时变需求等量进货情形下集成供应链生产订货策略研究

构建了一个包含原料采购、生产和销售过程的集成供应链模型,研究了由原料、生产商和销售商产品构成的三层库存系统的生产订货问题。在有限的规划期内,销售商每次进货量相同,生产商按照EOQ模型采购原材料。以最小化供应链系统的总运营成本为目标,构建一个混合整数非线性规划模型,寻找销售商最优订货方案和生产商最佳生产策略。首先利用网络优化方法求解生产商的最优生产计划,其次利用定界穷举法寻求销售商最优的订货周期,给出了具体的计算方法和Matlab程序。通过算例分析验证了算法的有效性,并研究了各参数对最小费用及最优解的影响。     

基于供应链协同的生鲜农产品订货策略研究

针对生鲜农产品易变质易损耗的特点,提出了一种基于CPFR的供应链协同运作模式,实现信息共享,协同计划、预测与补货,协同集中决策机制.然后以多家供应商、一家批发商和多家零售商构成的生鲜农产品供应链系统为例,分析了库存损耗随时间和库存量变化,允许缺货,且由批发商协同集中订货的订货策略.     

需求不确定的供应链两阶段订货模型

销售商如何在不确定需求的市场环境下根据制造商提供的订货条件进行合理订货是供应链管理的一个核心问题。本文利用信号博弈的原理从销售商的角度研究在不确定需求且传统需求预测方法失效的情况下，允许调整订货量的短生命周期产品两阶段订货模型，得到了在两次订货条件下销售商应该采取的最优订货量与调整策略以及制造商对契约灵活性限制的成本函数。     

基于易逝品需求信息更新的零售商订货策略

供应商为了更好地安排生产计划,降低生产成本,为零售商提供两次订货机会,零售商如何根据供应商提供的订货条件进行合理订货.运用贝叶斯分析的理论建立数学模型,研究了在不同的批发价格下顾客需求信息更新的易逝品的零售商订货策略,扩展了已有的结果并且修正了部分结果.     

需求信息泄露条件下供应链零售商订货策略研究

针对供应链订货过程中的需求信息泄露现象,通过对比供应商在泄露信息和不泄露信息情况下的收益,研究了供应链需求信息泄露的产生机理。建立了需求信息泄露条件下订货过程中零售商之间的信号博弈模型,通过模型求解得到了分离均衡和混同均衡的存在条件,并对不同均衡状态下零售商的最优订货策略和最优收益进行了分析。在此基础上,进一步讨论了零售商的订货策略选择问题。最后,通过一个数值算例说明了有关结论的有效性。     

时变需求信用支付下供应链协调决策

研究时变需求信用支付下,供应链系统分散决策和集中决策时的最优决策,进而讨论供应链的协调并数值仿真验证.以机会成本代替传统的沉没成本来衡量资金成本,并考虑陆续发货对决策的影响.结果表明,分散决策下信用支付作用是融资手段;集中决策下信用支付作用不仅是融资手段,也利于供应链整体资金优化配置.通过不同情形下供应链的协调研究,提出了收益分配协调策略,更好的指导类似情景下企业做出最优决策.     

公平关切视角下的生鲜农产品订货策略与供应链协调

针对零售商的公平关切以及生鲜农产品的易变质特性,在以Nash谈判解作为零售商公平参照点的基础上,分析了零售商的公平关切对订货策略以及协调契约的影响,结果表明:零售商的公平关切会使其缩短订货周期、降低订货量;随着零售商公平关切度的增大,其公平关切效用先增大后减小,并且零售商会逐渐由供应商保鲜策略转变为不保鲜策略,而供应商的利润会减小;保鲜成本分担契约能够有效的协调零售商公平关切下的生鲜农产品供应链,但零售商的公平关切会降低协调契约的有效性.     

期权对冲下零售商最优订货策略及供应链协调机制

考虑到市场需求与金融衍生品标的资产之间的关联性,在供应链契约中同时引入看涨期权和看跌期权.首先,在线性相关条件下,得到了基于期权对冲的零售商最优订货策略,结果表明零售商能够利用期权对冲策略获得最大期望收益.其次,进一步基于看涨看跌期权定价理论探索了供应链协调机制,剖析了看涨看跌期权对供应链整体收益的作用,发现利用期权对冲策略可获得供应链最大期望利润.最后,用数值算例分析p,c,m,S₀,r,T,σ对利润及最优订货策略的影响.     

碳税政策下时变需求依赖库存与价格的供应链协调模型

研究由一个供应商和一个零售组成的二级供应链系统在碳税政策下的协调问题.对于市场需求率为时变函数且依赖于当前库存水平和销售价格的情形,建立分散式和集中式供应链决策模型.比较两种模型得出供应商和零售商合作能够提高供应链的整体利润但是也会产生更多的碳排放.分别利用批发价格契约和两部收费契约协调分散式决策模型得出供应链协调的条件.最后通过数值算例验证理论结果并分析碳税单价对供应链在两部收费契约下实现协调的影响.     

通货膨胀对带有时变需求的变质性物品库存补充策略的影响

本文在考虑通货膨胀的情形下，建立了带有时变需求的变质性物品在有限计划期内的库存补充模型，提供了最优补充次数、最优补充周期长度以及各次补充的最优补充量的一种简单而有效的逼近方法，并用数学例子说明了该方法的实现过程．     

Optimal ordering and transfer policy for an inventory with stock dependent demand

This paper deals with an ordering-transfer inventory model to determine the retailer’s optimal order quantity and the number of transfers per order from the warehouse to the display area. It is assumed that the amount of display space is limited and the demand rate depends on the display stock level. The objective is to maximize the average profit per unit time yielded by the retailer. The proposed models and algorithms are developed to find the optimal strategy by retailer. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the models developed and the sensitivity analysis is also reported.     

Managing a dual-channel supply chain under price and delivery-time dependent stochastic demand

Several leading manufacturers recently combined the traditional retail channel with a direct online channel to reach a wider range of customers. We examine such a dual-channel supply chain under price and delivery-time dependent stochastic customer demand. We consider five decision variables, the price and order quantity for both the retail and the online channels and the delivery time for the online channel. Uncertainty frequently arises in both retail and online channels and so additional inventory management is required to control shortage or overstock and that has an effect on the optimal order quantity, price, and lead time. We developed mathematical models with the profit maximization motive. We analyze both centralized and decentralized systems for unknown distribution function of the random variables through a distribution-free approach and also for known distribution function. We examine the effect of delivery lead time and customers’ channel preference on the optimal operation. For supply chain coordination a hybrid all-unit quantity discount along a franchise fee contract is used. Moreover, we use the generalized asymmetric Nash bargaining for surplus profit distribution. A numerical example illustrates the findings of the model and the managerial insights are summarized for centralized, decentralized, and coordinated scenarios.     

An optimal batch size for integrated production–inventory policy in a supply chain

This study presents a new integrated production–inventory policy under a finite planning horizon and a linear trend in demand. We assume that the vendor makes a single product and supplies it to a buyer with a non-periodic and just-in-time (JIT) replenishment policy in a supply chain environment. The objective is to minimize the joint total costs incurred by the vendor and the buyer. In this study, first, we develop a mathematical model and prove that it has the optimal solution. Then, we describe an explicit solution procedure for obtaining the optimal solution. Finally, we provide two numerical examples to illustrate both increasing and decreasing demands in our proposed model, and we show that the performance of the integrated consideration is better than the performance of any independent decision from either the buyer or the vendor.     

Coordination mechanism for the supply chain with leadtime consideration and price-dependent demand

We study a coordination contract for a supplier–retailer channel producing and selling a fashionable product exhibiting a stochastic price-dependent demand. The product’s selling season is short, and the supply chain faces great demand uncertainty. We consider a scenario where the supplier reserves production capacity for the retailer in advance, and permits the retailer to place an order not exceeding the reserved capacity after a demand information update during a leadtime. We formulate a two-stage optimization problem in which the supplier decides the amount of capacity reservation in the first stage, and the retailer determines the order quantity and the retail price after observing the demand information in the second stage. We propose a three-parameter risk and profit sharing contract that coordinates the supply chain. The proposed contract permits any agreed-upon division of the supply-chain profit between the channel members.     

Optimal ordering policy for stock-dependent demand under progressive payment scheme

In this article, a mathematical model is developed to formulate optimal ordering policies for retailer when demand is partially constant and partially dependent on the stock, and the supplier offers progressive credit periods to settle the account. The notion of progressive credit period is as follows:     

储存时间有上限的两阶段供应链排序问题

研究一类储存时间有上限的两阶段供应链排序问题.两阶段是指工件先加工,后运输:加工阶段是一台加工机器逐个加工工件;运输阶段是无限台车辆分批运输完工的工件.工件的运输完成时刻与完工时刻之差定义为工件的储存时间,且有相应的储存费用,且任意工件的储存时间都不超过某一常数.若工件的运输完成时刻早于(晚于)交货期窗口的开始(结束)时刻,则有相应的提前(延误)惩罚费用.目标是极小化总提前惩罚费用、总延误惩罚费用、总储存费用、总运输费用以及与交货期窗口有关的费用之和.先证明该问题是NP-难的,后对单位时间的储存费用不超过单位时间的延误惩罚费用的情形给出了伪多项式时间算法.     

Capacitated location model with online demand pooling in a multi-channel supply chain

This paper presents a location model that assigns online demands to the capacitated regional warehouses currently serving in-store demands in a multi-channel supply chain. The model explicitly considers the trade-off between the risk pooling effect and the transportation cost in a two-echelon inventory/logistics system. Keeping the delivery network of the in-store demands unchanged, the model aims to minimize the transportation cost, inventory cost, and fixed handling cost in the system when assigning the online demands. We formulate the assignment problem as a non-linear integer programming model. Lagrangian relaxation based procedures are proposed to solve the model, both the general case and an important special case. Numerical experiments show the efficiency of our algorithms. Furthermore, we find that because of the pooling effect the variance of in-store demands currently served by a warehouse is an important parameter of the warehouse when it is considered as a candidate for supplying online demands. Highly uncertain in-store demands, as well as low transportation cost per unit, can make a warehouse appealing. We illustrate with numerical examples the trade-off between the pooling effect and the transportation cost in the assignment problem. We also evaluate the cost savings between the policy derived from the model, which integrates the transportation cost with the pooling effect, and the commonly used policy, which is based only on the transportation cost. Results show that the derived policy can reduce 1.5–7.5% cost in average and in many instances the percentage of cost savings is more than 10%.     

Optimal selling price and lotsize with time varying deterioration and partial backlogging

The article deals with an EOQ (economic order quantity) model over an infinite time horizon for perishable items where demand is price dependent and partial backorder is permitted. The rate of deterioration is taken to be time proportional and it is assumed that shortage occurs at starting of the inventory cycle. Based on the partial backlogging and lost sale cases, the author develops the criterion for the optimal solution for the replenishment schedule, and proves the optimal ordering policy is unique. Moreover, the article suggests to new functions regarding price-dependent demand and time varying deterioration rate. Finally, numerical examples are illustrated to test the model in various issues.     

Ordering and pricing decisions in a two-echelon supply chain with asymmetric demand information

This article examines coordinated decisions in a decentralized supply chain that consists of one supplier and one retailer, and faces random demand of a single product with a short life cycle. We consider a setting where the retailer has accurate demand information while the supplier does not. Such a problem with asymmetric demand information can be viewed as an extension of the newsboy problem in which both the supplier and the retailer possess the same demand information. Combining the mechanism of sharing demand information and that of quantity discount and return policy enables us to develop three coordinated models in contrast with the basic and uncoordinated model. We are able to show the ordinal relationship among the retailer’s optimal order quantities in these four models under a general form of random demand, and compare the supply chain profits and conduct sensitivity analysis analytically in four models under uniform random demand. We also provide numerical results under normal random demand that bear a resemblance to those under uniform random demand.