核物理发展现状分析和建议

对国内外核物理发展现状、前沿进行了简要分析和概括,对我国核物理发展优先资助领域提出了自己的一些看法和建议。A brief review is given on the frontiers of nuclear physics research. Some personal opinions and suggestions to the NSFC on the fields to have priority for support are presented.     

可调平衡探测激光偏振光谱研究

偏振光谱技术是一种高灵敏度和高分辨的光谱技术.提出一种基于可调平衡探测偏振光谱的实验方法,研究了不同偏振面下偏振光谱线型的变化趋势,观测到光谱线犁随偏振片旋转产生的翻转现象.通过结合偏振理论与平衡探测理论,对线型翻转现象进行了解释,理论与实验符合得很好.同时,研究了色散型谱线峰峰值与抽运光强之间的依赖关系,发现在抽运探测光强比约为100时谱线强度出现饱和现象,为利用偏振光谱进行激光器频率稳定时选择参数提供了理论依据.     

核物理与核探测、核分析技术的应用

文章概要介绍了随着核物理研究发展起来的辐射和粒子探测的原理、方法和主要技术,举例介绍了相关核物理与核探测、核分析的典型技术及其在高精度测量和医学中的广泛应用,如活化分析技术、穆斯堡尔谱学、核磁共振技术、加速器质谱技术、核医学成像、同步辐射技术、中子散射分析、放射性示踪技术等等.     

核物理与核探测、核分析技术的应用

文章概要介绍了随着核物理研究发展起来的辐射和粒子探测的原理、方法和主要技术,举例介绍了相关核物理与核探测、核分析的典型技术及其在高精度测量和医学中的广泛应用,如活化分析技术、穆斯堡尔谱学、核磁共振技术、加速器质谱技术、核医学成像、同步辐射技术、中子散射分析、放射性示踪技术等等.     

一种可用于单色光谱检测的CMOS层叠传感器

一种可以对单色光谱进行检测的并基于标准CMOS工艺的新型器件结构进行了制作和测试.它的基本原理是:利用器件本身两层结构对偏蓝色的短波长光和偏红色的长波长光的不同响应特性,得到器件响应值对于波长的单调递增曲线并可由此得到输入光谱的单色波长信息.文章中介绍了器件的基本工作原理,设计制作了实验性器件并对其特性曲线进行了实际的标定,最终给出了可用于单色光谱测量的器件响应和波长的对应曲线.     

激光的发明和发展

激光（LASER）是受激而发射的光，是“光受激辐射放大”的简称，它的含义是通过辐射的受激发射而实现光的放大（Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation）．产生激光的器件叫做激光器,激光是一种强烈的、集中的、高度平行的相干光束．激光（1960年由美国人Maiman发明）、晶体管（1948年由Bardeen和Brattain发明）与原子能反应堆（1942年由意大利人Fermi发明）被人们视为20世纪最重要的三大技术发明，对现代科学技术的发展产生了深远影响.     

激光超声技术研究纳米材料的力学特性

本文简要地介绍利用激光超声技术对不同工艺条件下所制备的纳米铜、ZrO2和Al2O3纳米陶瓷的声速及相应的杨氏模量的实验测定方法及实验结果．结果表明：对于厚度为100μm－300μm的纳米铜试样，它的声速随成形压力的增高而增大；对于ZrO2和Al2O3纳米陶瓷，在较高的烧结温度下，试样的密度，声速及杨氏模量也随烧结温度的增高而增大，但在较低的烧结温度下，有可能出现异常，在低的烧结温度下，有可能出现较大的声速和杨氏模量．     

光谱识别型激光警戒技术和激光警戒装置的研究与发展现状

简要评述光谱识别型激光警戒装置及警戒技术的研究与发展现状，并介绍这类激光警戒装置的发展趋势。     

用于互组跃迁谱测量的窄线宽激光系统

采用Pound-Drerer-Hall稳频技术将689 nm激光锁定在高精细度超稳极低膨胀系数材料腔上,实现用于探测锶原子互组跃迁谱的窄线宽激光.利用光腔衰荡光谱技术,测量了不同阶次多横模情况下腔的精细度,并在理论上分析了平凹型Fabry-Perot腔的损耗与多横模阶次的关系.考虑了光开关延时及探测器响应时间在测量中的影响,对腔衰荡时间的实验测量值进行了修正.利用光纤飞秒光频梳测量了激光器的频率漂移,测出窄线宽激光频率稳定度的秒稳优于2.8×10-13.利用窄线宽激光在锶原子束上观测到具有高信噪比的窄线宽原子跃迁谱线,实验测得谱线的线宽为55 kHz,该窄线宽原子谱线可应用于锶原子二级冷却激光绝对频率的精确测量及锶原子互组跃迁谱的四种同位素位移测量.     

Eu(p-PBA)3phen1/2H2O的高分辨光谱和Raman光谱

配合物Eu(p-PBA)3phen1/2H2O(p-PBA:对苯基苯甲酸酸根离子;phen:邻菲咯啉)在紫外光激发下,能发出很强的红色荧光.以Eu(Ⅲ)离子为光谱探针,77K下测得其高分辨激发和发射光谱,选择激发配合物的5D0能级,得到两组不同的发光光谱,表明配合物中Eu(Ⅲ)离子有两种不同的化学环境.配合物的喇曼光谱中,羧基阴离子的反对称伸缩振动和对称伸缩振动谱带是明显分裂和带肩峰的宽带,说明配合物中羧基同时存在多种配位方式.     

核技术农业应用与展望

本文综述了我国核农学的研究领域及国际上的研究现况,并介绍了我们在这一领域内取得的成果和发展前景。The research status of nuclear agronomy in our country and its development in othercountries are summaried in this paper. The results obtained in nuclear agronomy and its prospect arealso introduced.     

现代核物理及其发展

本文概述了核物理新的研究机遇,这机遇是:(1)在核介质内,寻找和研究夸克自由度,研究强相互作用的基本理论QCD;(2)研究核物态方程;(3)研究夸克胶子等离子体(QGP);(4)研究各种极端条件下的核结构;(5)核介质用于精确研究强、电弱相互作用的基本性质等。为此,4GeV连续束电子加速器CEBAF、相对论重离子对撞机RHIC正在建造,强子装置和放射性核束加速器正在筹备。 The most new scientific opportunities of nuclear physics are: the exploration of the quark degrees of freedom and of the underlying theory of the strong interaction, QCD, in the nuclearmedium; the study of the nuclear equation of state and of quark-gluon plasma (QGP); the study ofnuclear structure at the limits of temperature, angular momentum, and neutron-to-proton ratios; theuse of the nuclear medium for precision studies of fundamental aspects of the strong and...     

Laser Based Techniques for Ultra Trace Isotope Production, Spectroscopy and Detection

A variety of research activities in the field of fundamental and applied nuclear physics has evolved in the last years using resonantly tuned radiation from powerful lasers. The technique of resonance ionization spectroscopy has delivered outstanding results and found broad acceptance in the last years as a particularly efficient and highly selective method for rare and exotic radioisotope studies. It is used for production, spectroscopy and detection of these species and provides complete isobaric, high isotopic and even some isomeric selection, which altogether is needed for on-line investigation of short lived species far off stability as well as for ultra trace determination. Good overall efficiency pushes the experimental limits of detection in elemental trace analysis down to below 10⁶ atoms per sample, and additionally isotopic selectivity as high as 3 × 10¹² has been demonstrated. The widespread potential of resonance ionization techniques is discussed, focusing on the experimental arrangements for applications in selective on-line isotope production, spectroscopy of rare radioisotopes and ultra trace determination of radiotoxic isotopes like ²³⁸Pu to ²⁴⁴Pu, ^135,137Cs, ^89,90Sr or ⁴¹Ca in environmental, technical and biomedical samples.     

激光诱导击穿光谱在疾病诊断中的应用前景

微量元素与人体健康密切相关.比如,金属元素的稳态可能会影响细胞的代谢功能,进而诱发某些疾病的产生.激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS),是一种可用于分子复杂的生物材料或临床标本的无因子分析技术,具有从单个激光脉冲和少量材料(纳克级数)中获得元素信号的能力.综述了2015年以来LIBS技术在疾病诊断方面的相关研究,包括几种常见疾...     

光学相干量子理论及激光精密光谱学--2005年诺贝尔物理学奖简介

今年的诺贝尔物理学奖授予三名光学领域的科学家.其中美国科学家罗伊·格鲁伯(Roy Glauber)因"对光相干量子理论的贡献"而获得奖金的一半;美国科学家约翰·霍尔(John Hall)与德国科学家特奥多尔·汉斯(Theodor Hansch)因"基于激光精密光谱学发展的的贡献"分享了奖金的另一半.     

激光诱导击穿光谱技术对火成岩岩性的高精度识别

在石油勘探领域,细碎岩屑样品的岩性识别,特别是物性接近的火成岩的高精度识别是地质学的难题之一。针对这一问题,提出了一种基于激光诱导击穿光谱技术(LIBS)元素分析和全碱-硅(TAS)图版的新方法。利用自主搭建的LIBS系统,首先通过对比实验,系统的研究了脉冲能量、采集延时、采集方式、预燃对光谱信号的影响,确定了对火成岩样品元素分析的最佳条件：脉冲能量50 mJ,采集延时2 μs,采集同一样品表面20个不同点的光谱积分平均,并通过实验证明了预燃的样品处理方式不适合火成岩样品,有效提高了样品检测光谱数据的重复性。随后确定了火成岩岩性识别常用7种元素(钠镁铝硅钾钙铁)的特征谱线,定性分析和比较了不同岩性的火成岩样品;利用已知元素含量的国标系列岩石样品信息,生成了钠、硅、钾的定标曲线,线性相关系数均大于0.9,并利用国标岩石样品考察了定量分析的准确性;利用定标曲线法定量分析了火成岩样品的元素含量,并采用TAS图版法识别火成岩的岩性,准确率达90.7%。研究表明,LIBS技术能够有效实现火成岩岩性的高精度识别。     

深度学习在核物理中的应用

深度学习是目前最好的模式识别工具,预期会在核物理领域帮助科学家从大量复杂数据中寻找与某些物理最相关的特征。本文综述了深度学习技术的分类,不同数据结构对应的最优神经网络架构,黑盒模型的可解释性与预测结果的不确定性。介绍了深度学习在核物质状态方程、核结构、原子核质量、衰变与裂变方面的应用,并展示如何训练神经网络预测原子核质量。结果发现使用实验数据训练的神经网络模型对未参与训练的实验数据拥有良好的预测能力。基于已有的实验数据外推,神经网络对丰中子的轻原子核质量预测结果与宏观微观液滴模型有较大偏离。此区域可能存在未被宏观微观液滴模型包含的新物理,需要进一步的实验数据验证。     

A Review of Signal Enhancement and Noise Reduction Techniques for Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy

Abstract: Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS), as a noninvasive spectroscopic method, permits high-resolution, high-sensitivity, fast, in situ absorption measurements of atomic and molecular species and narrow spectral features in gaseous, solid, and liquid phases. Advances in new diode laser sources and laser spectroscopic techniques generally have triggered an increasing application of TDLAS in various disciplines (for example, atmospheric environmental monitoring, chemical analysis, industrial process control, medical diagnostics and combustion monitoring, etc.) over the last four decades. This article reviews some important developments in TDLAS, from its basic principles as a spectroscopic tool to the demonstration of gas absorption measurements, emphasizing signal enhancement and noise reduction techniques developed for improving current TDLAS performance.     

核子微探针技术的发展及其应用研究

核子微探针的发展提供了一种在微米尺度内分析微量元素的强有力的工具,用它研究海洋矿物已成为一项热门的课题．因为象海洋锰结核和海山锰结壳这种海洋矿物的生长速率很慢,一百万年只长几毫米,用核子微探针能够直接地、仔细地观察这些矿物缓慢的生长过程．核子激探针能够测量单个细胞中微量元素的成分和分布,以及它们对生物的作用．它还能研究在球墨铸铁中微量元素的含量,以及它们对球化过程的影响．目前,ＳＩＮＲ核子微探针的空间分辨率是２ｍｍ,通过改进聚焦系统和扫描图像解卷积技术,分辨率将进一步提高．三维成像技术已经发展成一个重要分支,其中扫描透射显微技术（ＳＴＩＭ）是一个成功的例子．因为成像技术只需要非常小的束流强度,它有可能使核子微探针的分辨率达到纳米水平． The development of nuclear microprobe techniques provides a powerful means for micro-analysis in areas with micron scales. Great interest has been shown in the applications of the nuclear microprobe for investigating marine ores. Because the accumulations of marine ores, such as deep-sea ferromanganese nodules and seamount ferromanganese crusts,are very slow, about a few millimeters per million years, the ability of microscopic analysis of trace elements brings the nuclear microprobe...     

Laser Spectroscopy 1: Basic Principles & Laser Spectroscopy 2: Experimental Techniques (5th edition)

Electron and Ion Spectroscopy of Solids. Edited by L. Fiermans, J. Vennik and W. Dekeyser. (Plenum Publishing Corp., 1978.) [Pp. xi + 475.] $57·00.

Ellipsometry and Polarized Light. By R. M. A. Azzam and M. M. Bashara. (North-Holland, 1977.) [Pp. ix + 529.]

Physical Fluid Dynamics. By D. J. Tritton. (Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977.) [Pp. xv + 362.] £5·50. Scope: Treatise/textbook. Level: Undergraduate/post graduate.

Laser Induced Fusion and X-ray Laser Studies. Edited by S. F. Jacobs, M. O. Scully, M. Sargent III and C. D. Cantrell III. (Addison-Wesley, 1976.) [Pp. xi + 667.] $27·50. Scope: Conference Proceedings; library (reference). Level: For specialists only, specialist/post-graduate.

Laser Photochemistry, Tunable Lasers and other Topics. Edited by S. F. Jacobs, M. Sargent III, M. O. Scully and C. T. Walker. (Addison-Wesley, 1976.) [Pp. xi + 470.] $23·50. Scope: Conference Proceedings, treatise/textbook, survey, library (reference). Level: Specialist/post-graduate.

Physical Properties of Materials. By M. C. Lovell, A. J. Avery, M. W. Vernon. (Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1976.) [Pp. xii + 304.] £12·00 hardback, £5·00 paperback. Scope: Textbook, library. Level: Undergraduate, general reader.

Focus on the Stars. Edited by H. Messel and S. T. Butler. (Heinemann, 1976/1977.) [Pp. 287.] £4·80. Scope: Comprehensive. Level: School and undergraduate, also general reader.

High Power Lasers and Laser Plasmas. Edited by N. G. Basov. (Plenum Press, Consultants Bureau, 1978.) [Pp. viii + 241.] $47·40. Scope: Laser Physics. Level: Research.

Laser Beam Propagation in the Atmosphere. By J. W. Strohbehn. (Springer-Verlag, 1978.) [Pp. xii + 325.] $46·00; DM 92. Scope: Specialist. Level: Research monograph.

Picosecond Phenomena. Edited by C. V. Shank, E. P. Ippen and S. L. Shapiro. (Springer-Verlag, 1978.) [Pp. xii + 359.] $32·00; DM 64. Scope: Research monograph. Level: Postgraduate.

Particles and Fields. Edited by D. H. Boal and A. N. Kamal. (Plenum Press, 1978.) [Pp. viii + 462.] $51·00. Scope: Theoretical Elementary Particle Physics. Level: Research.

Atomic Energy Levels and Grotrian Diagrams (Volume II). By S. Bashkin and J. O. Stoner, Jr. (North-Holland, 1978.) [Pp. 600.] $80·00; Dfl 180·00.

Coherence and Quantum Optics IV. Edited by Leonard Mastdel and Emil Wolf. (Plenum Press, 1978.) [Pp. xvi + 1011, Author and Subject Indexes, 13 pages.] £40·95. Proceedings of the Fourth Rochester Conference on Coherence and Quantum Optics, June 8-10, 1977. Level: High-level scholarship and research.

Molecular Structure and Dynamics. By W. H. Flygare. (Prentice-Hall, 1978.) [Pp. xviii + 696.] £18·25.

Current Topics in Materials Science (Volume 1). Edited by E. Kaldis. (North-Holland, 1978.) [Pp. xvi + 754.] Dfl 260.00, $115·50. Level: Research workers, University/Industry.

Electronic Properties of Two-dimensional Systems. Edited by G. Dorda and P. J. Stiles. (North-Holland, 1978.) [Pp. xi + 578.] $100·00; Dfl 225·00, Scope: Very comprehensive (Conference Proceedings). Level: Research workers.

Fluid Mechanics. By Ruth M. Rogers. (Routledge &; Kegan Paul, 1978.) [Pp. x + 322.] £9·75. Level: Undergraduate.

Optical Information Processing, Volume 2. Edited by E. S. Barrekete, G. W. Stroke, Y. E. Nesterikhin and W. E. Kock. (Plenum Publishing Corp., 1978.) [Pp. xi + 452.] $45·00. Scope: Seminar Proceedings. Level: Research.

Detection of Optical and Infrared Radiation. By R. H. Kingston. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1978.) [Pp. viii + 140.] DM 43; $21·50. Scope: Monograph. Level: 2nd/3rd Year Undergraduate and Postgraduate.

Optical Shop Testing. Edited by Daniel Malacara. (John Wiley-Interscience, 1978.) [Pp. xix + 523.] £21·15; $38·00. Scope: Practical Manual. Level: Research.

A Practical Introduction to Electronic Circuits. Edited by M. Hartley Jones. (Cambridge University Press, 1978.) [Pp. xii + 237.] £9·50.

Vectors in Three-dimensional Space. By J. S. R. Chisholm. (Cambridge University Press, 1978.) [Pp. xii + 291.] Hardback £15·00; Soft cover £4·95.

Magnetic Field Generation in Electrically Conducting Fluids. By H. K. Moffatt. (Cambridge University Press, 1978.) [Pp. x + 343.] £15·50. Level: Specialist/postgraduate. Scope: Monograph.

Photoelectron Statistics. By B. Salbh. (Springer-Verlag, 1978.) [Pp. xiii + 441.] DM 68; $31·30. Level: Postgraduate and research.

Thermoelectricity in Metallic Conductors. Edited by F. J. Blatt and P. A. Schboeder. (Plenum Press, 1978.) [Pp. x + 421.] £26·77. Scope: Conference Meeting. Level: Specialist/Postgraduate.

The Force of Knowledge. The Scientific Dimension of Society. By J. M. Ziman. (Cambridge University Press, 1976-7.) [ix + 437 pp.] £4·75.