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数学课上，范老师给我们出了一道只列式不计算的题目：一个圆柱和一个圆锥，底面直径都是6厘米，高都是12厘米。它们的体积一共有多少立方厘米？     

基于列式数据库的RDF数据分布式存储

由于RDF数据的爆炸式增长以及关系型数据库自身的瓶颈,使得几年来NOSQL数据库成为人们研究的热点,其中列式数据库尤为突出.在比较了目前流行的RDF存储方案前提下,提出了基于列式数据库的RDF数据分布式存储方案,同时还提出了列式数据库的SPARQL查询方案,最后通过实验对比了基于列式数据库与基于图数据库的RDF分布式数据存储方案的处理性能.     

用于平板和圆柱壳分析的势能—杂交／混合分离位移有限元格式

本文基于势能～杂交/混合有限元格式,导出了具有分离转动变量的4节点四边形Reissner-Mindlin板元MP4、MP4a和圆柱壳元MCS4.所有这些单元都显示了良好的收敛性;不含有多余机动模式;当趋于薄板/壳极限时,不存在“自锁”现象.本文还指明了在C~0和C~1连续的单元列式中使用的修正泛函,存在相互联系.本文的方法可导出Prathap的一致场列式,也可导出RIT/SRIT的位移协调模型.     

基于CR列式的无应力状态控制法基本方程

简述了无应力状态控制法的基本理论,并且介绍了CR列式的基本原理.基于CR列式分析方法,分析了传统增量法和无应力状态控制法参考标架的不同,并在此基础上推导了无应力状态控制法的基本方程,得到的公式表明:采用CR列式分析方法来剖析无应力状态控制法的基本方程,是完全可行的,并且力学概念清晰.最后以实例分析了无应力状态控制法的运用.     

一种有效的边界元/有限元混合法迭代算法及其在回转体自由扭振分析中的应用*

本文给出一种新的边界元/有限元混合法迭代算法,基本做法是将近似的固有频率值代入自由振动问题的基本解,按一般混合法列式,通过迭代逐步修正近似解的值.这种算法避开了一般边界元法需要求解非代数特征值问题的困难,同时数值结果的精度基本上不依赖于区域内单元网格的疏密程度,这都给实际计算带来很多方便.应用于回转体自由扭振问题的分析,得到令人满意的数值结果.     

曲线坐标系中的分片检验条件——列式和应用

卡氏直角坐标系中的常应力分片检验条件已经得到广泛地研究,但这类条件和列式并不适用于曲线坐标系.本文建立了分片检验条件在曲线坐标中的一般形式和在正交曲线坐标中的物理分量形式.具体到轴对称问题,给出了分片检验的轴对称列式,用来构造非协调的轴对称有限元.并提出了解决伪剪应力问题的新方法.     

0-1线性规划的连续化及其遗传算法解法

将0-1离散规划通过一个非线性等式约束表示为[0,1]区间上等价的连续变量非线性规划列式.对非线性等式约束的问题进行了两种方法的处理.第一种方法使用乘子法,第二种方法将非线性的等式约束近似为一个非线性的不等式约束,均利用遗传算法程序GENOCOP进行了求解.对多个算例进行了计算,结果表明了该方法的可行性和有效性.     

二行n列式在数列方面的应用

文献[1]中介绍了二行n列式的定义、值的计算以及一些基本性质。复述如下。定义:把n个实数对或复数对(x_i,y_i),1≤i≤n,n≥3,排成下面的2行n列的阵式     

对偶变量块体混合元及其位移元的收敛性和精度分析

弹性力学Hamilton正则方程和Hamilton混合元的等效刚度系数矩阵,均具有直观的辛特性.基于H R变分原理和弹性力学保辛理论建立的对偶变量块体混合元,其等效刚度系数矩阵同样具有直观的辛特性.根据对偶变量块体混合元列式,可直接建立问题的控制方程,进行混合法求解.同时,通过对偶变量块体混合元列式可以导出对偶变量块体位移元列式,建立问题的控制方程后,可先求位移的解.数值实例表明:线性8结点对偶变量块体位移减缩积分元的各力学量的收敛速度均衡、收敛过程稳定、结果精度高,其应力变量的收敛速度与传统的20结点位移协调减缩积分元接近.对偶变量块体位移元具有普适性.     

热力耦合问题数学均匀化方法的计算精度

针对复合材料周期结构热力耦合问题,推导了数学均匀化方法(MHM)各阶摄动位移的全解耦格式和各阶影响函数控制方程,并使用加权残量方法将其转化为易于编程计算的有限元列式.在解耦格式中,各阶摄动位移是相应阶次的影响函数和宏观场导数的乘积,即影响函数和宏观场导数的计算精度共同决定摄动项的精度,其中影响函数的计算精度取决于单胞边界条件选取的适用性.针对2D复合材料周期结构静力学问题,使用超单胞边界条件和微分求积有限单元法,分别提高了影响函数和宏观场导数的求解精度.在此基础上,研究了高阶展开项对MHM真实位移精度的影响,确定了二阶摄动项的必要性.最后应用最小势能原理评估了各阶摄动MHM的计算精度,数值比较结果验证了结论的正确性.     

Thermo-mechanical modeling of crack propagation in dynamically loaded elastomer specimens using a scaled boundary finite element approach

Recently, a scaled boundary finite element (SBFE) formulation for geometrically and physically nonlinear materials has been developed using the scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM). The SBFE formulation has been employed to describe plane stress problems of notched and unnotched hyperelastic elastomer specimens. In this contribution, the derived SBFE formulation is extended to nonlinear time- and temperature-dependent material behavior. Subsequently, the SBFE formulation is incorporated into a crack propagation scheme to model crack propagation in cyclically loaded elastomer specimens of the so-called tear fatigue analyzer (TFA). (© 2015 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

A simplified formulation of a plate/shell element for geometrically nonlinear analysis of moderately large deflections with small rotations

This paper presents a total Lagrangian formulation of a plate/shell element for geometrically nonlinear analysis with the assumption of moderately large deflections but small rotations. Mallet and Marcal's nonlinear stiffness matrices [N₁] and [N₂] are derived explicitly by the procedure suggested by Rajasekaran and Murray for a four-node parallelogram isoparametric element with bilinear interpolation functions and an orthotropic constitutive relationship. The performance of the element based on this simplified formulation has been tested through a number of examples. It is concluded that this element offers potential for geometrically nonlinear analysis of large-scale practical structures.     

Least-squares spectral element method for non-linear hyperbolic differential equations

The least-squares spectral element method has been applied to the one-dimensional inviscid Burgers equation which allows for discontinuous solutions. In order to achieve high order accuracy both in space and in time a space–time formulation has been applied. The Burgers equation has been discretized in three different ways: a non-conservative formulation, a conservative system with two variables and two equations: one first order linear PDE and one linearized algebraic equation, and finally a variant on this conservative formulation applied to a direct minimization with a QR-decomposition at elemental level. For all three formulations an h/p-convergence study has been performed and the results are discussed in this paper.     

Minimum-weight design of structures with natural-frequency constraints

The problem of minimum-weight design of structures with several natural-frequency constraints is considered in this paper. The problem is solved by using a combined finite element method and sequential linear programming (FEM-SLP) formulation. The unique features of the present approach include the use of the assumed mode reanalysis formulation for the repeated eigensolution and the associated sensitivity analysis. The present approach has been implemented using the general-purpose finite element program . Two examples are included to illustrate the effectiveness of the present approach.     

Alternative positional FEM applied to thermomechanical impact of truss structures

This paper presents a formulation to deal with dynamic thermomechanical problems by the finite element method. The proposed methodology is based on the minimum potential energy theorem written regarding nodal positions, not displacements, to solve the mechanical problem. The thermal problem is solved by a regular finite element method. Such formulation has the advantage of being simple and accurate. As a solution strategy, it has been used as a natural split of the thermomechanical problem, usually called isothermal split or isothermal staggered algorithm. Usual internal variables and the additive decomposition of the strain tensor have been adopted to model the plastic behavior. Four examples are presented to show the applicability of the technique. The results are compared with other authors’ numerical solutions and experimental results.     

Finite elements based on consistently assumed stresses and displacements

Finite element stiffness matrices are derived using an extende Hellinger-Reissner principle in which internal displacements are added to serve as Lagrange multipliers to introducethe equilibrium constraint in each element. In a consistent formulation the assumed stresses are initially unconstrained and complete polynomials and the total displacements are also complete such that the corresponding strains are complete in the same order as the stressesSeveral examples indicate that resulting properties for elements constructed by this consistent formulation are ideal and are less sensitive to distortions of element geometries. The method has been used to find the optimal stress terms for plane elements, 3-D solids, axisymmetric solids, and plate bending elements.     

Some details of the Galerkin finite element method

The incorporation of the Galerkin technique in the finite element method has removed the constraint of finding a variational formulation for many problems of mathematical physics. The method has been successfully applied to many areas and has received wide acceptance. However, in the process of transplanting the concept from the Galerkin method for the entire domain to the Galerkin finite element method, some formal details have been overlooked or glossed over in the literature. This paper considers some of these details, including a possible reason for integration by parts and the contribution of interelement discontinuity terms.     

Structural Analysis on Nanoscale

Atomic structures, exhibiting a physical dimension in a range of 1-100 nanometers provide a basis for novel applications in nanotechnology. In molecular mechanics the formalism of the finite element method can be exploited to analyze the behavior of atomic structures in a computational efficient way. Based on the atom-related consideration of the atomic interactions, a direct correlation between the type of the underlying interatomic potential and the design of the related finite element has been developed. Each type of potential is represented by a specific finite element. A general formulation that unifies the various finite elements is proposed. The mesh generation can be performed using well-known procedures typically used in molecular dynamics. Although adjacent elements overlap, a double counting of the element contributions (as a result of the assembly process) can not occur a priori in this new formulation. As a consequence, the assembly process can be performed efficiently line by line. The presented formulation can easily be implemented in standard finite element codes and can be applied to various interatomic potentials. As an example, the method is applied in order to model the structural response of pristine and defective carbon nanotubes. (© 2009 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Development of a new frame finite element for crash analysis, using a mixed variational principle and rotations as independent variables

This paper deals with the development and application of a new space curved frame finite element to be used for crash analysis (non-linear). The frame finite element has been developed using a mixed variational principle (complementary form) and using rotations as independent variables. The formulation has been validated for problems of large deflection and rotation, and for problems involving initially curved members. Based on the validation performed, it is expected that crash problems may be modelled using a single element per member thus retaining computational efficiency while performing an accurate analysis. An illustrative example (modelling of an S-leg seat) is presented here to illustrate the benefits of the proposed approach to a designer.     

A finite element assessment of natural frequencies of undamped elastic

A curved parametric element, capable of giving the natural unforced and undamped frequencies of thin rotational shells has been developed. The new formulation possesses a number of interesting features including true nodal conformity, genuine curved generator, optional number of degrees of freedom and variable thickness. The nature of the displacements and the generation of the stiffness and the mass matrices are outlined in the text. Finally the accuracy of the present formulation is examined by considering a selection of well known examples.