可见光/镍协同催化烯烃和炔烃双官能团化反应研究进展

可见光氧化还原催化与金属镍催化的联姻,使得在极为温和条件下构建挑战性化学键成为可能.然而,大多数协同催化体系只能构建单一的碳-碳键或碳-杂原子键.近些年来,可见光/镍协同催化在烯烃及炔烃分子间双官能团化反应领域引起了广泛关注.该协同催化级联模式可以一步构建多个化学键,为复杂结构单元的快速高效构筑提供了温和且高选择性的方...     

自由基Brook重排调控的α-氟烷基-α-硅基甲醇参与的烯烃双官能团化反应

α-氟烷基醇是药物分子的重要结构单元.以锰络合物为催化剂,以α-氟烷基-α-硅基甲醇为试剂,通过自由基Brook重排,对烯烃进行双官能团化的三组分反应模块化合成了α-氟烷基醇化合物.该反应操作简单,底物普适性良好,能够进行克级规模的制备,有一定的应用潜力.     

对接-迁移:烯烃的自由基双官能化反应利器

烯烃双官能化反应能同时向烯烃两端引入两个不同官能团,实现简单烯烃向复杂官能化分子的高效转化,一直受到合成化学家的广泛关注.其中自由基介导的烯烃双官能化反应由于具有条件温和、类型多样等特点使其近年来备受关注.对接-迁移策略通过巧妙的双官能化试剂的设计,将自由基供体和迁移基团通过链接基团置于同一分子中,经与烯烃进行对接后再发生快速的分子内官能团迁移而实现烯烃双官能化.该策略针对烯烃底物的兼容范围广,对活化烯烃、非活化烯烃及具有复杂骨架的烯烃都有良好的适用性,为生物活性分子的后期改造提供了便利途径.本文主要综述了本课题组近几年内发展及利用对接-迁移策略实现的烯烃双官能化反应的进展.     

可见光催化的氮自由基导向远程sp3碳氢官能团化反应

远程sp ³碳氢键官能团化反应近年来引起广泛关注, 可见光催化的氮自由基导向选择性官能化这一技术的出现使得该领域的发展取得了可喜的进展. 该策略以氮自由基介导的Hoffman-L?ffler-Freytag (HLF)反应为基础, 通过在可见光照射下激发态自由基的生成和1,5-攫取氢原子(1,5-HAT)过程, 利用反应过程中形成的自由基中间体, 实现对远程sp ³碳-氢键的修饰. 本综述就可见光催化的氮自由基导向远程碳氢官能团化反应近年来取得的进展进行简要总结.     

三氟甲基自由基促进的烯烃官能团迁移新进展

引入三氟甲基官能团可以有效地改善功能分子的化学稳定性、代谢稳定性及脂溶性等理化性质.发展三氟甲基化合物的高效合成方法具有重要的应用价值.近年来,三氟甲基自由基与烯烃的反应得到了迅速的发展,其形成的烷基自由基物种促进分子内官能团的迁移,极大地丰富了烯烃的官能团化方式,在实现烯烃三氟甲基官能团化的同时,为迅速构建多样性的分...     

可见光促进的炔烃的双官能团化反应

炔烃是一类易于制备且来源广泛的化合物,具有很高的反应活性.炔烃的双官能团化反应是一种直接、高效地构建各类有用分子骨架的策略.可见光作为一种绿色、清洁、来源广泛且丰富的能源,近几年在化学领域受到广泛关注,在烯烃的双官能团化等反应中有着重要应用.可见光促进的炔烃双官能团化反应在过去几年也得到了迅猛的发展.本综述从可见光促进的自由基历程,以及可见光促进与过渡金属联用两个方面讨论了可见光促进的炔烃双官能团化反应.可见光催化剂具有独特的单电子氧化还原特性,可与底物发生单电子转移,生成相应的自由基.一方面,各类型自由基如碳(sp~3, sp~2)自由基和杂原子(P, S, N, Se, Br, O)自由基可在可见光促进下生成,与碳碳叁键发生自由基加成反应后,生成的烯基自由基在之后的转化中形成双官能团化产物.自由基加成炔烃策略已被应用于一系列有用分子骨架的构建.然而,该策略在内炔烃及脂肪族炔烃上表现不佳.同时,其区域选择性和立体选择性也尚待提高.作为补充,可见光促进的单电子氧化还原形成1,3-偶极子与炔烃发生环加成反应的策略也在近期得到发展,但该类反应因需要特定的反应前体而受到限制.另一方面,可见光促进的单电子氧化炔烃,进而与亲核试剂反应的方法同样在近期得到发展.该方法为炔烃的双官能团化反应提供了新的思路.然而,炔烃较高的还原电势是该方法尚待解决的一个难题.利用过渡金属配合物可与叁键配位发生环金属化或者插入反应的特性,采用可见光促进与过渡金属联用策略来实现炔烃的双官能团化反应也受到研究者的重视.金属配合物在可见光照射下被活化,活化后的金属物种可与炔烃反应生成烯基金属物种,该物种为炔烃双官能团化的活性中间体.该策略可以高效地转化内炔烃和末端炔烃,同时其产物具有较高的区域选择性.然而,该策略对脂肪族炔烃的转化效率尚待提高,其产物的立体选择性问题仍需要解决.同时,发展地球丰产金属如铁、钴、镍等与可见光共同促进的炔烃双官能团化反应是该策略的发展方向之一.综上,我们总结并介绍了可见光促进的炔烃双官能团化反应.我们相信该类反应的独特的反应历程,温和的反应条件以及反应特性将会吸引更多的科学家投入研究.     

铜催化炔烃的双官能团化反应研究进展

炔烃的双官能团化反应近年来受到广大科研工作者的关注,其已经发展为一种简单、高效、原子经济性高,能够同时引入各类不同官能团的重要方法。近年来,许多关于铜催化炔烃的双官能团化反应研究见诸报道。本文针对近年来铜催化炔烃的双官能团化反应的研究进行了归纳与总结。     

可见光促进二氧化碳参与的羧基化反应

二氧化碳是众所周知的温室气体, 也是重要的C1资源, 利用二氧化碳合成高附加值化合物具有重要意义. 其中, 羧酸类化合物广泛存在于天然产物、 药物、 日化品及工业原料中, 是一类非常重要的化合物. 因此, 利用二氧化碳合成羧酸类化合物是一个重要的研究方向; 另一方面, 由于二氧化碳反应活性低, 其转化通常需要高温等苛刻条件. 为解决该问题, 人们利用可见光作为能量来源, 可以在温和条件下实现二氧化碳的高效转化. 鉴于该方向近年来的蓬勃发展, 本文主要对可见光促进二氧化碳参与的羧基化反应进行介绍和总结, 按烯烃、 炔烃、 醛酮、 亚胺和(类)卤代物等重要的化工原料分类阐述, 并将各个反应的特点和机理将作为阐述的重点. 本文也对该领域的未来发展方向进行了展望, 希望为该领域的进一步发展提供参考.     

光催化烯烃α-酰化反应

烯烃酰化反应被广泛用于制备结构丰富且高附加值的酮、醛、羧酸及其衍生物.多组分串联N-杂环卡宾催化和过渡金属催化的烯烃α-酰化反应具有高效、高选择性的优点,然而受限的反应模式和底物范围限制了反应的发展.光催化烯烃α-酰化反应突破了这一限制,具有更丰富、更广泛的底物适用范围.以研究策略为线索,对这一快速的研究进展进行了总结和展望.     

可见光促进下氟烷基砜对芳基烯烃的自由基氟烷基化反应

自由基氟烷基化是向有机分子中引入氟烷基的一类非常重要的方法,也是目前有机化学研究的热点之一.近几年来,由于广泛的官能团兼容性和温和的反应条件等优点,可见光促进的氧化还原催化反应得到了长足的发展,已经成为化学键的构建和活化的有力工具.因此,光氧化还原催化的自由基氟烷基化反应,作为向有机化合物中引入氟烷基的有效途径,受到了广泛关注.本文报道了我们发展的氟烷基砜作为一类方便易得的新型氟烷基自由基前体,在可见光氧化还原催化下实现对烯烃的自由基氟烷基化反应.该反应可以高效地向芳基烯烃中引入三氟甲基、二氟甲基、1,1-二氟乙基、苯基二氟甲基等各种含氟烷基基团,并实现对芳基烯烃的双官能团化转化.     

Difunctionalization of Alkenes and Alkynes via Intermolecular Radical and Nucleophilic Additions

Popular and readily available alkenes and alkynes are good substrates for the preparation of functionalized molecules through radical and/or ionic addition reactions. Difunctionalization is a topic of current interest due to its high efficiency, substrate versatility, and operational simplicity. Presented in this article are radical addition followed by oxidation and nucleophilic addition reactions for difunctionalization of alkenes or alkynes. The difunctionalization could be accomplished through 1,2-addition (vicinal) and 1,n-addition (distal or remote) if H-atom or group-transfer is involved in the reaction process. A wide range of moieties, such as alkyl (R), perfluoroalkyl (R_f), aryl (Ar), hydroxy (OH), alkoxy (OR), acetatic (O₂CR), halogenic (X), amino (NR₂), azido (N₃), cyano (CN), as well as sulfur- and phosphorous-containing groups can be incorporated through the difunctionalization reactions. Radicals generated from peroxides or single electron transfer (SET) agents, under photoredox or electrochemical reactions are employed for the reactions.     

The Alkynylative Difunctionalization of Alkenes

Given alkynyl group is an important functional unit, a variety of efficient methods have been developed to construct alkynyl-containing compounds. Among them, the alkynylative difunctionalization of alkenes is one of the most straightforward and efficient strategies for preparing these compounds and so has made great progress in recent years, including the catalytic asymmetric manner. However, there is no comprehensive review to summarize these studies. This review is aimed at comprehensively summarizing the alkynylative difunctionalization of alkenes, which is presented in terms of alkynylation-initiated and alkynylation-terminated difunctionalizations of alkenes. We hope that this review will help to encourage more researchers to further explore in this field.     

通过远端碳氮双键迁移实现非活化烯烃的三氟甲硫基化反应

利用自由基参与的官能团迁移策略实现了非活化烯烃的三氟甲硫基化反应.通过AgSCF₃和K₂S₂O₈相互作用产生的三氟甲硫基自由基与非活化烯烃反应,继而诱导远端含有碳氮双键官能团（杂芳基、亚胺）的分子内迁移,从而实现非活化烯烃的三氟甲硫基化反应.该转化具有反应条件温和、产物收率高、官能团兼容性广及区域选择性单一等特点,对具有不同电性和位阻的底物具有较好的适用性,高效构建了一系列含有三氟甲硫基的烷烃酮化合物.     

Palladium-Catalyzed Arylfluorination of Alkenes: A Powerful New Approach to Organofluorine Compounds

Fluorine incorporation into organic molecules is often beneficial to their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties or bioactivity. As a consequence, organofluorine compounds have become quite common amongst drugs and agrochemicals, and their preparation is a highly important topic in both synthetic organic chemistry and pharmaceutical chemistry. One of the newly developed methods for accessing organofluorine compounds is Pd-catalyzed arylfluorination of alkenes. It is an olefin difunctionalization process that simultaneously introduces an aryl group and a fluorine atom into an alkene framework. This review provides a concise overview of this powerful and versatile method.     

Photoredox‐Controlled β‐Regioselective Radical Hydroboration of Activated Alkenes with NHC‐Boranes

In this Communication, we report an unprecedented β‐regioselective radical inverse hydroboration (compared with ionic hydroboration) of α,β‐unsaturated amides with NHC‐BH₃ enabled by photoredox catalysis. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the unique photoredox cycle is a key factor to control the β‐regioselective radical hydroboration, by lowering the energy barrier in comparison with other pathways. This protocol provides a general and convenient route to construct a wide range of structurally diverse β‐borylated amides in synthetically useful yields under mild conditions.     

Utilization of CO2 Feedstock for Organic Synthesis by Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis

CO₂ is a highly abundant, green, and sustainable carbon feedstock. Despite its kinetic inertness and thermodynamic stability, the development of various catalytic techniques has enabled the conversion of CO₂ to value-added products such as carboxylic acids, amino acids, and heterocyclic compounds, where visible-light photocatalysis has emerged to be an efficient promoter of these processes. This Minireview covers the progress in the areas of CO₂ incorporation onto organic matters based on the combined venture of renewable resources of CO₂ and light energy with significant emphasis on the last three years’ developments.     

Anti-Markovnikov Hydroazidation of Alkenes by Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis

The anti-Markovnikov hydroazidation of alkenes has been accomplished under visible-light irradiation by using [Ir(dF(CF₃)ppy)₂(dtbbpy)]PF₆ as the photocatalyst and trimethylsilyl azide as the azidating agent. The reactions were greatly facilitated by water, the beneficial effect of which can be attributed to its participation in the reaction as the hydrogen donor, as indicated by deuterium isotope experiments. The reactions proceed under solvent free conditions in the presence of water. 4-Dimethylaminopyridine also exhibited a beneficial effect on the reactions. The present method enabled hydroazidation of several types of unactivated alkenes with good yields and high regioselectivity.     

Transition-Metal-Free Three-Component Radical 1,2-Amidoalkynylation of Unactivated Alkenes

A transition-metal-free radical 1,2-amidoalkynylation of unactivated alkenes is presented. α-Amido-oxy acids were used as amidyl radical precursors, which were oxidized by an organic photoredox catalyst (4CzlPN). The electrophilic N-radicals chemoselectively reacted with various aliphatic alkenes and the adduct radicals were then trapped by ethynylbenziodoxolone (EBX) reagents to eventually provide the amidoalkynylation products. These transformations, which were conducted under practical and mild conditions, showed high functional group tolerance and broad substrate scope. Mechanistic studies supported the radical nature of these cascades.     

Radical Arylaminoformylation of Activated Alkenes to Amides Containing All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters

Herein we report an Ag⁺/S₂O₈²⁻ inducted measure for functionalized succinyl diamides bearing an all-carbon quaternary stereocenter via a radical aminoformylation/aryl-migration/desulfonylation cascade. The improved process is developed employing readily available and inexpensive oxalic monoamide as a carbamoyl radical precursor through radical Smiles rearrangement. Additionally, the tolerance to oxygen and water, operational simplicity, convenient reagents, as well as scalability, enhance the practical value of the proposed synthesis strategy.