疫情环境下价格导向的防护物资最优生产分配机制研究

新型冠状病毒疫情导致防护物资短缺,增加了医护人员受感染的风险.现构建了防护物资最优生产-分配-定价模型,并在此基础上提出了广义影子价格的概念,以此作为防护物资定价的参考和依据,通过价格引导生产型企业合理扩大生产规模,以解决当前防护物资短缺的困难.广义影子价格反映了企业产能提升成本等因素,相比传统影子价格更适用于为防护物资统一定价.另外,利用广义影子价格与拉格朗日乘子集合之间的联系,提出了一个线性规划模型用以计算广义影子价格.数值仿真结果说明了广义影子价格在防护物资定价上的适用性.     

国民经济最优规划中的共轭问题研究

本论文针对稀缺资源提出国民经济最优化的共轭问题．由共轭定理得到了共轭问题解一致的可能性及其成立的条件，共轭定理为检验国民经济协调发展提供了理论依据和方法．论文着重讨论了以劳动资源为稀缺资源的国民经济规划共轭问题，给出其约束条件的影子价格的经济意义，证明了同一约束条件的影子价格是成比例的，劳动资源的影子价格是国民财富的影子价格的倒数．同时指出产品与资源等价替代系数与其影子价格有关，影子价格是产品与资源的短缺性、产品与资源的平衡的度量．最后讨论了影子价格与生产活动的消耗、劳动消耗与效益的关系．     

物资分配问题的一个逐次最优解法

本文专门讨论多目标规划问题真有效解的判断．对某些特殊点（如使每个目标函数的导数值为零的所有有效点），给出了Geoffrion意义下真有效解的判别方法．     

需求对时间和价格敏感产品的最优动态定价与订购策略

探讨了需求对时间和价格敏感产品的最优动态定价和订购策略,建立了使零售商利润最大化的库存模型.然后对模型的性质进行了分析,给出了一个寻找最优价格调整次数的算法和数值例子,得到一些有意义的管理经验.     

基于投入产出线性规划模型的燃料乙醇影子价格研究

影子价格能够反映资源的稀缺性及对国民经济的贡献程度.应用投入产出与线性规划相结合的分析方法,构建了投入产出线性规划模型,并基于笔者编制的2005年燃料乙醇投入产出表,针对燃料乙醇制造业部门的不同发展速度,运用投入产出线性规划模型对燃料乙醇的影子价格进行了具体测算.     

应急物资费用定价水平影响因子敏感性问题研究

分析影响因子对应急物资费用定价的敏感度有利于寻找定价管理的薄弱环节,降低整体运作费用.定性分析并绘制应急管理过程中物资定价水平因果关系图,确定影响应急物资定价的关键因子,利用多项式回归模型拟合费用定价水平,通过综合考虑影响因子的波动区间和变化概率,结合应用敏感性分析与统计分析测算各影响因子的敏感性系数,针对敏感度大的因子实施重点控制,进而提高费用控制效率,降低应急物资运营成本,为进一步制定出精细化、动态化的应急物资定价标准提供基础.通过算例分析验证了方法的科学性和可行性,能够为应急管理物资定价问题提供借鉴意义.     

生产计划中阶梯型价格原料最优配置

按照规模经济效应,商品价格会随着订购量的增大而减小(即打折).根据生产实际,本文提出了商品的阶梯型价格,建立了最优生产计划模型.该计划模型有选择性地生产能够获最大利润的产品,并且可以对生产所需的原料进行最优配置;基于最优化理论与方法,给出了求解所建模型的有效算法,通过实例验证了算法的可行性和有效性.     

基于二部制的价格歧视方法

产品实施价格二部制的企业大量采用二级价格歧视、三级价格歧视方法外,还存在混合价格歧视.研究表明:企业收益最大化目标下实施这些价格歧视方法时,固定价格和从量价格的需求弹性、用户数、单位时间里的收益以及用户区间、资费区间分别需要满足不同的条件.这些结论为企业实施二部价格歧视提供了理论依据和决策参考.     

影子价格的价值公度性及资源临界特性

阐述了影子价格的概念,提出影子价格价值公度性的概念,讨论了在实际应用中较容易造成混淆的临界特性,对资源分配问题进行了较细致的分析,有助于最优资源分配方案的决策和最大利润的实现.     

随机产出环境下联产品的产量及价格策略研究

基于制造商生产主产品的过程中会随机产出两类存在替代关系的副产品的联产品系统,采用清仓定价模型,研究了不同需求函数(线性需求和指数需求)下,制造商对于主产品和副产品的最优产量与定价策略。通过两阶段优化模型的建立和求解,确定了主产品的最优产量和价格。借助数值分析,归纳出产品替代度和产出波动性对最优产量和利润的影响。研究结果表明,随着产品替代度的增加,制造商的产量上升;随着波动性的增加,制造商的产量下降。最后,将模型扩展到市场非出清的情况,并得出制造商的最优生产决策。     

Average shadow price and equilibrium price: A case study of tradable pollution permit markets

Shadow prices indicate implicit values of limited resources at the margin and provide important information in decision making for resource management. In continuous economic models, shadow prices associated with demand-supply balance constraints represent consumers’ willingness to pay and producers’ marginal cost, hence they correspond to market equilibrium prices. As well known, however, marginal analysis fails in the case of discrete optimization, such as mixed integer programming. An alternative concept has been introduced in the literature to measure the value of an extra unit of a limited resource in such cases. This concept is based on average rather than marginal values, thus called the average shadow price, and interpreted in the same way as conventional shadow prices. Whether average shadow prices in a discrete economic model can serve as market equilibrium prices has not been addressed in the related literature. The present paper addresses this issue in an empirical setting. Using a tradable pollution permit market as an example, where firms’ YES/NO type technology adoption decisions are represented by binary variables, we show that the average shadow price of tradable permits can be interpreted as the equilibrium price only when certain conditions related to the cost structure and emission levels hold. On the other hand, we show that an iterative procedure based on individual firms’ cost minimizing behavior presents a better approach for finding a price that can eliminate or reduce the gap between demand and supply of permits in the market.     

Separation between second price auctions with personalized reserves and the revenue optimal auction

When buyer valuations are drawn IID from a known regular distribution, a second price auction with a symmetric reserve price is the revenue-optimal single-item auction. When this distribution is irregular, we provide the first separation result showing that a second price auction with reserves earns at most 0.778 times the revenue of Myerson’s optimal auction, even when the reserves can be asymmetric. Since the lower bound is 0.745 for i.i.d. buyers, our result is nearly tight.     

Wholesale price rebate vs. capacity expansion: The optimal strategy for seasonal products in a supply chain

We consider a supply chain in which one manufacturer sells a seasonal product to the end market through a retailer. Faced with uncertain market demand and limited capacity, the manufacturer can maximize its profits by adopting one of two strategies, namely, wholesale price rebate or capacity expansion. In the former, the manufacturer provides the retailer with a discount for accepting early delivery in an earlier period. In the latter, the production capacity of the manufacturer in the second period can be raised so that production is delayed until in the period close to the selling season to avoid holding costs. Our research shows that the best strategy for the manufacturer is determined by three driving forces: the unit cost of holding inventory for the manufacturer, the unit cost of holding inventory for the retailer, and the unit cost of capacity expansion. When the single period capacity is low, adopting the capacity expansion strategy dominates as both parties can improve their profits compared to the wholesale price rebate strategy. When the single period capacity is high, on the other hand, the equilibrium outcome is the wholesale price rebate strategy.     

Usefulness of resale price maintenance under different levels of sales-effort cost and system-parameter uncertainties

This paper on “resale price maintenance” (RPM) has three main parts:

(i)

Using a simple and parsimonious model, we show that even with only one retailer, a “supplier” or “manufacturer” (hereafter “Manu”) should impose minimum-RPM under some circumstances but maximum-RPM in others. These two sets of circumstances are defined by a very simple formula.     

基于最优让步均衡协调策略的供应链差价补偿机制研究

制造商为了激励零售商订购更多数量的产品,会在产品零售价下调时提供给零售商一定的补偿,如何制定最优补偿机制是提高供应链收益的关键问题.为此,建立了两阶段销售差价补偿机制下制造商与零售商的博弈模型,分析了纳什均衡解和Stackelberg均衡解下制造商对零售商的差价补偿机制的决策行为,导出了在最优让步均衡策略下差价补偿机制...     

The role of retailer’s performance in optimal wholesale price discount policies

The main goal of this paper is to model the effects of wholesale price control on manufacturer’s profit, taking explicitly into account the retailer’s sales motivation and performance. We consider a stylized distribution channel where a manufacturer sells a single kind of good to a single retailer. Wholesale price discounts are assumed to increase the retailer’s motivation thus improving sales. We study the manufacturer’s profit maximization problem as an optimal control model where the manufacturer’s control is the discount on wholesale price and retailer’s motivation is one of the state variables. In particular in the paper we prove that an increasing discount policy is optimal for the manufacturer when the retailer is not efficient while efficient retailers may require to decrease the trade discounts at the end of the selling period. Computational experiments point out how the discount on wholesale price passed by the retailer to the market (pass-through) influences the optimal profit of the manufacturer.     

A one-parameter family of stationary solutions in the Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible epidemic model

We study the uncorrelated Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible (SIS) model in epidemiology on top of a one parameter family of networks whose connectivity distribution ranges from scale free (SF) to exponential. For each network, the fraction of the population infected in the long term is a recursively defined hypergeometric function. For highly contagious diseases, with a high infection rate, the fraction of the population infected is lower when the network is SF. For less contagious diseases, the fraction of the population infected is lower when the network is exponential. This result points to an evolutionary advantage for a network being SF—namely an SF network is more resistant to the spread of a deadly disease.     

我国各地区全要素生产率的测定与比较分析

全要素生产率是衡量经济效益的一项重要指标.本文利用生产要素的影子价格作为权重,提出一种计算全要素生产率的方法.用该方法计算了全国各省（直辖市）的全要素生产率,并对计算结果进行了比较分析.     

Selection of contract suppliers under price and demand uncertainty in a dynamic market

In this paper, we consider a supply contracting problem in which the buyer firm faces non-stationary stochastic price and demand. First, we derive analytical results to compare two pure strategies: (i) periodically purchasing from the spot market; and (ii) signing a long-term contract with a single supplier. The results from the pure strategies show that the selection of suppliers can be complicated by many parameters, and is particularly affected by price uncertainty. We then develop a stochastic dynamic programming model to incorporate mixed strategies, purchasing commitments and contract cancellations. Computational results show that increases in price (demand) uncertainty favor long-term (short-term) suppliers. By examining the two-way interactions of contract factors (price, demand, purchasing bounds, learning and technology effect, salvage values and contract cancellation), both intuitive and non-intuitive managerial insights in outsourcing strategies are derived.