三重态-三重态湮灭上转换的研究进展

三重态-三重态湮灭（TTA）上转换具有所需激发光能量低（地表太阳光光强即可激发）、上转换量子效率高、吸光能力强、激发发射波长可调等优点,在光电器件与光反应等领域具有重要的潜在应用价值,近年来受到了广泛关注．本文介绍了TTA上转换产生的机理与上转换量子效率的测定方法,着重对TTA上转换三重态光敏剂的分子设计原则及目前该类化合物的结构类型进行了综述,介绍了聚合物中的固态上转换现象及目前TTA上转换在光解水制氢、太阳能电池与细胞成像等方面的最新应用研究进展．     

三重态湮灭光子上转换体系聚合物基质的研究

三重态-三重态湮灭(TTA)上转换是一种通过多光子机制将低能量光波向高能量光波转换的技术,在太阳能电池、光催化、生物成像、防伪等领域具有潜在的应用前景。传统的TTA上转换一般在无氧溶液中发生,使得其应用领域严重受限。近几年固态TTA上转换发光材料的发展引起了研究者的关注,该文从TTA上转换体系聚合物基质的状态以及TTA体系在聚合物中的分散形式出发,总结了近十年TTA上转换体系在聚合物基质中的研究进展。     

超分子组装体系中基于三重态-三重态湮灭的上转换发光

超分子组装实质上是对分子的精密组织和调控,结合三重态-三重态湮灭上转换发光,能够调控分子激发态能量的转移,提高上转换效率。本文综述了超分子组装体系中上转换发光的研究进展,包括基于有机凝胶、亲疏溶剂组装的超分子膜、纳米颗粒、聚合物薄膜以及主-客体配位超分子等体系。这些超分子体系为上转换发光提供了良好的基质,取代了传统三重态-三重态湮灭上转换发光的溶液体系,既解决了由于染料溶解性导致的聚集荧光猝灭,又有效地阻隔了氧气,同时,将上转换发光体系固体化而便于集成到器件等各个应用领域。值得注意的是,不同的超分子组装体系中的上转换发光,有着温度响应,可逆开/关效应,甚至是将光能转化为机械能的特性。     

基于上转换纳米颗粒的光动力疗法研究新进展

作为一种新型治疗手段,光动力疗法近年来被广泛应用于癌症等疾病的治疗研究.然而,用于激活光敏剂的紫外或可见光具有较低的组织穿透深度,限制了光动力疗法的治疗效果.上转换纳米颗粒可以将组织穿透能力较强的近红外光转换为紫外或可见光,为实现近红外光激活的光动力疗法提供了光转换器,有望解决传统光动力疗法组织穿透深度较浅的问题.本文...     

基于三线态-三线态湮灭的能量上转换

能量上转换近些年来引起了人们的广泛关注,具有许多方面的潜在应用,包括光伏技术、光合成、光催化和生物成像等。基于三线态-三线态湮灭(TTA)的能量上转换由于其具有激发光不需要是相干光,强度低,而且只要通过改变TTA过程中不同的敏化剂和受体,就能改变TTA上转换的激发光和发射光的波长等优点,有着广泛的应用前景。本文介绍了TTA上转换的机理,综述了TTA上转换近些年来的研究进展,总结了一些常用的敏化剂和受体,讨论了TTA上转换目前存在的问题及今后的发展方向。     

基于三线态一三线态湮灭上转换发光的比率型pH纳米探针

通过将pH荧光探针分子异硫氰酸荧光素（FITC）引入三线态―三线态湮灭上转换（TTA-UC）体系中,使TTA-UC的发射与FITC的吸收重叠,从而实现从TTA-UC到FITC的能量传递过程。TTA-UC由光敏剂四苯基四苯骈铂（PtTPBP）和湮灭剂9,10-双苯乙炔基蒽（BPEA）组成,可以实现“红转青”上转换发光。将上述有机染料负载于两亲性嵌段共聚物Pluronic P123形成的纳米胶束内,能够形成比率型上转换纳米探针,并应用于水溶液中的pH检测。光敏剂PtTPBP的磷光发射由于不受pH影响,可以作为构建比率探针的内参比信号。上转换发射强度与光敏剂磷光发射强度之间的比率信号（I507/I770）在pH 5～8范围内呈良好线性。这种新型的比率型上转换pH纳米探针为制备基于TTA-UC的比率型检测传感体系提供了新的思路和视角。     

用于生物成像的三线态-三线态湮灭上转换发光纳米胶囊

为解决三线态-三线态湮灭上转换发光材料(TTA-UC)生物应用时固载化困难的问题,通过一步细乳液聚合法合成了以正十六烷为内核,以红光激发的硅酞菁为敏化剂和发光高效的红荧烯为受体,具有优异上转换发光性能的核壳结构纳米胶囊(TTA-UCNP)。TTA-UCNP粒径约为190 nm,均一性及分散性良好。体系引入了抗氧化剂D-柠檬烯和聚异丁烯,有效消除了氧气分子对上转换发光过程的淬灭,保证了上转换发光的稳定性。在动物成像应用中,TTA-UCNP成功实现了活体层次前哨淋巴结高信噪比的成像及长时间示踪。     

水溶性稀土上转换纳米颗粒的合成与表征

以稀土离子、油酸、间氯过氧苯甲酸和mPEG等为原料合成了一种新型水溶性NaLaF4:12%Yb3+,3%Er3+(摩尔分数)稀土上转换纳米颗粒(mPEG-UCNPs)。利用核磁共振谱、红外光谱、原子力显微镜、透射电子显微镜、分子荧光光谱等手段对mPEG-UCNPs的结构进行了表征。结果表明:mPEG-UCNPs粒径较为均一,粒径均在15~25 nm之间;同时,mPEG-UCNPs在510~580 nm和635~700 nm有较好的上转换荧光性质。     

基于DNA与上转换纳米颗粒相结合的生物传感与成像研究进展

脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)的分子识别特性与功能使其在生物传感与成像领域得到了广泛应用. 另一方面, 得益于自身独特的光学性质, 镧系元素掺杂的上转换纳米颗粒在生物医学应用中备受关注. 特别地, 二者的有机结合可产生新的性质与功能, 在生物传感与成像领域展现出优势, 推动了该领域的发展. 本文综合评述了基于DNA与上转换纳米颗粒相结合的生物传感与成像技术的研究进展, 重点聚焦于相关方法的分类与设计原理, 简要概述了相关的应用研究, 并对该领域目前存在的挑战与未来的发展前景进行了讨论.     

信号肽功能化二氧化硅纳米颗粒的线粒体靶向作用研究

以N-(p-Maleimidophenyl)isocyanate(PMPI)为交联剂, 将线粒体信号肽分子共价修饰到二氧化硅荧光纳米颗粒表面, 构建线粒体信号肽功能化二氧化硅荧光纳米颗粒. 采用荧光分光光度计、Zeta电位仪以及透射电子显微镜对修饰前后的二氧化硅纳米颗粒进行了表征. 结果表明, 信号肽可被成功修饰在纳米颗粒表面, 并且纳米颗粒粒径在信号肽分子修饰前后没有发生明显变化. 以分离纯化的细胞核作为对照, 采用流式细胞术考察了信号肽功能化二氧化硅荧光纳米颗粒与分离纯化后的线粒体的相互作用. 结果表明, 线粒体信号肽修饰到二氧化硅纳米颗粒表面后依然保持良好的生物活性, 能够介导二氧化硅纳米颗粒特异性识别及结合分离纯化的线粒体, 从而为线粒体监测及其功能调控研究提供了新的思路.     

Ultra-Small Air-Stable Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Nanoparticles for Anti-Stokes Time-Resolved Imaging

Image contrast is often limited by background autofluorescence in steady-state bioimaging microscopy. Upconversion bioimaging can overcome this by shifting the emission lifetime and wavelength beyond the autofluorescence window. Here we demonstrate the first example of triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) based lifetime imaging microscopy. A new class of ultra-small nanoparticle (NP) probes based on TTA-UC chromophores encapsulated in an organic–inorganic host has been synthesised. The NPs exhibit bright UC emission (400–500 nm) in aerated aqueous media with a UC lifetime of ≈1 μs, excellent colloidal stability and little cytotoxicity. Proof-of-concept demonstration of TTA-UC lifetime imaging using these NPs shows that the long-lived anti-Stokes emission is easily discriminable from typical autofluorescence. Moreover, fluctuations in the UC lifetime can be used to map local oxygen diffusion across the subcellular structure. Our TTA-UC NPs are highly promising stains for lifetime imaging microscopy, affording excellent image contrast and potential for oxygen mapping that is ripe for further exploitation.     

以上转换纳米颗粒和光动力疗法为基础的肿瘤联合治疗研究进展

光动力疗法作为一种非侵入性治疗手段已广泛应用于肿瘤的临床治疗。然而其疗效却深受紫外-可见光组织穿透深度的限制。镧系掺杂上转换纳米颗粒可以将近红外光转换为紫外-可见光,被广泛用于与传统光敏剂结合实现更为高效的光动力治疗。近年来,以上转换纳米颗粒和光动力疗法为基础的肿瘤联合治疗研究备受关注,本文重点介绍了该领域的最新研究进展,并对其未来发展方向作出了展望。     

Oligo(ethylene glycol)/alkyl‐modified Chromophore Assemblies for Photon Upconversion in Water

Molecular self‐assembly is a powerful means to construct nanoscale materials with advanced photophysical properties. Although the protection of the photo‐excited states from oxygen quenching is a critical issue, it still has been in an early phase of development. In this work, we demonstrate that a simple and typical molecular design for aqueous supramolecular assembly, modification of the chromophoric unit with hydrophilic oligo(ethylene glycol) chains and hydrophobic alkyl chains, is effective to avoid oxygen quenching of triplet–triplet annihilation‐based photon upconversion (TTA‐UC). While a TTA‐UC emission is completely quenched when the donor and acceptor are molecularly dispersed in chloroform, their aqueous co‐assemblies exhibit a clear upconverted emission in air‐saturated water even under extremely low chromophore concentrations down to 40 μm . The generalization of this nano‐encapsulation approach offers new functions and applications using oxygen‐sensitive species for supramolecular chemistry.     

Employing Core‐Shell Quantum Dots as Triplet Sensitizers for Photon Upconversion

A new family of surface‐functionalized CdSe/ZnS core‐shell quantum dots (csQD) has been developed, which work as triplet sensitizers for triplet‐triplet annihilation‐based photon upconversion (TTA‐UC). The surface modification of csQD with acceptor molecules plays a key role in the efficient relay of the excited energy of csQD to emitter molecules in the bulk solution, where the generated emitter triplets undergo triplet‐triplet annihilation that leads to photon upconversion. Interestingly, improved UC properties were achieved with the core‐shell QDs compared with core‐only CdSe QDs (cQD). The threshold excitation intensity, which is defined as the necessary irradiance to achieve efficient TTA process, decreases by more than a factor of four. Furthermore, the total UC quantum yield is enhanced more than 50‐fold. These enhancements should be derived from better optical properties of csQD, in which the non‐radiative surface recombination sites are passivated by the shell layer with wider bandgap.     

Enhancing Luminescence in Lanthanide‐Doped Upconversion Nanoparticles

The enthusiasm for research on lanthanide‐doped upconversion nanoparticles is driven by both a fundamental interest in the optical properties of lanthanides embedded in different host lattices and their promise for broad applications ranging from biological imaging to photodynamic therapy. Despite the considerable progress made in the past decade, the field of upconversion nanoparticles has been hindered by significant experimental challenges associated with low upconversion conversion efficiencies. Recent experimental and theoretical studies on upconversion nanoparticles have, however, led to the development of several effective approaches to enhancing upconversion luminescence, which could have profound implications for a range of applications. Herein we present the underlying principles of controlling energy transfer through lanthanide doping, overview the major advances and key challenging issues in improving upconversion luminescence, and consider the likely directions of future research in the field.     

核酸适配体功能化的稀土上转换纳米材料在生物检测中的应用

稀土上转换纳米材料可以吸收近红外光并发射出可见光或紫外光,在生物传感领域得到了广泛研究。核酸适配体能高特异性和高亲和性地与靶标物结合,被广泛应用于生物传感、疾病诊断等领域。将稀土上转换纳米材料与核酸适配体结合构建的检测体系,可实现对目标物灵敏、高选择性的检测。本文介绍了近几年核酸适配体功能化的稀土上转换纳米材料在生物小分子、蛋白质、核酸、病原微生物、细胞等方面的应用,并展望了其在分析检测领域的发展前景。