Rhodium(III) and palladium(II) complexes of some P-heterocycles; synthesis and X-ray structures

Deoxygenation of the syn-3-phosphabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane 3-oxides bearing a 3-phenyl or a 3-(4-methylphenyl) substituent (1a,b) by trichlorosilane took place already at mild condition and resulted in the corresponding phosphines (2a,b) with retention of configuration at phosphorus, while in the case of 3-(2-methylphenyl)-3-phosphabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane (2c), the inversion of the phosphorus atom was observed in solution under ambient conditions that was evaluated by quantum chemical calculations. A further phosphine ligand (5) was obtained by the reduction of 4-dichloromethylene-1,4-dihydrophosphinine oxide (4). The phosphine ligands (2 and 5) were used in the preparation of Rh(III) complexes (3 and 6). A Pd(II) complex of type PdCl₂(5)₂ (7) was also prepared. The stereostructures of a series of Rh(III) complexes of 3-aryl-3-phosphabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes (3b-syn, 3c-syn and 3c-anti) were elucidated by single crystal X-ray analysis confirming the relative position of the dichlorocyclopropane and the P-substituent.     

Highly efficient, multigram and enantiopure synthesis of (S)-2-(2,4′-bithiazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine

(S)-2-(4-Bromo-2,4′-bithiazole)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidine ((S)-1) was obtained as a single enantiomer and in high yield by means of a two-step modified Hantzsch thiazole synthesis reaction when bromoketone 3 and thioamide (S)-4 were used. Further conversion of (S)-1 into trimethyltin derivative (S)-2 broadens the scope for further cross-coupling reactions.     

A new total synthesis of (±)-oestrone

A conceptually new total synthesis of oestrone, based on a novel cascade of radical cyclisations from the iodo aryl vinylcyclopropane 2, via 10, 15, 16 and 17, leading to the intermediate trans,anti,trans-oestradiol derivative 11 in one step, is described. Oxidation of 11, followed by demethylation of the resulting aryl methyl ether 18 then gives (±)-oestrone 1.     

Amberlyst 15 catalyzed synthesis of indole-pyrazole based tri(hetero)arylmethanes

An expedient synthesis of 1,3-diaryl-4-(3,3′-diindolyl)methylpyrazoles 3a-m has been developed using Amberlyst 15 catalyzed condensation of 1,3-diaryl-4-formyl pyrazoles 2 with indoles 1. This reaction was further extended to the synthesis of 4,4′-bis(3,3′-diindolyl)methylphenoxy-alkanes 5a-b by coupling of 4,4′-di(formylphenoxy)alkane 4 with indole 1.     

Stereocontrolled total synthesis of (±)-pisiferol and (±)-pisiferal

The stereoselective total synthesis of (±)-pisiferol (1) and (±)-pisiferal (2) has been successfully accomplished using the trans-octahydrophenanthrene derivative 20 as a key intermediate. Intramolecular cyclisation of the diazoketone 15 followed by catalytic hydrogenation provided, stereoselectively, the keto-ester 17 which was converted into the acetate 20 through the intermediates 18 and 19.     

Facile total synthesis of the (−)-Heliconol A

The facile total synthesis of the (−)-Heliconol A (ent-1) as well as its diastereoisomer 18 is described, in which different reaction sequences lead to different results. The osmylation of 15 followed by hydrolysis afforded a single isomer 18, otherwise, a mixture of ent-1 and 18 resulted. Other important processes include the catalytic asymmetric CBS reduction and induced osmylation. The synthesis proceeded with a sequence of 11 steps, affording ent-1 in 9.0% and 18 in 22% overall yield, respectively.     

Total synthesis of (−)-amathaspiramide F

The stereoselective total synthesis of the marine alkaloid, (−)-amathaspiramide F (1), was achieved from the α-hydroxy-α-ethynylsilane 2. The key steps involved in the synthesis were (1) the enolate Claisen rearrangement of the α-acyloxy-α-alkenylsilane for the stereoselective construction of the consecutive C5 and C9 chiral centers of 1 (erythro configuration), (2) the construction of aza-spirohemiaminal 28, and (3) dibromination during the final stage of the total synthesis. The reaction of the (Z)-α-acyloxy-α-alkenylsilane 22 possessing the Boc-homoallylglycine ester as the acyloxy group underwent stereoselective enolate Claisen rearrangement to give the desired erythro product 23. On the other hand, the reaction of the α-acyloxy-α-alkenylsilane (Z)-5 having Boc-proline gave the unexpected threo product 6. Oxidative cleavage of the vinylsilane group of 23 followed by treatment with heptamethyldisilazane as the methylamine equivalent gave aza-spirohemiaminal 28. The problematic regioselective dibromination to 28 was achieved using n-Bu₄NBrCl₂.     

Efficient synthesis of (Z)- and (E)-methyl 2-(methoxyimino)-2-phenylacetate

Direct oximation of 2-oxo-2-phenylacetate (3) gave the (Z)-methyl 2-(methoxyimino)-2-phenylacetate (1) in 71% yield, while the E oxime 2 was prepared from 3 in 65% yield via oxime isomerization of 2-(methoxyimino)-2-phenylacetic acid (5). Computational studies suggest that the isomerization of 5 is thermodynamically driven, while the direct oximation of ketoester 3 is kinetically controlled.     

Microwave-assisted synthesis of novel bis(2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one) derivatives as potential GSK-3 inhibitors

(5Z,5′Z)-3,3′-(1,4-Phenylenebis(methylene)-bis-(5-arylidene-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one) derivatives (5a-r) have been synthesized by the condensation reaction of 3,3′-(1,4- or 1,3-phenylenebis(methylene))bis(2-thioxothiazolidin-4-ones) (3a,b) with suitably substituted aldehydes (4a-f) or 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)2-oxoacetaldehydes (8a-c) under microwave conditions. The bis(2-thioxothiazolidin-4-ones) were prepared from the corresponding primary alkyl amines (1a,b) and di-(carboxymethyl)-trithiocarbonyl (2). The 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-2-oxoacetaldehydes (8a-c) were synthesized from the corresponding acid chlorides (7a-c) using HSnBu₃.     

Stereoselective synthesis of (−)-allosedamine

A stereoselective synthesis of (−)-allosedamine is disclosed. β-Aminosulfoxide 4 was generated stereoselectively by condensation of the sulfinyl anion 2 with N-Ts imine 3. The bromohydrin 5 was obtained by intramolecular sulfinyl group participation and the piperidine ring of allosedamine was elaborated using the ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reaction.     

Asymmetric synthesis of 3-substituted unsaturated prolines from chiral sulfoximine substituted allyl titanium(IV) complexes

An asymmetric synthesis of the 3-substituted Δ^3,4-unsaturated prolines 7a-e and 3-substituted 4-methylene prolines 14a-c starting from the corresponding γ,δ-unsaturated α-amino acids 4a-e and 11a-c, respectively, is described. Amino acid derivatives 4a-e and 11a-d were obtained through aminoalkylation of the corresponding sulfoximine substituted allyl titanium(IV) complexes 2a-e and 10a-d, respectively, with the N-tert-butylsulfonyl imino ester 3. Activation of sulfoximines 4a-e and 11a-c through methylation of the sulfoximine group followed by a KF mediated isomerization of the vinyl aminosulfoxonium salts 5a-e and 12a-c, respectively, to the corresponding allyl aminosulfoxonium salt 6a-e and 13a-c, respectively, and a subsequent intramolecular nucleophilic substitution of the allylic aminosulfoxonium group afforded the enantio- and diastereomerically pure proline derivatives in medium to high yields.     

(2-Halogeno-5-pyridyl)dimethyl(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)silanes: New potential building blocks for the synthesis of silicon-containing drugs

(2-Fluoro-5-pyridyl)dimethyl(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)silane (1a) and (2-chloro-5-pyridyl)dimethyl(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)silane (1b) were prepared in two-step syntheses, starting from allylchlorodimethylsilane. Compounds 1a and 1b were characterized by elemental analyses and NMR studies. With the synthesis of 1a and 1b, new potential building blocks for the synthesis of silicon-containing drugs have been made accessible.     

Efficient synthesis of various acycloalkenyl derivatives of pyrimidine using cross-metathesis and Pd(0) methodologies

Novel acyclonucleosides (9a-d, 10a-d, 18a,b and 19a,b) have been prepared using Pd(0) and cross-metathesis methodologies. The allylic N-alkylation under Tsuji-Trost conditions was used to introduce the nucleobase, while the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction afforded C-5 substituted uracil analogues. The cross-metathesis performed with a ruthenium catalyst was used to provide new acycloalkenyl nucleosides. The antiviral activities of all final compounds have been evaluated.     

Improved methodologies for synthesis of prenylated xanthones by microwave irradiation and combination of heterogeneous catalysis (K10 clay) with microwave irradiation

Eleven prenylated xanthone derivatives (4-9, 11-15) have been synthesized for the first time by the microwave irradiation method. Prenylation of the xanthone building blocks 1 and 2 with prenyl bromide in alkaline medium, using microwave irradiation, gave the oxyprenylated xanthones 4 and 6, as major products in high yields, as well as diprenylated by-products (5, 7, 8, and 9) in very low yields. Microwave irradiation of oxyprenylated xanthones 4 and 6 furnished three new Claisen rearranged products (11, 14, and 15), as well as the previously described dihydrofuranoxanthones (12, 13). Furthermore, three new (19, 20, 21) and three previously described (16, 17, 18) dihydropyranoxanthones have also been prepared by a one-pot synthesis from xanthones 1, 2, and 3, using Montmorillonite K10 clay as a heterogeneous catalyst and a combination of Montmorillonite K10 clay with microwave irradiation in various conditions. The presence of solvent and the type of the clay (commercial or dry) were found to have a strong influence on the product yields. This is the first report of using these methodologies for the synthesis of dihydropyranoxanthone derivatives. The structures of the prenylated xanthones obtained were established by IR, UV, HRMS, and NMR (¹H, ¹³C, HSQC, and HMBC) techniques.     

Asymmetric synthesis of (R)- and (S)-2-trifluoromethylepinephrine

An asymmetric synthesis of (R)- and (S)-2-trifluoromethylepinephrine (1R and 1S) is presented. Trifluoromethylation involves nucleophilic aromatic substitution of halobenzene 4 most likely via a copper mediated CF₃ anion equivalent generated in situ. The asymmetric step involves conversion of 3,4-dimethoxy-2-trifluoromethylbenzaldehyde (5) to silyl cyanohydrin (6R and 6S) using a chiral salen catalyst in the presence of titanium. 1R and 1S are potential alternatives to currently used vasoconstrictors in local anesthetic formulations.     

Formal synthesis of (±)-udoteatrial hydrate

The formal synthesis of antimicrobial diterpene udoteatrial hydrate (1) is described in nine steps. Diol 6 used as starting material. The key intermediate 4 was obtained from bicyclic ketone 5 via the key Norrish type I reaction.     

Total synthesis of (±)-pentenomycin

A concise stereoselective route to (±)-pentenomycin 1 in 33% overall yield starting from the readily accessible Diels-Alder adduct 4 is reported. The key reaction involves decarbonylation of β-methoxy-α,β-unsaturated aldehyde 8 obtained from β-hydroxy-dimethylketal 6.     

Asymmetric synthesis of both enantiomers of syn-(3-trifluoromethyl)cysteine derivatives

The use of several chiral trifluoromethylated building blocks 1a, 1b, 9a and 9b was attempted to synthesize of syn-(3-trifluoromethyl)cysteine. A novel and efficient enantioselective synthesis of both enantiomers of syn-(3-trifluoromethyl)cysteine derivatives 12a and 12b was successfully achieved.     

A simple synthesis of 4-(2-aminoethyl)-5-hydroxy-1H-pyrazoles

A simple four-step synthesis of 4-(2-aminoethyl)-5-hydroxy-1H-pyrazoles 8 (or their 1H-pyrazol-3(2H)-one tautomers 8′) as the pyrazole analogues of histamine was developed. First, enamino lactam 3 was prepared as the key intermediate in two steps from 2-pyrrolidinone (1). Next, acid-catalysed ‘ring switching’ transformations of 3 with monosubstituted hydrazines 4 gave N-[(1-substituted 5-hydroxy-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)ethyl]benzamides 7a-k and N-[2-(2-heteroaryl-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)ethyl]benzamides 7′l-o. Benzamides 7a-k and 7′l-o were finally hydrolysed by heating in 6 M hydrochloric acid to furnish 1-substituted 4-(2-aminoethyl)-5-hydroxy-1H-pyrazoles 8a-k and 4-(2-aminoethyl)-2-heteroaryl-1H-pyrazol-3(2H)-ones 8′l-o in good overall yields.     

Design and synthesis of (E)-4-((3-ethyl-2,4,4-trimethylcyclohex-2-enylidene)methyl)benzoic acid

(E)-4-((3-Ethyl-2,4,4-trimethylcyclohex-2-enylidene)methyl)benzoic acid, 6, was synthesized in 87% starting from β-cyclocitral. The target compound 6 was synthesized starting from 1 via a Grignard reaction to form alcohol 2. Compound 2 was converted to Wittig salt 3 by treatment with aldehyde 4 in butyllithium and hexane at −78 °C to form ester 5. Ester 5 was saponified and, following acidification, acid 6 was isolated as white solid yield 87%.