Acoustic coupling between the loudspeaker and the resonator in a standing-wave thermoacoustic device

Thermoacoustic refrigerators work with high amplitude sound waves, which are often created using an acoustic source coupled to a resonator. This coupling can be calculated analytically using linear acoustic equations and a linear model of the loudspeaker. This paper makes a comparison between such a coupling and measurements obtained in a large-scale thermoacoustic resonator constructed at the University of Manchester. The resonator was driven from low to large pressure amplitudes, with drive ratios up to 10%. It is shown that a good agreement is obtained for small amplitudes and this progressively worsens as the amplitude is increased. In the absence of wave harmonics and loudspeaker nonlinearities, the increasing discrepancy is attributed to the presence of minor losses.     

圆管内的偏心声源在圆管内外激发的声场

为了分析环形声波测井、扇区水泥胶结测井以及声波成像测井仪器在套管井内测量的波形,识别套管外界面的腐蚀或串槽情况,研究了偏心声源在圆管内、外激发的二维声场,给出了不同时刻的声场分布图和不同方位角的波形图,分析了不同回管厚度和声速时环绕圆管传播的波,并给出了实验结果。     

压电扬声器驱动的热声制冷机中阻抗匹配研究

为了减小热声制冷机的体积,在热声系统中,采用具有较高工作频率的压电扬声器作为驱动源,因此,压电扬声器与热声谐振管的匹配成为研究和改进此类热声制冷系统性能的重要因素。采用电力声等效电路的方法,推导出扬声器输出声功率和电声转换效率的表达式,并为获得高声功率和高制冷效率,对扬声器和谐振管结构以及工作频率进行优化。结果表明,谐振管的谐振频率即为系统的最佳工作频率,而当系统总的抗性为零时,扬声器输出较大的声功率。然而系统效率与输出声功率不能同时达到最大值,因此在实际应用中只能采取折中的效果。     

热声转换的声表面波电压传感机制

提出了一种基于热声转换的高灵敏声表面波(SAW)电压传感机制并开展实验验证。从传热角度以及微扰理论出发建立了基于热声转换机制的SAW电压传感理论模型,探索了结构参数以及环境因素对SAW电压传感器灵敏度的影响规律。为了验证理论模型,在Y切石英基底上同芯片集成设计MEMS微型加热器与200MHz声表面波器件以制备SAW电压传感器件,并搭建电压测试平台对传感器件开展性能测试。实验结果表明所制备的SAW传感器件电压与频率响应之间具有二次线性关系且在室温(20゜C)下具有与理论相近的电压灵敏度(22.4kHz/V),此外实验获得的环境温度对电压灵敏度的影响规律与理论相符。基于热声转换机制的SAW电压传感器能够显著的提高电压检测灵敏度。     

Determination of elastic, anelastic, and piezoelectric coefficients of piezoelectric materials from a single specimen by acoustic resonance spectroscopy

We describe an advanced methodology to determine all the independent elastic-stiffness coefficients Cijkl, the associated internal frictions Qijkl(-1), and piezoelectric coefficients eijk of piezoelectric materials from a single monocrystal specimen using resonant-ultrasound spectroscopy with laser-Doppler interferometry. The mechanical-resonance frequencies of a piezoelectric solid depend on all of the elastic and piezoelectric coefficients, and their accurate measurement allows one to determine the elastic and piezoelectric coefficients simultaneously. Resonance-peak-width measurements yield the internal-friction tensor. Successful determination requires correct vibration-mode identification for the observed resonance frequencies. This is achieved unambiguously by measuring deformation distributions on the vibrating-specimen surface with laser-Doppler interferometry and comparing them with calculated displacement distributions. The methodology is applied to lithium niobate (LiNbO3) and langasite (La3Ga5SiO14) crystals.     

A conical piezoelectric transducer with integral sensor as a self-calibrating acoustic emission energy source

The experimental results of a conical piezoelectric transducer with integral backing sensor as a self-calibrating simulated acoustic emission (SAE) energy source are presented. It has been shown that there is a negative linear relationship between the energy of SAE signal detected by the backing sensor and the relative strength (signal energy) of SAE source in the structure detected by a reference sensor under different transducer-to-structure coupling efficiencies, with AC drives of the same wave packet, frequency and peak amplitude to excite the conical transducer as a SAE source at all the investigated frequencies over the frequency range of interest in AE measurements (nominally from 50 kHz to around 1 MHz). This should enable the relative strength of the SAE source in a structure to be determined using the SAE measurement from the backing sensor for the selected electrical inputs to the conical transducer, and hence to remove the concerns about inconsistent transducer-to-structure coupling affecting the relative strength of the SAE source for calibration.     

Resonant generation of surface acoustic waves between moving and stationary piezoelectric crystals

The propagation of surface acoustic waves in a system composed of two piezoelectric crystals moving with respect to each other and separated by a vacuum gap is considered. The waves are localized on different sides of the gap and coupled only through the electrostatic interaction. It is shown that when the velocity of the relative motion of crystals is close to some value, there occurs a wave instability resulting in a resonant generation of these surface waves. The rate of growth of Bleustein-Gulyaev waves in piezoelectric crystals of 6mm symmetry class is determined analytically.     

Nuclear acoustic resonance in copper via coupling to the magnetic dipole moment

A nuclear acoustic resonance signal has been observed in copper. The absolute intensity, line shape ahd angular dependence are explained by the coupling via the dipole magnetic moments.     

谐振管形状对热声发动机内非线性声场的影响

研究了谐振管一端受活塞声源激励,另一端刚性封闭条件下,管道形状对热声发动机谐振管内部非线性声场的影响。基于流体力学基本方程建立了渐变截面谐振管内一维非线性声场的模型,考虑了黏性耗散及非线性效应的影响。利用伽辽金法数值求解了该模型的速度势方程,分析了谐振管形状、活塞振动速度及激励频率对管内声场的影响。将双曲形、指数形、锥形、正弦形等四种变截面谐振管内的非线性声场与圆柱形直管的情况进行了比较。结果反映了谐振管内声场的压力波动受活塞振动速度及谐振管形状的影响;显示了当活塞振动幅度较大时,谐振管内出现的波形畸变、频率曲线偏移、共振频率滞后等非线性现象;揭示了变截面谐振管在抑制管内的高阶谐波及提高压比等方面的优越性。     

储罐底板声源辨识及定位方法研究

储罐底板腐蚀是多声源问题,即在不同位置的腐蚀源可能同时发射应力波。这些声源信号有时会重叠被传感器接收,从而影响定位的可靠性。为此本文基于平面声发射源能量定位方法的基本理论,进行了模拟储罐底板定位实验,提出了能量定位系数的修正方法。同时通过对实验数据分析,发现快速独立分量分析(FastICA)方法可以将同种声源混合信号进行有效分离,并且基本保持原有波形特征,相干系数法可以实现对分离后的同源信号进行聚类,进而应用改进能量定位方法对声发射源进行定位,从而对声源辨识,判断事件集中度提供依据。     

Influence of resonator shape on nonlinear acoustic field in a thermoacoustic engine

The influence of the resonator shape on nonlinear acoustic field in a thermoacoustic engine is studied.The resonator of themoacoustic engine is boundary driving by a piston at one end,and the other end of it is rigid closed.A one-dimensional wave equation that accounts for gas dynamic nonlinearities and viscous dissipation in the resonator is established based on the governing equations of viscous hydromechanics.The nonlinear wave equation is solved using approximate Galerkin method.The nonlinear acoustic field in four different types of shaped resonators including hyperbolical,exponential,conical and sinusoidal are obtained and compared with that of a cylindrical resonator.It is found that the amplitude and waveform of the pressure are strongly affected by the resonator shape,the driving amplitude and the oscillation frequency of the piston.Waveform distortion,resonance frequency shift and hysteresis are observed,when the piston oscillation amplitude is large enough.The advantages of shaped resonator for thermoacoustic engine lie in inhibition of higher order harmonics and improvement of pressure ratio,etc.     

Influence of resonance tube geometry shape on performance of thermoacoustic engine

Based on the linear thermoacoustics, a symmetrical standing-wave thermoacoustic engine is simulated with a cylindrical tube and a tapered one as the resonance tube, respectively. The experiments with both cylindrical and tapered tubes are carried out. The suppression of nonlinear effects due to tapered tube as the resonance tube is discussed. Both simulation and experimental results show that the performance of the tapered tube is better than cylindrical one as the resonance tube.     

Characterization of piezoelectric materials with large piezoelectric and electromechanical coupling coefficients

The relaxor based ferroelectric (1-x)Pb(Zn(1/3)Nb(2/3))O(3)-xPbTiO(3) and (1-x)Pb(Mg(1/3)Nb(2/3))O(3)-xPbTiO(3) single crystals provided new challenges in property characterization because their extraordinarily large piezoelectric coefficients and electromechanical coupling coefficients. Large errors may occur in some of the derived material constants using conventional characterization techniques. This paper will analyze the inadequacy of the traditional characterization methods and provide some basic guidelines for properly characterizing piezoelectric materials with extremely high piezoelectric and electromechanical coupling coefficients.     

厚度模压电超声换能器无源声学材料研究进展*

厚度模压电超声换能器作为超声波发射、接收以及电信号间转换的载体,是超声成像与检测系统的核心器件,一般由压电层、匹配层和背衬层3部分组成。超声换能器的性能一定程度上决定着整体超声设备的性能,影响了其在工业、医学、军事等领域的应用。该换能器的关键性能指标(带宽、灵敏度)除了受到压电层的影响,还与匹配层、背衬层等无源声学材料的设计密切相关。该文综述了近年来厚度模压电超声换能器无源声学材料(匹配层、背衬层和声透镜)的研究进展,提出了当前该类材料面临的难题和解决途径,并对其未来发展方向进行了展望。     

声表面波在压电晶体表面上的聚焦特性

研究了压电晶体表面上圆弧形叉指换能器产生的声表面波的聚焦现象。用作者提出的压电晶体表面激发的严格矢量场理论来计算会聚的表面波声场,取代了比较流行的源于光学的标量角谱理论。理论分析表明介质的各向异性对声束的会聚特性有很大的影响,如焦长和焦点附近声场的对称性。在实验中可以用光学暗场法来观察声表面波场的会聚。尽管各向异性介质或各向异性压电晶体上表面波声场的会聚都非常复杂,实验的结果和理论分析比较一致。     

流形学习在运动声源声特征提取方面的研究*

运动声源因声信号时变性、叠加性和空时耦合性强,声数据呈现高维、非线性等特点,使得关键声特征提取困难,声特征提取方法复杂度高、数值计算量大、有效性差。因此,如何有效提取声特征并降低提取方法复杂度成为目前多源声场声源精准识别需迫切解决的关键科学问题。由此,该文提出短时傅里叶变换(STFT)和局部线性嵌入算法(LLE)联合的STFT-LLE流形学习声特征提取方法,并将此方法应用于运动声特征提取,且通过仿真实验测试对其进行了验证。该方法为运动声目标的分类识别提供了技术支撑。     

Interaction between acoustic fields of the ambient noise and point surface source

In measuring acoustic field vector properties either complete or partial cancellation between ambient noise energy flux and the oppositely directed one, radiated, for instance, by tone or noise-shaped point source can be found. In that case there is no matter coherent or incoherent fields interact. The phenomenon of interest is named compensation of opposing energy fluxes. The paper is focused on interaction between vertical component of the surface noise energy flux and that of bottom-reflected noise-shaped interfering signal from on-water source in the deep open ocean. Bottom-reflected weak broadband interfering signal measures the extent of resultant compensation. As the vertical projection of the signal energy flux makes the interference maximum, its power appears to be comparable to that of the surface noise and complete compensation takes place at a given frequency. Once it is the interference minimum, just partial compensation can be found. No compensation was observed for co-directional energy fluxes.     

渐变截面热声波导管内的声流影响因素分析

通过理论分析和数值仿真,对渐变截面热声波导管内声流各影响因素进行了具体的分析,并给出了不同情形下波导管内的声流速度分布特性曲线。研究表明,热物理参数对渐变截面导致的声流变化无影响,针对具体的声场设计合适的截面变化形式可以使得管内声流在整体上得到一定程度的抑制或加强。此外,当波导管截面尺度与热穿透深度同数量级时,轴向时均温度分布对声流的影响十分显著。当不存在非零时均温度梯度时,热传导效应对声流的影响在管截面尺度为黏性穿透深度约10至20倍量级时最大。     

Investigation on influencing factors of acoustic streaming in thermoacoustic waveguides with slowly varying cross-section

The influencing factors of acoustic streaming in thermoacoustic waveguides with slowly varying cross-section are analyzed based on theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. The distribution curves of acoustic streaming velocity in waveguides with different characteristic scales are presented in several specific cases.The results show that appropriate forms of varying cross-section can strengthen or weaken acoustic streaming for specific acoustic fields and the thermophysical parameters have no effect on this part.In addition,the influence of time-average temperature distribution on acoustic streaming is substantial in tubes with a width of the order of the thermal penetration depth.Without time-average temperature distribution,the effect of heat conduction on acoustic streaming is great in tubes whose width is an order of about 10 to 20 times the viscous penetration depth.     

压电式摆动圆柱形偶极发射换能器优化研究

为了实现偶极信号有效辐射,获得足够高的信噪比,全面分析弯曲波频散,本文提出了一种新型的频带范围为0.5–5 k Hz的压电式摆动圆柱形偶极声波测井换能器,并采用有限元方法对其进行了模拟和优化设计。此外,论文还对换能器进行了实验样机制作和实验测量,将实验测量与数值模拟结果进行了对比。研究表明,提出的新型偶极声波换能器比传统换能器具有更高的发射灵敏度,尤其是在低频响应范围。本文为新型偶极声波测井换能器的研发工作奠定了基础。