氮缺陷石墨相氮化碳的制备及其光催化降解环境有机污染物性能

通过在三聚氰胺热分解过程中加入NaHCO₃制备出具有氮缺陷的石墨相氮化碳（g-C₃N₄）,利用X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、N₂吸附-脱附、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、紫外-可见漫反射光谱（UV-vis DRS）和固体荧光光谱（PL）等方法对其进行表征,并在可见光（λ> 420nm）照射下,以水相中罗丹明B（RhB）的降解为模型反应,研究了该氮缺陷g-C₃N₄对有机污染物降解的光催化活性。结果表明,引入氮缺陷可以提高g-C₃N₄对可见光的吸收以及电子-空穴对的分离效率,进而提高g-C₃N₄的可见光催化活性。催化剂CNK0.005、CNK0.01和CNK0.05在30min内对RhB的降解率分别为79.8%、100.0%和87.6%;而在相同条件下,没有氮缺陷的g-C₃N₄对RhB的降解率仅为59.8%。     

石墨相氮化碳的改性及在环境净化中的应用

利用半导体光催化剂技术可以将环境污染物进行分解、转化和矿化,是解决环境污染问题的一条有效途径.聚合物半导体石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)具有独特的电子结构和化学性质,是一种新型的非金属功能性材料,在利用太阳能转化清洁能源和化学合成领域受到广泛关注.近几年,g-C₃N₄的开发使得利用半导体光催化技术进行环境净化的研究取得了进一步发展.本文围绕g-C₃N₄作为催化材料在环境净化中的应用,包括对水体有机污染物、细菌、大气污染物、重金属离子、CO₂等的分解转化等,综述国内外近年来的一些重要研究进展.并以在降解有机污染物中的应用为例对g-C₃N₄性能优化的各种改性措施进行了总结.最后,本文对g-C₃N₄在光催化环境净化反应过程的反应机理进行总结,并对未来发展趋势进行展望.     

类石墨相氮化碳改性研究进展

类石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)是一种不含金属的半导体材料,它具有制备方法简单、合成原材料价格低廉、含量丰富,具有很好的物理化学性质及热稳定性等优点,并且其较窄的禁带宽度满足可以直接吸收一部分可见光的要求,这些特有的优势使其一度成为人们研究和关注的焦点.然而,它的比表面积小、光生电子和空穴复合率高以及可见光利用率不足等弊...     

石墨相氮化碳材料在样品前处理中的研究进展

作为一种新型非金属材料,石墨相氮化碳以其独特的优点,如简单的制备方法、优良的化学及热稳定性、良好的生物兼容性和无毒性等,受到越来越多的关注。石墨相氮化碳及其复合材料目前已被广泛应用于电催化、光催化、生物成像等领域。由于具有大的比表面积,同时又是富电子的疏水材料,石墨相氮化碳相关材料被认为是一种理想的样品前处理吸附剂。该文探讨了近年来石墨相氮化碳及其复合材料作为固相萃取、分散固相萃取、磁性固相萃取、固相微萃取吸附剂在样品前处理中的应用,并对未来的发展趋势和应用前景进行了展望,以期为相关领域的研究提供帮助。     

石墨相氮化碳的化学合成及应用

石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)具有独特的电子结构和优异的化学稳定性, 近年来不仅被作为不含金属组分的催化剂和催化剂载体, 广泛地应用于有机官能团的选择性转换、光催化分解水、氧还原和Au、Pd、Ag、Pt等贵金属的负载, 还被作为绿色储能材料和硬模板剂用于H₂、CO₂的存储和纳米金属氮(氧)化物的制备等, 在能源和材料相关领域逐渐引起人们的关注. 本文将从材料的制备和应用角度,综述国内外同行近年来在g-C₃N₄研究中所取得的一些重要进展, 并对其未来发展趋势,特别是在能源和环境领域中的应用进行了展望.     

CoNi双金属改性石墨相氮化碳的制备及光催化性能的研究

采用简单的化学还原法在g-C₃N₄纳米片上原位合成了一种小尺寸CoNi双金属助催化剂并研究了其光催化活性。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-vis DRS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、光致发光(PL)、电化学阻抗(EIS)等手段对制备的CoNi/g-C₃N₄的理化性能进行了表征。光催化降解RhB实验表明,CoNi双金属助催化剂能有效提高g-C₃N₄中光生载流子的分离效率,从而提高光催化活性。当CoNi物质的量比为1:1时,CoNi/gC₃N₄的催化活性最高,其降解速率为0.01633 min^-1,在可见光照射下比g-C₃N₄提高3.9倍,该光催化剂在五次循环后仍能保持良好光催化活性,该反应的主要活性物种为超氧自由基(·O₂^-)。     

一锅法制备磁性石墨相氮化碳复合材料及其去除亚甲基蓝研究

为促使石墨相氮化碳循环使用、提高去除有机污染物能力,以高温煅烧制备的石墨相氮化碳和六水合三氯化铁作为原材料,利用一锅水热法合成磁性石墨相氮化碳。进一步利用正交试验L₁₆(4⁵)确定最适宜去除亚甲基蓝工艺条件：光照时间为20.0 h、pH为7.00、Fe₃O₄和g-C₃N₄之比为5:2、Fe₃O₄/g-C₃N₄复合材料投加量为0.20 g时,亚甲基蓝的去除效果可达95.73%。与对照实验相比,单一g-C₃N₄对亚甲基蓝的去除率为58.07%,远低于Fe₃O₄/g-C₃N₄复合材料的去除效果。Fe₃O₄/g-C₃N₄复合材料循环处理亚甲基蓝五次后,其去除率仍...     

石墨相氮化碳的液相合成及光催化性能研究进展

石墨相氮化碳是类石墨层状聚合物材料,因其特殊的能带和电子结构,近年来成为功能材料研究领域的热点.液相合成法具有温和多变的特性,是石墨相氮化碳合成的重要途径.本文作者就现阶段液相介质合成氮化碳的主要方法进行了介绍,主要包括液相电沉积、脉冲激光烧蚀、溶剂热合成法等.介绍了不同液相介质和合成参数对制备氮化碳材料晶型、形貌等的影响.同时就溶剂热合成氮化碳在光催化领域的研究进展进行了总结.在未来的研究中,液相合成法将极大的丰富氮化碳材料结构优化的途径,有助于推动多功能聚合物材料的深入研究.     

石墨相氮化碳量子点的简易水热制备和荧光性能

本文以线状石墨相氮化碳(Lg-CN)为原料,在无需强酸加入的情况下,利用简单的纯水中的水热反应成功制得了氮化碳量子点(CN QDs),并利用傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线粉末衍射、透射电镜、X射线光电子能谱等对所得量子点的形貌和结构进行了表征,进而解释了量子点的形成机理;利用紫外-可见吸收光谱和荧光光谱对其光学性质进行了研...     

污泥碳基催化材料的合成及在水环境中的应用

污泥是城市污水处理厂的副产物,是一种典型的固体废弃物,具有污染与资源的双重属性。以污泥作为原材料制备碳基催化材料并用于水环境催化是一种新型的污泥减量化和资源化利用方式。由于污泥是生物质有机质和多种无机氧化物、金属离子的混合物,因此以其制备的碳基催化剂或载体材料具有原料易得、活性位点分散、表面化学官能团易于调控、比表面积高等特点,并被广泛地用于多相Fenton催化、电催化、光催化、湿式氧化和臭氧氧化等水环境催化领域。本文将阐述污泥碳基催化剂材料的制备和改性方法,通过材料物理、化学性质与催化作用的构效关系并结合其在水环境催化领域的应用特点,说明碳基催化剂参与水中污染物吸附、电子转移和有机物降解的作用机制,同时对提高污泥基材料的稳定性、可重复利用性和催化活性提出新的展望。     

Graphite Carbon Nitride and Its Composites for Medicine and Health Applications

With the progress of science and technology and the improvement of people‘s living standards, the performance of traditional materials can no longer fully meet the needs of social development. Graphitic phase carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), as a new type of nanomaterial, has good properties. Its unique graphite like structure and stable thermodynamic characteristics have led an increasing number of researchers to explore its diverse functions and use this as a basis to develop related energy and products for applications in various fields. Among them, applications in the field of medicine health have become popular in recent years. Therefore, this review summarizes the synthesis methods of g-C₃N₄ and its composites, as well as their applications in food, medicine, environmental monitoring and disease treatment, in the hope of providing references and basis for further expanding the applications of g-C₃N₄ in large health areas.     

硫化纳米零价铁去除水体污染物的研究进展

纳米零价铁（NZVI）作为一种原料来源广泛的环境污染修复剂,被广泛应用于地下水和废水等水环境污染修复领域中.尽管这种材料具有反应活性优异、成本低和毒性低的特点,但又面临着自身性质带来的在原位修复和储存等方面的局限.在提高其在水环境中的实际应用潜力的改性方法中,硫化作用成为近10年来的一个研究热点,这也意味着NZVI改性的研究重点从提高NZVI反应活性转移到提高电子的选择性上.硫化型NZVI的制备方法各异,制备方法主要为化学法.这些硫化型材料被大量应用于水体有机污染物降解和重金属去除的研究中来考察它们的实际反应活性,其与水体污染物在不同环境体系下的反应机制也被深入研究.其中,根据硫化型NZVI降解污染物种类和反应条件的不同,大致可以分为吸附、还原和氧化这三大类.尽管目前硫化型NZVI的实际应用仍面临着较多的局限,但是在提高反应活性和电子选择性等方面突破巨大.深入地梳理硫化型NZVI的反应性能和其去除水体中污染物的反应机制的研究进展能够为未来硫化型NZVI的研究指明发展方向.由于硫化型零价铁的优异性能,该材料和相关的硫化铁系材料将会逐步成为环境修复领域的重要材料分支,具有潜在的发展前景.     

铈掺杂石墨相氮化碳的合成及可见光光催化性能

以硝酸铈和三聚氰胺为原料,采用热解法合成系列Ce掺杂石墨相氮化碳(g-C_3N_4).采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱仪(UV-Vis DRS)、荧光光谱仪(PL)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)等对样品进行了表征.结果表明,Ce掺杂使g-C_3N_4晶粒尺寸减小,比表面积增大,光生电子/空穴对复合几率降低,并影响到能带结构.在可见光下光催化降解亚甲基蓝水溶液的结果表明,Ce掺杂g-C_3N_4的可见光光催化活性远优于纯g-C_3N_4.其中,0.10-Ce-C_3N_4样品80 min内对亚甲基蓝的降解率高达98.51%,速率常数达0.0506 min~(-1),是纯g-C_3N_4的4.9倍.     

Size Effects of the Anions in the Ionothermal Synthesis of Carbon Nitride Materials

Semiconducting carbon nitride polymers are used in metal-free photocatalysts and in opto-electronic devices. Conventionally, they are obtained using thermal and ionothermal syntheses in inscrutable, closed systems and therefore, their condensation behavior is poorly understood. Here, the synthetic protocols and properties are compared for two types of carbon nitride materials – 2D layered poly(triazine imide) (PTI) and hydrogen-bonded melem hydrate – obtained from three low-melting salt eutectics taken from the systematic series of the alkali metal halides: LiCl/KCl, LiBr/KBr, and LiI/KI. The size of the anion plays a significant role in the formation process of the condensed carbon nitride polymers, and it suggests a strong templating effect. The smaller anions (chloride and bromide) become incorporated into triazine (C₃N₃)-based PTI frameworks. The larger iodide does not stabilize the formation of a triazine-based polymer, but instead it leads to the formation of the heptazine (C₆N₇)-based hydrogen-bonded melem hydrate as the main crystalline phase. Melem hydrate, obtained as single-crystalline powders, was compared with PTI in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water and in an OLED device. Further, the emergence of each carbon nitride species from its corresponding salt eutectic was rationalized via density functional theory calculations. This study highlights the possibilities to further tailor the properties of eutectic salt melts for ionothermal synthesis of organic functional materials.     

非金属掺杂石墨相氮化碳光催化的研究进展与展望

Since Fujishima and Honda demonstrated the photoelectrochemical water splitting on TiO₂ photoanode and Pt counter electrode, photocatalysis has been considered as one of the most promising technologies for solving both the problems of environmental pollution and energy shortage. This process can effectively use solar energy, the most abundant energy resource on the earth, to drive various catalytic reactions, such as water splitting, CO₂ reduction, organic pollutant degradation, and organic synthesis, for energy generation and environmental purification. Except for the various metal-based semiconductors, such as metal oxides, metal sulfides, and metal oxynitrides, developed for photocatalysis, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) has attracted significant attention in the recent years because of its earth abundancy, non-toxicity, good stability, and relatively narrow band gap (2.7 eV) for visible light response. However, g-C₃N₄ suffers from insufficient absorption of visible light in the solar spectrum and rapid recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes, thus resulting in low photocatalytic activity. Until now, various strategies have been developed to enhance the photocatalytic activity of g-C₃N₄, including element doping, nanostructure and heterostructure design, and co-catalyst decoration. Among these methods, element doping has been found to be very effective for adjusting the unique electronic and molecular structures of g-C₃N₄, which could significantly expand the range of photoresponse under visible light and improve the charge separation. Especially, non-metal doping has been well investigated frequently to improve the photocatalytic activity of g-C₃N₄. The non-metal dopants commonly used for the doping of g-C₃N₄ include oxygen (O), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), boron (B), and halogen (F, Cl, Br, I) and also carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) (for self-doping), as they are easily accessible and can be introduced into the g-C₃N₄ framework through different physical and chemical synthetic methods. In this review article, the structural and optical properties of g-C₃N₄ is introduced first, followed by a brief introduction to the modification of g-C₃N₄ as photocatalysts. Then, the progress in the non-metal doped g-C₃N₄ with improved photocatalytic activity is reviewed in detail, with the photocatalytic mechanisms presented for easy understanding of the fundamentals of photocatalysis and for guiding in the design of novel g-C₃N₄ photocatalysts. Finally, the prospects of the modification of g-C₃N₄ for further advances in photocatalysis is presented.     

Graphitic Carbon Nitride Polymer as a Recyclable Photoredox Catalyst for Fluoroalkylation of Arenes

Heterogeneous catalysis for trifluoromethylations and perfluoroalkylations has been performed. Through the usage of cheap, metal‐free and recyclable mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (mpg‐CN) it was possible to fluoroalkylate various arenes by the reductive activation of sulfonyl chlorides with visible light. Thus, we were able to demonstrate the robustness and versatility of mpg‐CN as a photoredox catalyst beyond water splitting and the activation of oxygen.     

石墨相氮化碳的红外辅助微波法制备及光催化固氮性能

采用红外辅助微波法制备了可见光下具有优越固氮性能的石墨相氮化碳催化剂(g-C3N4).采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、氮气吸附、紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)、荧光光谱(PL)、N2-程序升温脱附(TPD)和电子顺磁共振谱(EPR)等对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,微波处理在催化剂表面形成许多孔状结构,增大了催化剂的比表面积,抑制了催化剂光生电子-空穴的复合;微波处理还会产生大量氮空穴,这些氮空穴一方面可以吸附并活化氮气分子,另一方面可提升电荷从催化剂到氮气分子的界面转移能力,显著提高催化剂的光催化固氮性能.采用红外辅助微波法制备的g-C3N4催化剂比采用单纯微波法制备的催化剂具有更多的氮空穴,表现出更高的光催化固氮性能.     

金纳米棒/石墨相氮化碳复合薄膜的制备及其光电化学性能

石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)作为一种新型的非金属有机半导体材料在光催化领域受到了人们的广泛关注。 为进一步改善它的光电化学性能,本文利用种子生长法和一锅法相结合制备了Au纳米棒/g-C₃N₄复合材料。 结果表明,金纳米棒降低了载流子的复合率,使复合材料表现出了较好的光电化学性能。 该材料光电流密度可达到17.18 μA/cm²(相对于可逆氢电极),是纯的石墨相氮化碳材料的2.5倍。     

类石墨相氮化碳量子点（g-CNQDs）用于水质中三硝基苯酚的检测

基于类石墨相氮化碳量子点( g-CNQDs)建立了一种高效、灵敏、简单的荧光化学传感器用于检测水相中的三硝基苯酚( TNP)。 g-CNQDs是一种新型纳米半导体材料,具有很好的水溶性、生物相容性、环境友好、良好荧光特性,无毒性,通过简单的固相反应法,制备了g-CNQDs材料,探讨了g-CNQDs与TNP之间的相互作用(如仔-仔共轭作用、氢键相互作用和静电作用)引起的g-CNQDs荧光猝灭过程。此荧光传感器响应速度快,对TNP具有良好的选择性。实验结果表明,本方法在0.1~100 nmol/L和0.1~100μmol/L的浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系,检出限为0.05 nmol/L ( S/N=3)。 g-CNQDs材料在化学传感器方面有很好的应用前景,利用此荧光传感器对实际水样中的TNP进行了检测,为监测水环境中TNP提供了新方法。     

Interaction of Humic Substances with Organic Pollutants and its Influence on the Concentration of these Pollutants from Water

Abstract

The influence of fulvic acids (FAs) and humic acids (HAs) of different origin on liquid-liquid and solid-phase extraction of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) with broadly varying values of octanol-water partition coefficients K_ow has been investigated. It is shown that the solubilization by dissolved FAs and HAs can lead to a significant decrease in recovery of some HOCs even from very dilute (10–20 mg/l) aqueous solutions of these acids. The results of these investigations and an analysis of the relevant literature data, demonstrate that the extent of solubilization of HOCs by humic substances is determined not only by K_ow, but also by the specific structure of the HOCs. The hypothesis of the formation of intramolecular micelles (IMMs) by unaggregated FAs and HAs, and the partition of HOCs between water and the IMMs is put forward to explain the solubilization of HOCs.