Tetranuclear polybipyridyl complexes of Ru(II) and Mn(II), their electro- and photo-induced transformation into di-mu-oxo Mn(III)Mn(IV) hexanuclear complexes

Three heterotetranuclear complexes, [{Ru(II)(bpy)(2)(L(n))}(3)Mn(II)](8+) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, n = 2, 4, 6), in which a Mn(II)-tris-bipyridine-like centre is covalently linked to three Ru(II)-tris-bipyridine-like moieties using bridging bis-bipyridine L(n) ligands, have been synthesised and characterised. The electrochemical, photophysical and photochemical properties of these complexes have been investigated in CH(3)CN. The cyclic voltammograms of the three complexes exhibit two successive very close one-electron metal-centred oxidation processes in the positive potential region. The first, which is irreversible, corresponds to the Mn(II)/Mn(III) redox system (E(pa) approximately 0.82 V vs Ag/Ag(+) 0.01 M in CH(3)CN-0.1 M Bu(4)NClO(4)), whereas the second which is, reversible, is associated with the Ru(II)/Ru(III) redox couple (E(1/2) approximately 0.91 V). In the negative potential region, three successive reversible four electron systems are observed, corresponding to ligand-based reduction processes. The three stable dimeric oxidized forms of the complexes, [Mn(2)(III,IV)O(2){Ru(II)(bpy)(2)(L(n))}(4)](11+), [Mn(2)(IV,IV)O(2){Ru(II)(bpy)(2)(L(n))}(4)](12+) and [Mn(2)(IV,IV)O(2){Ru(III)(bpy)(2)(L(n))}(4)](16+) are obtained in fairly good yields by sequential electrolyses after consumption of respectively 1.5, 0.5 and 3 electrons per molecule of initial tetranuclear complexes. The formation of the di-micro-oxo binuclear complexes are the result of the instability of the {[Ru(II)(bpy)(2)(L(n))](3)Mn(III)}(9+) species, which react with residual water, via a disproportionation reaction and the release of one ligand, [Ru(II)(bpy)(2)(L(n))](2+). A quantitative yield can be obtained for these reactions if the electrochemical oxidations are performed in the presence of an added external base like 2,6-dimethylpyridine. Photophysical properties of these compounds have been investigated showing that the luminescence of the Ru(II)-tris-bipyridine-like moieties is little affected by the presence of manganese within the tetranuclear complexes. A slight quenching of the excited states of the ruthenium moieties, which occurs by an intramolecular process, has been observed. Measurements made at low concentration (<1 x 10(-5) M) indicate that some decoordination of Mn(2+) arises in 1a-c. These measurements allow the calculation of the association constants for these complexes. Finally, photoinduced oxidation of the tetranuclear complexes has been performed by continuous photolysis experiments in the presence of a large excess of a diazonium salt, acting as a sacrificial oxidant. The three successive oxidation processes, Mn(II)--> Mn(III)Mn(IV), Mn(III)Mn(IV)--> Mn(IV)Mn(IV) and Ru(II)--> Ru(III) are thus obtained, the addition of 2,6-dimethylpyridine in the medium giving an essentially quantitative yield for the two first photo-induced oxidation steps as found for electrochemical oxidation.     

Synthesis, characterization, and detailed electrochemistry of binuclear ruthenium(III) complexes bridged by bisacetylacetonate. Crystal and molecular structures of [[Ru(acac)2]2(tae)] (acac = 2,4-pentanedionate ion, tae = 1,1,2,2-tetraacetylethanate dianion)

Binuclear beta-diketonatoruthenium(III) complexes [[Ru(acac)(2)](2)(tae)], [[Ru(phpa)(2)](2)(tae)], and [(acac)(2)Ru(tae)Ru(phpa)(2)] and binuclear and mononuclear bipyridine complexes [[Ru(bpy)(2)](2)(tae)](PF(6))(2) and [Ru(bpy)(2)(Htae)]PF(6) (acac = 2,4-pentanedionate ion, phpa = 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate ion, tae = 1,1,2,2-tetraacetylethanate dianion, and bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) were synthesized. The new complexes have been characterized by (1)H NMR, MS, and electronic spectral data. Crystal and molecular structures of [[Ru(acac)(2)](2)(tae)] have been solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Crystal data for the meso isomer of [[Ru(acac)(2)](2)(tae)] have been confirmed by the dihedral angle result that two acetylacetone units of the bridging tae ligand are almost perpendicular to one another. A detailed investigation on the electrochemistry of the binuclear complexes has been carried out. The electrochemical behavior details of the binuclear complexes have been compared with those of the mononuclear complexes obtained from the half-structures of the corresponding binuclear complexes. Studies on the effects of solvents on the mixed-valence states of Ru(II)-Ru(III) and Ru(III)-Ru(IV) complexes have been carried out by various voltammetric and electrospectroscopic techniques. A correlation between the comproportionation constant (K(c)) and the donor number of the solvent has been obtained. The K(c) values for the binuclear complexes have been found to be low because of the fact that two acetylacetone units of the bridging tae ligand are not in the same plane, as revealed by the crystal structure of [[Ru(acac)(2)](2)(tae)].     

Ruthenium(II)-polyazine light absorbers bridged to reactive cis-dichlororhodium(III) centers in a bimetallic molecular architecture

Bimetallic complexes of the form [(bpy)(2)Ru(BL)RhCl(2)(phen)](PF(6))(3), where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, and BL = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine (dpp) or 2,2'-bipyrimidine (bpm), were synthesized, characterized, and compared to the [{(bpy)(2)Ru(BL)}(2)RhCl(2)](PF(6))(5) trimetallic analogues. The new complexes were synthesized via the building block method, exploiting the known coordination chemistry of Rh(III) polyazine complexes. In contrast to [{(bpy)(2)Ru(dpp)}(2)RhCl(2)](PF(6))(5) and [{(bpy)(2)Ru(bpm)}(2)RhCl(2)](PF(6))(5), [(bpy)(2)Ru(dpp)RhCl(2)(phen)](PF(6))(3) and [(bpy)(2)Ru(bpm)RhCl(2)(phen)](PF(6))(3) have a single visible light absorber subunit coupled to the cis-Rh(III)Cl(2) moiety, an unexplored molecular architecture. The electrochemistry of [(bpy)(2)Ru(dpp)RhCl(2)(phen)](PF(6))(3) showed a reversible oxidation at 1.61 V (vs Ag/AgCl) (Ru(III/II)), quasi-reversible reductions at -0.39 V, -0.74, and -0.98 V. The first two reductive couples corresponded to two electrons, consistent with Rh reduction. The electrochemistry of [(bpy)(2)Ru(bpm)RhCl(2)(phen)](PF(6))(3) exhibited a reversible oxidation at 1.76 V (Ru(III/II)). A reversible reduction at -0.14 V (bpm(0/-)), and quasi-reversible reductions at -0.77 and -0.91 V each corresponded to a one electron process, bpm(0/-), Rh(III/II), and Rh(II/I). The dpp bridged bimetallic and trimetallic display Ru(dpi)-->dpp(pi*) metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transitions at 509 nm (14,700 M(-1) cm(-1)) and 518 nm (26,100 M(-1) cm(-1)), respectively. The bpm bridged bimetallic and trimetallic display Ru(dpi)-->bpm(pi*) charge transfer (CT) transitions at 581 nm (4,000 M(-1) cm(-1)) and 594 nm (9,900 M(-1) cm(-1)), respectively. The heteronuclear complexes [(bpy)(2)Ru(dpp)RhCl(2)(phen)](PF(6))(3) and [{(bpy)(2)Ru(dpp)}(2)RhCl(2)](PF(6))(5) had (3)MLCT emissions that are Ru(dpi)-->dpp(pi*) CT in nature but were red-shifted and lower intensity than [(bpy)(2)Ru(dpp)Ru(bpy)(2)](PF(6))(4). The lifetimes of the (3)MLCT state of [(bpy)(2)Ru(dpp)RhCl(2)(phen)](PF(6))(3) at room temperature (30 ns) was shorter than [(bpy)(2)Ru(dpp)Ru(bpy)(2)](PF(6))(4), consistent with favorable electron transfer to Rh(III) to generate a metal-to-metal charge-transfer ((3)MMCT) state. The reported synthetic methods provide means to a new molecular architecture coupling a single Ru light absorber to the Rh(III) center while retaining the interesting cis-Rh(III)Cl(2) moiety.     

Comparison of Physical and Photophysical Properties of Monometallic and Bimetallic Ruthenium(II) Complexes Containing Structurally Altered Diimine Ligands

The physical and photophysical properties of a series of monometallic, [Ru(bpy)(2)(dmb)](2+), [Ru(bpy)(2)(BPY)](2+), [Ru(bpy)(Obpy)](2+) and [Ru(bpy)(2)(Obpy)](2+), and bimetallic, [{Ru(bpy)(2)}(2)(BPY)](4+) and [{Ru(bpy)(2)}(2)(Obpy)](4+), complexes are examined, where bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine, dmb is 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine, BPY is 1,2-bis(4-methyl-2,2'-bipyridin-4'-yl)ethane, and Obpy is 1,2-bis(2,2'-bipyridin-6-yl)ethane. The complexes display metal-to-ligand charge transfer transitions in the 450 nm region, intraligand pi --> pi transitions at energies greater than 300 nm, a reversible oxidation of the ruthenium(II) center in the 1.25-1.40 V vs SSCE region, a series of three reductions associated with each coordinated ligand commencing at -1.3 V and ending at approximately -1.9 V, and emission from a (3)MLCT state having energy maxima between 598 and 610 nm. The Ru(III)/Ru(II) oxidation of the two bimetallic complexes is a single, two one-electron process. Relative to [Ru(bpy)(2)(BPY)](2+), the Ru(III)/Ru(II) potential for [Ru(bpy)(2)(Obpy)](2+) increases from 1.24 to 1.35 V, the room temperature emission lifetime decreases from 740 to 3 ns, and the emission quantum yield decreases from 0.078 to 0.000 23. Similarly, relative to [{Ru(bpy)(2)}(2)(BPY)](4+), the Ru(III)/Ru(II) potential for [{Ru(bpy)(2)}(2)(Obpy)](4+) increases from 1.28 to 1.32 V, the room temperature emission lifetime decreases from 770 to 3 ns, and the room temperature emission quantum yield decreases from 0.079 to 0.000 26. Emission lifetimes measured in 4:1 ethanol:methanol were temperature dependent over 90-360 K. In the fluid environment, emission lifetimes display a biexponential energy dependence ranging from 100 to 241 cm(-)(1) for the first energy of activation and 2300-4300 cm(-)(1) for the second one. The smaller energy is attributed to changes in the local matrix of the chromophores and the larger energy of activation to population of a higher energy dd state. Explanations for the variations in physical properties are based on molecular mechanics calculations which reveal that the Ru-N bond distance increases from 2.05 ? (from Ru(II) to bpy and BPY) to 2.08 ? (from Ru(II) to Obpy) and that the metal-to-metal distance increases from approximately 7.5 ? for [{Ru(bpy)(2)}(2)(Obpy)](4+) to approximately 14 ? for [{Ru(bpy)(2)}(2)(BPY)](4+).     

DNA mismatch detection by resonance energy transfer between ruthenium(II) and osmium(II) tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) chromophores

Octahedral tris-chelate complexes [M(II)(bpy)(3)](2+) (M = Ru or Os, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridyl), covalently attached to the 3'- and 5'-phosphates of two oligonucleotides, are juxtaposed when hybridized contiguously to a fully complementary DNA target. Visible metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excitation of the [Ru(II)(bpy)(3)](2+) unit leads to resonance energy transfer to the MLCT state of the [Os(II)(bpy)(3)](2+) moiety, with the energy transfer efficiency depending on the degree of hybridization. The extent of attenuation of the intense red luminescence from the Ru(II) chromophore hence allows highly sensitive structural probing of the assembly and constitutes a novel approach to DNA sensing which is capable of detecting mutations.     

Photocatalytic generation of a non-heme oxoiron(IV) complex with water as an oxygen source

The photocatalytic formation of a non-heme oxoiron(IV) complex, [(N4Py)Fe(IV)(O)](2+) [N4Py = N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-N-bis(2-pyridyl)methylamine], efficiently proceeds via electron transfer from the excited state of a ruthenium complex, [Ru(II)(bpy)(3)](2+)* (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) to [Co(III)(NH(3))(5)Cl](2+) and stepwise electron-transfer oxidation of [(N4Py)Fe(II)](2+) with 2 equiv of [Ru(III)(bpy)(3)](3+) and H(2)O as an oxygen source. The oxoiron(IV) complex was independently generated by both chemical oxidation of [(N4Py)Fe(II)](2+) with [Ru(III)(bpy)(3)](3+) and electrochemical oxidation of [(N4Py)Fe(II)](2+).     

Eilatin as a bridging ligand in ruthenium(II) complexes: synthesis,crystal structures,absorption spectra,and electrochemical properties

The potential of the heptacyclic aromatic alkaloid eilatin (1), that features two nonequivalent binding sites, to serve as a bridging ligand is reported. The nonequivalency of the binding sites allowed the selective synthesis of both mono- and dinuclear complexes. The mononuclear Ru(II) complexes [Ru(dmbpy)(2)(eilatin)](2+) (2) and [Ru(tmbpy)(2)(eilatin)](2+) (3) in which eilatin selectively binds "head-on" were synthesized and employed as building blocks in the synthesis of the dinuclear complexes [[Ru(dmbpy)(2)](2)(mu-eilatin)](4+) (4) and [[Ru(tmbpy)(2)](2)(mu-eilatin)](4+) (5). Complete structure elucidation of the complexes in solution was accomplished by 1D and 2D NMR techniques. The X-ray structures of the mononuclear complex 3 and of the two dinuclear complexes 4 and 5 were solved, and absorption spectra and electrochemical properties of the complexes were explored. Both dinuclear complexes formed as racemic mixtures in a 3:1 diastereoisomeric ratio, the major isomer being the heterochiral one (Delta Lambda/Lambda Delta) as revealed by crystallography. The mononuclear complexes feature an exceptionally low energy MLCT band around 600 nm that shifted to over 700 nm upon the binding of the second Ru(II) center. The mononuclear complexes show one reversible oxidation and several reversible reduction waves, the first two reductions being substantially anodically shifted in comparison with [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+), attributed to the reduction of eilatin, and consistent with its low lying pi* orbital. The dinuclear complexes follow the same reduction trend, exhibiting several reversible reduction waves, and two reversible well-resolved metal centered oxidations due to the nonequivalent binding sites and to a significant metal-metal interaction mediated by the bridging eilatin.     

Efficient energy transfer via the cyanide bridge in dinuclear complexes containing Ru(II) polypyridine moieties

We report the synthesis, structure and properties of the cyanide-bridged dinuclear complex ions [Ru(L)(bpy)(μ-NC)M(CN)(5)](2-/-) (L = tpy, 2,2';6',2'-terpyridine, or tpm, tris(1-pyrazolyl)methane, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, M = Fe(II), Fe(III), Cr(III)) and the related monomers [Ru(L)(bpy)X](2+) (X = CN(-) and NCS(-)). All the monomeric compounds are weak MLCT emitters (λ = 650-715 nm, ? ≈ 10(-4)). In the Fe(II) and Cr(III) dinuclear systems, the cyanide bridge promotes efficient energy transfer between the Ru-centered MLCT state and a Fe(II)- or Cr(III)-centered d-d state, which results either in a complete quenching of luminescence or in a narrow red emission (λ ≈ 820 nm, ? ≈ 10(-3)) respectively. In the case of Fe(III) dinuclear systems, an electron transfer quenching process is also likely to occur.     

Synthesis, structure and spectral and redox properties of new mixed ligand monomeric and dimeric Ru(II) complexes: predominant formation of the "cis-alpha" diastereoisomer and unusual 3MC emission by dimeric complexes

The tetradentate ligands 1,8-bis(pyrid-2-yl)-3,6-dithiaoctane (pdto) and 1,8-bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)-3,6-dithiaoctane (bbdo) form the complexes [Ru(pdto)(mu-Cl)](2)(ClO(4))(2) 1 and [Ru(bbdo)(mu-Cl)](2)(ClO(4))(2) 2 respectively. The new di-mu-chloro dimers 1 and 2 undergo facile symmetrical bridge cleavage reactions with the diimine ligands 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) and dipyridylamine (dpa) to form the six-coordinate complexes [Ru(pdto)(bpy)](ClO(4))(2) 3, [Ru(bbdo)(bpy)](ClO(4))(2) 4, [Ru(pdto)(dpa)](ClO(4))(2) 5 and [Ru(bbdo)(dpa)](ClO(4))(2) 6 and with the triimine ligand 2,2':6,2'-terpyridine (terpy) to form the unusual seven-coordinate complexes [Ru(pdto)(terpy)](ClO(4))(2) 7 and [Ru(bbdo)(terpy)](ClO(4))(2) 8. In 1 the dimeric cation [Ru(pdto)(mu-Cl)](2)(2+) is made up of two approximately octahedrally coordinated Ru(II) centers bridged by two chloride ions, which constitute a common edge between the two Ru(II) octahedra. Each ruthenium is coordinated also to two pyridine nitrogen and two thioether sulfur atoms of the tetradentate ligand. The ligand pdto is folded around Ru(II) as a result of the cis-dichloro coordination, which corresponds to a "cis-alpha" configuration [DeltaDelta/LambdaLambda(rac) diastereoisomer] supporting the possibility of some attractive pi-stacking interactions between the parallel py rings at each ruthenium atom. The ruthenium atom in the complex cations 3a and 4 exhibit a distorted octahedral coordination geometry composed of two nitrogen atoms of the bpy and the two thioether sulfur and two py/bzim nitrogen atoms of the pdto/bbdo ligand, which is actually folded around Ru(II) to give a "cis-alpha" isomer. The molecule of complex 5 contains a six-coordinated ruthenium atom chelated by pdto and dpa ligands in the expected distorted octahedral fashion. The (1)H and (13)C NMR spectral data of the complexes throw light on the nature of metal-ligand bonding and the conformations of the chelate rings, which indicates that the dithioether ligands maintain their tendency to fold themselves even in solution. The bis-mu-chloro dimers 1 and 2 show a spin-allowed but Laporte-forbidden t(2g)(6)((1)A(1g))--> t(2g)(5) e(g)(1)((1)T(1g), (1)T(2g)) d-d transition. They also display an intense Ru(II) dpi--> py/bzim (pi*) metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition. The mononuclear complexes 3-8 exhibit dpi-->pi* MLCT transitions in the range 340-450 nm. The binuclear complexes 1 and 2 exhibit a ligand field ((3)MC) luminescence even at room temperature, whereas the mononuclear complexes 3 and 4 show a ligand based radical anion ((3)MLCT) luminescence. The binuclear complexes 1 and 2 undergo two successive oxidation processes corresponding to successive Ru(II)/Ru(III) couples, affording a stable mixed-valence Ru(II)Ru(III) state (K(c): 1, 3.97 x 10(6); 2, 1.10 x 10(6)). The mononuclear complexes 3-7 exhibit only one while 8 shows two quasi-reversible metal-based oxidative processes. The coordinated 'soft' thioether raises the redox potentials significantly by stabilising the 'soft' Ru(II) oxidation state. One or two ligand-based reduction processes were also observed for the mononuclear complexes.     

Spectroelectrochemical studies on mixed-valence states in a cyanide-bridged molecular square, [Ru(II)(2)Fe(II)(2)(mu-CN)(4)(bpy)(8)](PF6)(4).CHCl(3).H(2)O

A cyanide-bridged molecular square of [Ru(II) (2)Fe(II) (2)(mu-CN)(4)(bpy)(8)](PF(6))(4).CHCl(3).H(2)O, abbreviated as [Ru(II) (2)Fe(II) (2)](PF(6))(4), has been synthesised and electrochemically generated mixed-valence states have been studied by spectroelectrochemical methods. The complex cation of [Ru(II) (2)Fe(II) (2)](4+) is nearly a square and is composed of alternate Ru(II) and Fe(II) ions bridged by four cyanide ions. The cyclic voltammogram (CV) of [Ru(II) (2)Fe(II) (2)](PF(6))(4) in acetonitrile showed four quasireversible waves at 0.69, 0.94, 1.42 and 1.70 V (vs. SSCE), which correspond to the four one-electron redox processes of [Ru(II) (2)Fe(II) (2)](4+) right arrow over left arrow [Ru(II) (2)Fe(II)Fe(III)] (5+) right arrow over left arrow [Ru(II) (2)Fe(III) (2)](6+) right arrow over left arrow [Ru(II)Ru(III)Fe(III) (2)](7+) right arrow over left arrow [Ru(III) (2)Fe(III) (2)](8+). Electrochemically generated [Ru(II) (2)Fe(II)Fe(III)](5+) and [Ru(II) (2)Fe(III) (2)](6+) showed new absorption bands at 2350 nm (epsilon =5500 M(-1) cm(-1)) and 1560 nm (epsilon =10 500 M(-1) cm(-1)), respectively, which were assigned to the intramolecular IT (intervalence transfer) bands from Fe(II) to Fe(III) and from Ru(II) to Fe(III) ions, respectively. The electronic interaction matrix elements (H(AB)) and the degrees of electronic delocalisation (alpha(2)) were estimated to be 1090 cm(-1) and 0.065 for the [Ru(II) (2)Fe(II)Fe(III) (2)](5+) state and 1990 cm(-1) and 0.065 for the [Ru(II) (2)Fe(III) (2)](6+) states.     

Photoinduced energy- and electron-transfer processes in dinuclear Ru(II)-Os(II), Ru(II)-Os(III), and Ru(III)-Os(II) trisbipyridine complexes containing a shape-persistent macrocyclic spacer.

The PF6- salt of the dinuclear [(bpy)2Ru(1)Os(bpy)2]4+ complex, where 1 is a phenylacetylene macrocycle which incorporates two 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) chelating units in opposite sites of its shape-persistent structure, was prepared. In acetonitrile solution, the Ru- and Os-based units display their characteristic absorption spectra and electrochemical properties as in the parent homodinuclear compounds. The luminescence spectrum, however, shows that the emission band of the Ru(II) unit is almost completely quenched with concomitant sensitization of the emission of the Os(II) unit. Electronic energy transfer from the Ru(II) to the Os(II) unit takes place by two distinct processes (k(en) = 2.0x10(8) and 2.2x10(7) s(-1) at 298 K). Oxidation of the Os(II) unit of [(bpy)2Ru(1)Os(bpy)2]4+ by Ce(IV) or nitric acid leads quantitatively to the [(bpy)2Ru(II)(1)Os(III)(bpy)2]5+ complex which exhibits a bpy-to-Os(III) charge-transfer band at 720 nm (epsilon(max) = 250 M(-1) cm(-1)). Light excitation of the Ru(II) unit of [(bpy)2Ru(II)(1)Os(III)(bpy)2]5+ is followed by electron transfer from the Ru(II) to the Os(III) unit (k(el,f) = 1.6x10(8) and 2.7x10(7) s(-1)), resulting in the transient formation of the [(bpy)2Ru(III)(1)Os(II)(bpy)2]5+ complex. The latter species relaxes to the [(bpy)2Ru(II)(1)Os(III)(bpy)2]5+ one by back electron transfer (k(el,b) = 9.1x10(7) and 1.2x10(7) s(-1)). The biexponential decays of the [(bpy)2*Ru(II)(1)Os(II)(bpy)2]4+, [(bpy)2*Ru(II)(1)Os(III)(bpy)2]5+, and [(bpy)2Ru(III)(1)Os(II)(bpy)2]5+ species are related to the presence of two conformers, as expected because of the steric hindrance between hydrogen atoms of the pyridine and phenyl rings. Comparison of the results obtained with those previously reported for other Ru-Os polypyridine complexes shows that the macrocyclic ligand 1 is a relatively poor conducting bridge.     

Electrochromic hysteresis performance of a prussian blue film arising from electron-transfer control by a tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II)-doped WO(3) film as studied by a spectrocyclic voltammetry technique

A [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine)-doped WO(3) film was prepared as a base layer on a substrate by cathodic electrodeposition from a colloidal triad solution containing peroxotungstic acid (PTA), [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+), and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS). A Prussian blue (PB; Fe(II)-Fe(III)) film was cathodically electrodeposited on the [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+)-doped WO(3) film or neat WO(3) film from an aqueous Berlin brown (BB; Fe(III)-Fe(III)) colloid solution to yield a [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+)-doped WO(3)/PB bilayer film or WO(3)/PB bilayer film. For the spectrocyclic voltammogram (SCV) of the WO(3)/PB film, a redox response of Prussian white (PW; Fe(II)-Fe(II))/PB was observed at 0.11 V, however, further oxidation of PB to BB was not allowed by the interfacial n-type Schottky barrier between the WO(3) and PB layers. For the [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+)-doped WO(3)/PB film, any electrochemical response assigned to the redox of PB was not observed in the cyclic voltammogram, however, the in situ absorption spectral change recorded simultaneously showed the significant redox reactions based on PB. The SCV revealed that PW on the [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+)-doped WO(3) film is completely oxidized to PB by a geared reaction of Ru(II)/Ru(III) at 1.05 V, and that 32 % of PB formed is further oxidized to BB by the same geared reaction in the potential scan to 1.5 V. PB was completely re-reduced to PW by a geared reaction of H(x)WO(3)/WO(3) at -0.5 V in the reductive potential scan. These geared electrochemical reactions produced an electrochromic hysteresis performance of the PB film layered on the [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+)-doped WO(3) film.     

Characterization of low energy charge transfer transitions in (terpyridine)(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) complexes and their cyanide-bridged bi- and tri-metallic analogues

The lowest energy metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) absorption bands found in ambient solutions of a series of [Ru(tpy)(bpy)X](m+) complexes (tpy = 2,2':3',2'-terpyridine; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; and X = a monodentate ancillary ligand) feature one or two partly resolved weak absorptions (bands I and/or II) on the low energy side of their absorption envelopes. Similar features are found for the related cyanide-bridged bi- and trimetallic complexes. However, the weak absorption band I of [(bpy)(2)Ru{CNRu(tpy)(bpy)}(2)](4+) is missing in its [(bpy)(2)Ru{NCRu(tpy)(bpy)}(2)](4+) linkage isomer demonstrating that this feature arises from a Ru(II)/tpy MLCT absorption. The energies of the MLCT band I components of the [Ru(tpy)(bpy)X](m+) complexes are proportional to the differences between the potentials for the first oxidation and the first reduction waves of the complexes. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) computational modeling indicates that these band I components correspond to the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) transition, with the HOMO being largely ruthenium-centered and the LUMO largely tpy-centered. The most intense contribution to a lowest energy MLCT absorption envelope (band III) of these complexes corresponds to the convolution of several orbitally different components, and its absorption maximum has an energy that is about 5000 cm(-1) higher than that of band I. The multimetallic complexes that contain Ru(II) centers linked by cyanide have mixed valence excited states in which more than 10% of electronic density is delocalized between the nearest neighbor ruthenium centers, and the corresponding stabilization energy contributions in the excited states are indistinguishable from those of the corresponding ground states. Single crystal X-ray structures and computational modeling indicate that the Ru-(C≡N)-Ru linkage is quite flexible and that there is not an appreciable variation in electronic structure or energy among the conformational isomers.     

Mononuclear and dinuclear complexes of dibenzoeilatin: synthesis, structure, and electrochemical and photophysical properties

This work describes a study of Ru(II) and Os(II) polypyridyl complexes of the symmetrical, fused-aromatic bridging ligand dibenzoeilatin (1). The synthesis, purification, and structural characterization by NMR of the mononuclear complexes [Ru(bpy)(2)(dbneil)](2+) (2), [Ru(tmbpy)(2)(dbneil)](2+) (3), and [Os(bpy)(2)(dbneil)](2+) (4), the homodinuclear complexes [[Ru(bpy)(2)](2)[micro-dbneil]](4+) (5), [[Ru(tmbpy)(2)](2)[micro-dbneil]](4+) (6), and [[Os(bpy)(2)](2)[micro-dbneil]](4+) (7), and the heterodinuclear complex [[Ru(bpy)(2)][micro-dbneil][Os(bpy)(2)]](4+) (8) are described, along with the crystal structures of 4, 6, and 7. Absorption spectra of the mononuclear complexes feature a low-lying MLCT band around 600 nm. The coordination of a second metal fragment results in a dramatic red shift of the MLCT band to beyond 700 nm. Cyclic and square wave voltammograms of the mononuclear complexes exhibit one reversible metal-based oxidation, as well as several ligand-based reduction waves. The first two reductions, attributed to reduction of the dibenzoeilatin ligand, are substantially anodically shifted compared to [M(bpy)(3)](2+) (M = Ru, Os), consistent with the low-lying pi orbital of dibenzoeilatin. The dinuclear complexes exhibit two reversible, well-resolved, metal-centered oxidation waves, despite the chemical equivalence of the two metal centers, indicating a significant metal-metal interaction mediated by the conjugated dibenzoeilatin ligand. Luminescence spectra, quantum yield, and lifetime measurements at room temperature in argon-purged acetonitrile have shown that the complexes exhibit (3)MLCT emission, which occurs in the IR-region between 950 and 1300 nm. The heterodinuclear complex 8 exhibits luminescence only from the Ru-based fragment, the intensity of which is less than 1% of that observed in the corresponding homodinuclear complex 5; no emission from the Os-based unit is observed, and an intramolecular quenching constant of k(q) > or = 3 x10(9) s(-)(1) is evaluated. The nature of the quenching process is briefly discussed.     

Enhancement of metal-metal coupling at a considerable distance by using 4-pyridinealdazine as a bridging ligand in polynuclear complexes of rhenium and ruthenium

Novel polynuclear complexes of rhenium and ruthenium containing PCA (PCA = 4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde azine or 4-pyridinealdazine or 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl)-2,3-diaza-1,3-butadiene) as a bridging ligand have been synthesized as PF(6-) salts and characterized by spectroscopic, electrochemical, and photophysical techniques. The precursor mononuclear complex, of formula [Re(Me(2)bpy)(CO)(3)(PCA)](+) (Me(2)bpy = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine), does not emit at room temperature in CH(3)CN, and the transient spectrum found by flash photolysis at lambda(exc) = 355 nm can be assigned to a MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer) excited state [(Me(2)bpy)(CO)(3)Re(II)(PCA(-))](+), with lambda(max) = 460 nm and tau < 10 ns. The spectral properties of the related complexes [[Re(Me(2)bpy)(CO)(3)}(2)(PCA)](2+), [Re(CO)(3)(PCA)(2)Cl], and [Re(CO)(3)Cl](3)(PCA)(4) confirm the existence of this low-energy MLCT state. The dinuclear complex, of formula [(Me(2)bpy)(CO)(3)Re(I)(PCA)Ru(II)(NH(3))(5)](3+), presents an intense absorption in the visible spectrum that can be assigned to a MLCT d(pi)(Ru) --> pi(PCA); in CH(3)CN, the value of lambda (max) = 560 nm is intermediate between those determined for [Ru(NH(3))(5)(PCA)](2+) (lambda(max) = 536 nm) and [(NH(3))(5)Ru(PCA)Ru(NH(3))(5)](4+) (lambda(max) = 574 nm), indicating a significant decrease in the energy of the pi-orbital of PCA. The mixed-valent species, of formula [(Me(2)bpy)(CO)(3)Re(I)(PCA)Ru(III)(NH(3))(5)](4+), was obtained in CH(3)CN solution, by bromine oxidation or by controlled-potential electrolysis at 0.8 V in a OTTLE cell of the [Re(I),Ru(II)] precursor; the band at lambda(max) = 560 nm disappears completely, and a new band appears at lambda(max) = 483 nm, assignable to a MMCT band (metal-to-metal charge transfer) Re(I) --> Ru(III). By using the Marcus-Hush formalism, both the electronic coupling (H(AB)) and the reorganization energy (lambda) for the metal-to-metal intramolecular electron transfer have been calculated. Despite the considerable distance between both metal centers (approximately 15.0 Angstroms), there is a moderate coupling that, together with the comproportionation constant of the mixed-valent species [(NH(3))(5)Ru(PCA)Ru(NH(3))(5)](5+) (K(c) approximately 10(2), in CH(3)CN), puts into evidence an unusual enhancement of the metal-metal coupling in the bridged PCA complexes. This effect can be accounted for by the large extent of "metal-ligand interface", as shown by DFT calculations on free PCA. Moreover, lambda is lower than the driving force -DeltaG degrees for the recombination charge reaction [Re(II),Ru(II)] --> [Re(I),Ru(III)] that follows light excitation of the mixed-valent species. It is then predicted that this reverse reaction falls in the Marcus inverted region, making the heterodinuclear [Re(I),Ru(III)] complex a promising model for controlling the efficiency of charge-separation processes.     

4,2-Ribbon like ferromagnetic cyano-bridged Fe(III)2Ni(II) chains: a magneto-structural study

The low-spin iron(III) complex AsPh(4)[Fe(III)(bpy)(CN)(4)].CH(3)CN (1) [AsPh(4) = tetraphenylarsonium cation] and the heterobimetallic chains [{Fe(III)(L)(CN)(4)}(2)Ni(II)(H(2)O)(2)].4H(2)O with L = bpy (2) and phen (3) [bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine and phen = 1,10-phenanthroline] have been prepared and their structures determined by X-ray diffraction methods. The structure of 1 consists of mononuclear [Fe(bpy)(CN)(4)](-) anions, tetraphenylarsonium cations and acetonitrile molecules of crystallization. The iron(III) is hexacoordinated with two nitrogen atoms of the bidentate bpy and four carbon atoms of four terminal cyanide groups building a distorted octahedral surrounding around the metal atom. 2 and 3 are isomorphous compounds whose structure is made up of neutral 4,2-ribbon like bimetallic chains of formula [{Fe(III)(L)(CN)(4)}(2)Ni(II)(H(2)O)(2)] where the [Fe(III)(L)(CN)(4)](-) unit acts as a bis-monodentate bridging ligand toward the trans-diaquanickel(II) units through two of its four cyanide groups in cis positions. The chains exhibit two orientations in the unit cell and they interact with each other through hydrogen bonds involving the coordination and crystallization water molecules together with the uncoordinated cyanide nitrogen atoms of the [Fe(L)(CN)(4)](-) units. Compounds 2 and 3 behave as ferromagnetic Fe(III)(2)Ni(II) chains which interact ferromagnetically at very low temperatures in the case of 2, whereas metamagnetic-like behaviour is observed for with a critical field (H(c)) around 200 G. For H > H(c) the ferromagnetic Fe(III)(2)Ni(II) chains of 3 exhibit a frequency dependence of the out-of-phase ac susceptibility signal at T < 3.5 K.     

Electrochemical and photosensitized redox reactions of a prussian blue film layered on a WO3/[Ru(bpy)3]2+/polymer hybrid film.

A hybrid film of WO(3)/tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) ([Ru(bpy)(3)](2+))/poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) (denoted as a WRP hybrid film) was prepared as a base layer on an indium tin oxide electrode substrate by cathodic electrodeposition from a colloidal ternary solution containing peroxotungstic acid, [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+), and PSS. Prussian blue, Fe(III) (4)[Fe(II)(CN)(6)](3) (Fe(II)-Fe(III)) was cathodically electrodeposited on the WRP hybrid film from a Berlin brown (Fe(III)-Fe(III)) colloidal solution to give a WRP/Fe(II)-Fe(III) bilayer film. Spectrocyclic voltammetry measurement of the WRP/Fe(II)-Fe(III) bilayer film reveals that Prussian white (Fe(II)-Fe(II)) is oxidized to Fe(II)-Fe(III) by electrogenerated Ru(III), and Fe(II)-Fe(III) is re-reduced to Fe(II)-Fe(II) by electrogenerated H(x)WO(3). Visible-light irradiation of the WRP hybrid film generates a small photocurrent (approximately 8 nA cm(-2)) at 0.4 V of an applied potential, whereas irradiation of the WRP/Fe(II)-Fe(II) bilayer film (Fe(II)-Fe(III) is electrochemically reduced to the Fe(II)-Fe(II) state) significantly generates a steady photoanodic current of 2.0-1.1 microA cm(-2) under the same conditions, thus demonstrating that the photoanodic current is produced by the layered Fe(II)-Fe(II) film. The photoaction spectrum of the bilayer film reveals that the photoanodic current is based on the photoexcitation of [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+). The photogeneration of Fe(II)-Fe(III) from Fe(II)-Fe(II) is shown by the absorption spectral change of the bilayer film on irradiation. These results corroborate the notion that Fe(II)-Fe(II) is oxidized by photogenerated Ru(III) to generate Fe(II)-Fe(III). However, the rate of photogeneration of Fe(II)-Fe(III) is slow, which could be ascribed to the fast back electron transfer (ET) from WO(3) to Ru(III), comparable with the forward ET from Fe(II)-Fe(II) to Ru(III). The fast back ET could be a crucial problem for the [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+)-sensitized reaction in the hybrid film.     

Bis(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) complexes with an aliphatic sulfinato donor: synthesis, characterization, and properties

Treatment of a thiolato-bridged Ru(II)Ag(I)Ru(II) trinuclear complex, [Ag{Ru(aet)(bpy)(2)}(2)](3+) (aet = 2-aminoethanthiolate; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine), with NaI in aqueous ethanol under an aerobic condition afforded a mononuclear ruthenium(II) complex having an S-bonded sulfinato group, [1](+) ([Ru(aesi-N, S)(bpy)(2)](+) (aesi = 2-aminoethanesulfinate)). Similar treatment of optically active isomers of an analogous Ru(II)Ag(I)Ru(II) trinuclear complex, Δ(D)Δ(D)- and Λ(D)Λ(D)-[Ag{Ru(d-Hpen-O,S)(bpy)(2)}(2)](3+) (d-pen = d-penicillaminate), with NaI also produced mononuclear ruthenium(II) isomers with an S-bonded sulfinato group, Δ(D)- and Λ(D)-[2](+) ([Ru(d-Hpsi-O,S)(bpy)(2)](+) (d-psi = d-penicillaminesulfinate)), respectively, retaining the bidentate-O,S coordination mode of a d-Hpen ligand and the absolute configuration (Δ or Λ) about a Ru(II) center. On refluxing in water, the Δ(D) isomer of [2](+) underwent a linkage isomerization to form Δ(D)-[3] (+) ([Ru(d-Hpsi-N,S)(bpy)(2)](+)), in which a d-Hpsi ligand coordinates to a Ru(II) center in a bidentate-N,S mode. Complexes [1](+), Δ(D)- and Λ(D)-[2](+), and Δ(D)-[3](+) were fully characterized by electronic absorption, CD, NMR, and IR spectroscopies, together with single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The electrochemical properties of these complexes, which are highly dependent on the coordination mode of sulfinate ligands, are also described.     

What a difference ancillary thienyl makes: unexpected additional stabilization of the diruthenium(III,II) but not the diosmium(III,II) mixed-valent state in tetrazine ligand-bridged complexes

The Ru(2)(III,II) mixed-valent state is strongly stabilized in [(bpy)(2)Ru(mu-bttz)Ru(bpy)(2)](5+) (3(5+), bttz = 3,6-bis(2-thienyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine, as evident from lowered oxidation potentials and isolability, a strongly increased comproportionation constant K(c) = 10(16.6), and a high-energy intervalence charge transfer band at 10100 cm(-1). Curiously, no such effects were observed for the diosmium(III,II) analogue, whereas the related systems [(bpy)(2)M(mu-bmptz)M(bpy)(2)](5+), bmptz = 3,6-bis(4-methyl-2-pyridyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine, exhibit conventional behavior, i.e., a slightly higher K(c) value of the Os(2)(III,II) analogue. EPR signals were observed at 4 K for 3(5+) but not for the other mixed-valent species, and high-frequency (285 GHz) EPR was employed to study the diruthenium(II) radical complexes 2(3+) and 3(3+).     

Bis(amido)ruthenium(IV) Complexes with 2,3-Diamino-2,3-dimethylbutane. Crystal Structure and Reversible Ru(IV)-Amide/Ru(III)-Amine and Ru(IV)-Amide/Ru(II)- Amine Redox Couples in Aqueous Solution

Two bis(amido)ruthenium(IV) complexes, [Ru(IV)(bpy)(L-H)(2)](2+) and [Ru(IV)(L)(L-H)(2)](2+) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, L = 2,3-diamino-2,3-dimethylbutane, L-H = (H(2)NCMe(2)CMe(2)NH)(-)), were prepared by chemical oxidation of [Ru(II)(bpy)(L)(2)](2+) and the reaction of [(n-Bu)(4)N][Ru(VI)NCl(4)] with L, respectively. The structures of [Ru(bpy)(L-H)(2)][ZnBr(4)].CH(3)CN and [Ru(L)(L-H)(2)]Cl(2).2H(2)O were determined by X-ray crystal analysis. [Ru(bpy)(L-H)(2)][ZnBr(4)].CH(3)CN crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/n with a = 12.597(2) ?, b = 15.909(2) ?, c = 16.785(2) ?, beta = 91.74(1) degrees, and Z = 4. [Ru(L)(L-H)(2)]Cl(2).2H(2)O crystallizes in the tetragonal space group I4(1)/a with a = 31.892(6) ?, c = 10.819(3) ?, and Z = 16. In both complexes, the two Ru-N(amide) bonds are cis to each other with bond distances ranging from 1.835(7) to 1.856(7) ?. The N(amide)-Ru-N(amide) angles are about 110 degrees. The two Ru(IV) complexes are diamagnetic, and the chemical shifts of the amide protons occur at around 13 ppm. Both complexes display reversible metal-amide/metal-amine redox couples in aqueous solution with a pyrolytic graphite electrode. Depending on the pH of the media, reversible/quasireversible 1e(-)-2H(+) Ru(IV)-amide/Ru(III)-amine and 2e(-)-2H(+) Ru(IV)-amide/Ru(II)-amine redox couples have been observed. At pH = 1.0, the E degrees is 0.46 V for [Ru(IV)(bpy)(L-H)(2)](2+)/[Ru(III)(bpy)(L)(2)](3+) and 0.29 V vs SCE for [Ru(IV)(L)(L-H)(2)](2+)/[Ru(III)(L)(3)](3+). The difference in the E degrees values for the two Ru(IV)-amide complexes has been attributed to the fact that the chelating saturated diamine ligand is a better sigma-donor than 2,2'-bipyridine.