multiple brain regions that were predictive of underlying impairments in brain development. The overall methodology was straightforward to implement and provides ready access to basic MRM at field strengths that are widely available in both the laboratory and the clinic.     

Signal profile measurements of single- and double-volume acquisitions with image-selected in vivo spectroscopy for 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy

The volume-selection performance was studied for single- and double-volume-of-interest (VOI) acquisition with the volume-selection method image-selected in vivo spectroscopy for ³¹P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. High-resolution signal profiles were measured using a phantom simulating a brain. Inside the phantom there was a small, remotely controlled, movable signal source filled with ortho-phosphoric acid. Signal profiles of the VOI were measured in three perpendicular directions for 1VOI (single VOI) and 2VOI (double VOI) acquisition. The measured signal profiles for both acquisitions were very similar, but they showed a discrepancy with regard to the intended VOI (iVOI). The transition regions were on average 3.8 mm and the average full width at half maximum of the signal profile was 30 mm for an iVOI size of 30130130 (mm³). No displacement was observed in the signal profiles. To avoid overlapping signal profiles, the minimum separation between two iVOIs was found to be 10 mm in our magnetic resonance (MR) system. A substantial negative signal contribution from regions outside the iVOI was measured in the y-direction for 1VOI acquisition and one of the two VOIs in 2VOI acquisition. The other VOI in 2VOI acquisition exhibited only minor contamination. The measurements presented underline the importance of detailed knowledge on the volume selection performance in in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy.     

基于EtherCAT总线的串联型分布式数据采集系统设计

针对海洋工程实验室现场数据采集过程中,数据量大、测点分散、实时性要求高、数据种类不一致的问题,设计了一种基于实时工业以太网EtherCAT总线的串联式数据采集系统。从整体结构、工作原理、主站软件和从站软硬件方面详细介绍了系统的方案设计。在实验水池中,通过采集实际波浪信号对数据采集系统进行了测试。结果表明,系统性能稳定,精度高,实时性好,为分布式数据采集监控系统的研究提供了应用和技术上的参考。     

便携式数据采集控制系统的设计与实现

在狭小空间或是恶劣环境下进行数据采集,传统的数据采集设备占用空间大、传输速率慢,不方便携带。通过分析这些缺点,设计了一种基于WiFi无线网络技术的便携式的无线数据采集控制系统。整个系统包括数据采集单元、数据传输单元和数据控制单元三大部分。该数据采集控制系统能够在WiFi网络覆盖区域内,以手持Android小型终端为控制终端,以无线网络为传输通道,实时控制数据采集卡,并读取采集数据,即时数据可帮助用户更加可靠的分析实际情况,具有实际应用价值。