Co@NC纳米复合材料的制备及其电化学性能研究

本文从开发替代贵金属催化剂（如RuO₂,IrO₂,Pt）的廉价催化剂方面着手,以金属有机框架化合物ZIF-67为前驱物,通过室温溶剂热法合成金属有机骨架ZIF-67,将其高温炭化制备出包覆Co纳米颗粒的氮掺杂的碳基复合材料,即Co@NC. 研究炭化温度对其形貌结构、元素组成和电催化性能的影响. 制备形貌结构最优的Co@NC催化剂,并研究了其在碱性条件下析氧反应的催化活性和稳定性.     

氮掺杂超薄碳纳米片复合铂钌单原子合金催化剂的电化学析氢性能

为了减少贵金属的用量, 降低成本, 提高大规模生产的可能性, 构建单原子合金(SAA)是一个非常可行的解决方案. 设计了一种超小PtRu单原子合金物种均匀分散在掺氮超薄碳纳米片上的电催化剂(PtRu SAA/NC), 并通过基于同步辐射的X射线吸收精细结构(XAFS)光谱进行了结构确认. 与纯Ru团簇和氮掺杂的碳片相比, PtRu SAA/NC具有更高的析氢反应(HER)催化活性和特殊的稳定性, 在0.5 mol/L H₂SO₄溶液中进行HER时, 表现出较小的Tafel斜率(43 mV/dec), 且在10 mA/cm²电流密度下过电位仅为54 mV.     

碳纳米纤维负载铁镍合金在锌空气电池中的应用

析氧反应(OER)催化剂在锌空气电池(ZABs)储能过程中起着关键作用。我们开发了一种新型非贵金属基自支撑碳纳米纤维催化剂(Ni_δFe_4-δ-CNF)。首先,以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、过渡金属乙酸酯、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺为原料,采用静电纺丝法制备了网状前驱体。随后,通过高温退火处理,将其转化为三维(3D)多孔结构材料。合成的Ni₁Fe₁-CNF催化剂在浓度为1 mol·L^-1KOH的电解质溶液中具有较低的起始电位(230 m V)和过电势(280 mV,10 mA·cm^-2),性能优于商业RuO₂。同时,将Ni₁Fe₁-CNF催化剂与商业Pt/C催化剂混合,作为空气阴极催化剂组装成ZAB,与商业的RuO₂+Pt/C ZAB相比,Ni₁Fe₁-CNF+Pt/C ZAB具有更高的功率密度(122 m W·cm^-2)、...     

活性位高度暴露的钴/氮/碳电催化剂的构建及氧还原性能研究

金属/氮/碳催化剂（M/N/C，M=Fe、Co等）是最有发展前景的非贵金属电催化剂之一，其性能依赖于催化剂表面的活性物种密度.通过常规的热解含氮前驱物与金属盐的方法制得的催化剂往往存在金属活性物种被包埋而不能有效利用的缺点.考虑到石墨相氮化碳（g-C₃N₄）富含类吡啶氮和亚纳米孔腔结构，将g-C₃N₄包覆在高导电性碳纳米笼（hCNC）表面，进而利用表层g-C₃N₄的配位和限域作用锚定大量Co²⁺离子，获得的Co/g-C₃N₄/hCNC复合物经热解后形成了活性位高度暴露、导电性好、孔结构丰富的Co/N/C催化剂.800℃热解得到的最优化催化剂在碱性介质中展现出优异氧还原活性，其起始电位（0.97 V）与商业Pt/C催化剂相当，且抗甲醇干扰性能和稳定性优异.此项研究提供了一种构建具有高度暴露活性位的M/N/C催化剂的有效策略.     

不同晶型MnO2纳米阵列的可控合成及其电催化析氧性能

采用一步水热法,通过改变反应温度和硫酸的用量,在碳纸(CFP)表面可控合成了α?MnO₂纳米线和δ?MnO₂纳米片阵列,研究了MnO₂纳米阵列的电催化析氧反应(OER)性能。结果表明,在碱性介质中,α?MnO₂纳米线阵列的OER活性优于δ?MnO₂纳米片阵列,在电流密度为10 mA·cm^-2时,α?MnO₂纳米线阵列的析氧过电位为444 mV(δ?MnO₂纳米片的过电位为522 mV)。通过X射线光电子能谱的表征分析可知,更高含量的Mn³⁺和表面更丰富的氧空位浓度是α?MnO₂纳米线阵列催化活性更高的原因。     

用于电化学水氧化的铁、镍、钴金属及其二元金属纳米颗粒比较研究

从环境兼容角度来设计应用于氧析出反应的电催化剂是否有效、耐用和廉价对能源转化过程至关重要. 本文报告了一种快速制备低成本、原料丰富的金属催化剂制备方法。通过一步电化学沉积法在钛金属基材上制备了铁、镍、钴金属及其钴镍、钴铁二元金属纳米颗粒. 采用场发射电子显微镜 (FE-SEM), 能量散射X-射线能谱 (EDX), X-射线衍射光谱 (XRD), X-射线光电子能谱 (XPS)和电化学技术对制备的不同纳米颗粒进行了表征. 电化学结果显示,在合成的五种钛基金属纳米催化剂中, 钛基上沉积钴金属纳米颗粒(Ti/Co)电极在0.l mol·L^-1氢氧化钾溶液中氧析出反应的电催化活性最好,0.70 V(相对于银/氯化银电极)的电流密度为10.0 mA·cm^-2. 经优化后Ti/Co电极的过电位(η)很小,当电流密度为10.0 mA·cm^-2时η为0.43 V,质量活性高达105.7 A·g^-1,逆转频率(TOF)值为1.63×10^-3 s^-1, 这些与当前最好的碳载铂(Pt/C)和氧化钌(RuO₂)电催化剂的性能相当. 此外,通过计时电位技术对优化后Ti/Co电极的耐久性进行了测试, 发现该电极在碱性溶液中氧析出反应的稳定性良好. 本工作制备的钛金属基材上电化学沉积金属钴纳米颗粒具有高催化活性、高稳定性、原料来源丰富、廉价且易于大规模生产,在工业化水分解领域具有潜在的应用前景.     

纳米多孔Ni和NiO的制备及电催化析氧性能

采用快速凝固与脱合金相结合的方法制备了纳米多孔Ni,经热处理氧化获得纳米多孔NiO,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和氮气吸附-脱附仪(BET)对纳米多孔Ni和NiO的物相、形貌结构和孔径分布进行了表征,并通过循环伏安、稳态极化和电化学阻抗分析研究了电极的电催化析氧性能.结果表明,由Ni₃₀Al₇₀所得纳米多孔Ni具有多层次纳米多孔结构,在10 mA/cm²电流密度下析氧过电位仅为224 mV,交换电流密度为0. 63297 m A/cm²,表观活化自由能为40. 297 k J/mol,经1000次循环后,过电位降低了5 mV(j=10 mA/cm²),表现出良好的催化稳定性和耐久性;热处理氧化降低了NiO的比表面积与电化学活性面积,平衡电位下扩散传质速率明显减小,析氧活性较Ni电极有所下降.     

氧空位和磷掺杂协同增强铁钴基材料电解水催化性能

为了研发高效、稳定的电解水催化剂,我们以氧空位和磷掺杂为基础,通过原位浸泡生长和两步热处理的方法,在泡沫铁上合成具有氧空位和磷掺杂的纳米花结构作为析氢反应(HER)和析氧反应(OER)双功能电催化剂。CoFe₂O₄已被报道为一种很有前途的OER和氧还原反应(ORR)电催化剂,然而CoFe₂O₄在HER中表现出电导率差、电催化反应慢的特性。CoFe₂O₄中氧空位(Ov)的形成可以有效调控催化剂表面的电子结构,有助于产生更多的缺陷和空位,从而提高OER的活性。随后,引入磷原子填充在空位中,制备的P-Ov-CoFe₂O₄/IF在碱性电催化测试中展现出优异的HER和OER性能,在10 mA·cm^-2电流密度下HER和OER过电位仅为54和191 mV,Tafel斜率分别为57和54 mV·dec^-1,并具有良好的循环稳定性。     

Pt-WO3纳米片的合成及其电催化析氢性能研究

作者通过一个简便的方法在泡沫镍表面修饰了Pt-WO₃纳米片. 作为连续导电网络, 泡沫镍基地可提高WO₃电极的性能. 表面修饰的铂纳米颗粒不仅可以提高表面电导率, 也可提高其催化位点密度. 测试结果表明Pt-WO₃修饰的泡沫镍显示出比未进行铂修饰催化剂更高的性能,其Tafel斜率为80 mV·dec^-1, 电流密度为10 mA·cm^-2时过电位仅为72 mV. 另外, Pt-WO₃修饰的泡沫镍催化剂经45小时连续测试展现出优异的稳定性和长寿命. 本文研究提供了一种提高过渡金属氧化物作为析氢催化剂性能的潜在方法, 为其实际应用奠定基础.     

Mo对脱合金制备的Ni-Mo电极骨架结构与析氢性能的影响

采用快速凝固结合脱合金化方法制备了不同Mo含量的纳米多孔Ni-Mo合金,通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）和N₂吸附-脱附分析等对多孔合金的物相、形貌结构及孔径分布进行了表征,并通过线性扫描伏安、Tafel斜率、交流阻抗和循环伏安等方法测试了多孔合金电极的电催化析氢性能.结果显示,多孔合金电极材料在50 mA/cm²电流密度下析氢过电位随着Mo含量的增加先降低后升高,Ni_2.5Mo_2.5合金析氢活性最强,过电位为218 mV,析氢过程由Volmer-Heyrovsky步骤控制,交换电流密度为0.29 mA/cm²,经1000周循环后的极化曲线基本保持原状,50 mA/cm²电流密度下过电位增加3.67%,表现出优良的析氢稳定性.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.