护理观察赣州小儿呼吸道感染后免疫功能与血微量元素变化的关系

目的探讨赣州地区小儿呼吸道感染后免疫功能与血微量元素的关系。方法采用原子吸收法对1 000例(观察组)呼吸道感染患儿进行血液微量元素测定,同时选择100例健康小儿作对照组。并对观察组100例和对照组50例进行免疫球蛋白含量测定。结果呼吸道感染小儿的血液微量元素Zn、Fe、Ca含量及免疫球蛋白Ig A、Ig G含量明显低于正常小儿。结论呼吸道感染患儿存在Zn、Fe、Ca元素缺乏及免疫功能异常。Zn、Fe、Ca等元素的缺乏可影响机体正常免疫功能的建立,容易发生呼吸道感染。对呼吸道感染患儿辅助给予微量元素治疗可以增强免疫功能,促进疾病痊愈。     

小儿反复呼吸道感染与微量元素的关系探讨

为探讨小儿反复呼吸道感染(RRI)与微量元素的关系，测定了35例反复呼吸道感染患儿血中微量元素的含量，并与32例健康儿作对照。结果表明，反复呼吸道感染组(RRI)血锌明显低于健康组儿童血锌，P＜0．05，有显著性差异。提示低锌的小儿易患反复呼吸道感染。     

儿童呼吸道感染与发锌含量观察

采用原子吸收分光光度法对８６例呼吸道感染患儿发中锌含量进行测定，结果表明：呼吸道感染患儿发锌含量均低于对照组，经统计学处理有显著性差异，Ｐ〈０．０１，提示微量元素锌的缺乏可能是造成小儿机体免疫功能低下，易感染性疾病的病因之一。     

微量元素锌对小儿反复呼吸道感染的影响分析

目的观察及分析微量元素锌在反复呼吸道感染患儿中的意义。方法收集汉川市人民医院2013年4月至2015年3月接诊的患反复呼吸道感染的200例患儿进行临床研究,并将其分为研究组。同时另选同期进行健康体检的1 000例正常小儿分为对照组进行对照研究。分别对两组小儿的全血锌水平、血清免疫球蛋白Ig M、Ig G、Ig A等指标进行检测,并进行比较分析。结果研究组小儿的全血锌水平显著低于对照组(P0.05),Ⅱ级与Ⅲ级患儿的血清免疫球蛋白Ig M、Ig G、Ig A水平均明显高于Ⅰ级患儿,其中又以Ⅲ级患儿的差异更为显著(P0.05)。结论微量元素锌水平与反复呼吸道感染患儿的免疫功能呈正相关关系,治疗时应注意补充锌元素,能有效提高患儿的治疗效果。     

缺硒儿童免疫功能下降反复呼吸道感染100例临床观察

为探讨硒缺乏与呼吸道感染的关系，对100例反复呼吸道感染患儿进行了肘静脉及颈静脉采血送检，观察了微量元素硒缺乏对儿童呼吸道免疫功能的影响。结果表明，补硒后呼吸道感染率明显降低，儿童健康水平明显提高。     

反复呼吸道感染与微量元素的相关性研究

为探讨反复呼吸道感染与微量元素锌、铜、铁、钙的关系,剪取枕后下头发0．5－1g,采用电感耦合高频等离子体发射光谱法检测了头发微量元素。结果表明：（1）反复呼吸道感染患儿发锌、铜、铁、钙含量明显低于正常健康儿童,差异有极显著性（P均＜0．01）。（2）反复呼吸道感染患儿经过补充微量元素后,发锌、铜、锌、钙含量明显高于补充微量元素前,有显著性（P＜0．01或＜0．05）。（3）56例反复呼吸道感染患儿经过补充微量元素后,随访其后1年内呼吸道感染次数的变化,明显减少者占80．4％;基本没变者占19．6％。可见,微量元素缺乏是引起反复呼吸道感染的重要原因之一。补充微量元素可减少呼吸道感染的次数。     

呼吸道感染与微量元素

急性上呼吸道感染是一种常见病,发病率高,传染性强,各年龄组均可发病。上呼吸道感染是鼻、咽、喉部炎症的总称。其中以普通感冒最为常见,多数由病毒引起,亦可为细菌所致。反复呼吸道感染是小儿常见病。扁桃腺炎发作后,可并发急性肾炎、风湿热等,应予高度重视,积极预防和治疗。呼吸道感染,特别是反复呼吸道感染多系机体免疫力低下所致。实验研究证实,微量元素锌、硒、铁、锰、铜缺乏及铅过高可使机体免疫力显著下降。临床观察到,反复呼吸道感染儿童头发锌值明显低于对照组;反复发生上呼吸道感染且低锌的儿童,其血清免疫球蛋白A和免疫球蛋白G也降低。分泌型免疫球蛋白A(IgA)在防御呼吸道感染中起主要作用。还有人观察到,反复呼吸道感染(RRTI)患儿的血清锌含量明显低于对载体也可以转运锶,血清锶含量增加可以竞争钙的载体,影响钙的吸收利用。支气管平滑肌细胞内的Ca2+含量是维持平滑肌纤维正常舒缩的基本条件。此外,Ca2+不仅参与支气管腺体分泌的控制,而且与肥大细胞释放生物介质密切相关。因此,支气管哮喘患者应补充钙元素借以维持血中Ca2+含量并减少体内锶的蓄积。如前所述,哮喘有外源性与内源性之分。内源性哮喘往往先有上呼吸道感染史。随感染的加重而迁...     

广州市儿童反复呼吸道感染血微量元素分析

为了探讨广州地区春夏季期间儿童反复呼吸道感染(RRI)与血微量元素的关系,检测了2004年1～6月份95例儿童反复呼吸道感染(RRI)与正常儿童的血微量元素对照。结果显示,反复呼吸道感染的儿童比正常儿童的血锌明显偏低,血铅明显偏高,有统计学意义;血钙和血镁相差不大,没有统计学意义。提示反复呼吸道感染后的调理需要提高血锌水平和防治铅中毒。     

微量元素变化对反复呼吸道感染的影响

检测了240例反复呼吸道感染患儿血微量元素含量。结果表明,反复呼吸道感染患儿血锌、铁、钙低于正常对照组(P<0.01);血铅高于正常对照组(P<0.01);血铜、镁两组相当,差异不显著(P<0.05)。提示反复呼吸道感染患儿体内存在锌、铁、钙元素缺乏及铅含量升高。     

锌对动物免疫功能的影响

锌是机体必需的微量元素,它对动物免疫系统的正常发育和功能方面有重要作用。综述了微量元素锌对动物免疫器官、免疫细胞和免疫分子等的可能作用机制和对免疫功能的影响。     

幼儿反复呼吸道感染与头发中微量元素含量关系研究

报道了2886名正常儿童与718例反复呼吸道感染儿童头发中微量元素含量对比研究结果。研究表明,患儿的身高、体重和发Zn明显低于正常儿童,而发Cu、Ca、Pb则明显高于正常和童。因子提取分析显示,Zn和Pb在儿童反复呼吸道感染发病中起非常重要的作用。患反复呼吸道感染儿童约占儿童总数的20％左右。     

Hückel theory applied to large linear and cyclic conjugated π-systems

By use of rotational symmetry (C_n-symmetry) a lower limit to the frontier orbital (HOMO-LUMO) gap in large molecules with linear and cyclic conjugated π-systems containing simple repetitive units has been calculated within the Hückel approxmation. The frontier orbitals are shown to be the same in series of cyclic oligomers and liner polymers containing the same repetitive units. The orbital gap is calculated from the repetitive units closed on themselves to give a ring of Hückel or, alternatively, Möbius topology depending on the number of conjugated π-electrons in a liner array between the ends of the repetitive unit. For 4n (4n+2) systems the small ring of Hückel (Möbius) topology will give the frontier orbitals.     

An immune algorithm for resolution of multicomponent overlapping chromatograms

A novel immune algorithm for resolution and quantitative determination of the components in overlapping chromatograms was proposed by imitating biological immune systems. The algorithm takes an overlapping chromatogram as its input and subtracts the chromatograms of standard samples from the input by iteration of a network. When the residual does not change, the network will converge and chromatographic information of the components in overlapping chromatogram will be obtained. Both simulated and experimental data sets were investigated by the method. Results showed that both resolved results and recoveries of quantitative determination are satisfactory. Comparing with conventional least-square method, the immune algorithm is fast in calculation.     

An immune algorithm for resolution of multicomponent overlapping chromatograms

A novel immune algorithm for resolution and quantitative determination of the components in overlapping chromatograms was proposed by imitating biological immune systems. The algorithm takes an overlapping chromatogram as its input and subtracts the chromatograms of standard samples from the input by iteration of a network. When the residual does not change, the network will converge and chromatographic information of the components in overlapping chromatogram will be obtained. Both simulated and experimental data sets were investigated by the method. Results showed that both resolved results and recoveries of quantitative determination are satisfactory. Comparing with conventional least-square method, the immune algorithm is fast in calculation.     

Interpretation of bioassay measurements using different systemic models for plutonium

In vitro bioassay measurements for plutonium have been performed on a routine basis for many years. Since the biokinetic models have changed considerably and the dose limitation systems have become more restrictive, it is necessary to estimate the impact of these changes on the interpretation of bioassay measurements. This study is carried out for the plutonium systemic models proposed by the ICRP publications: ICRP-30, ICRP-48, and ICRP-56, using the excretion functions proposed by Langham, Durbin, and Jones. A quantitative comparison of dose estimates using the dose limitation systems proposed in the ICRP Publications 26 and 60 is also done. In order to evaluate the impact on the use of the new ICRP respiratory tract model, a comparative study of intake and dose estimates, using the new and the ICRP-30 respiratory tract models, was also done for the case of inhalation of plutonium compounds. These calculations are particularly important to provide means to compare doses when the occupational exposures lasted many years and the doses were assessed using different models and dose limitation systems.Since some countries are in the process of changing the dose limitation system from the recommendations of the ICRP-26 to the ICRP-60, or even from the ICRP-2 to the ICRP-26, a quantitative comparison of dose estimates will be shown. In order to evaluate the impact on the use of the new ICRP respiratory tract model, a comparative study of intake and dose estimates using the new and the ICRP-30 respiratory tract models will also be shown for the case of inhalation of plutonium compounds.     

Endocannabinoid System Dysregulation from Acetaminophen Use May Lead to Autism Spectrum Disorder: Could Cannabinoid Treatment Be Efficacious?

Persistent deficits in social communication and interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities, are the core items characterizing autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Strong inflammation states have been reported to be associated with ASD. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) may be involved in ASD pathophysiology. This complex network of lipid signaling pathways comprises arachidonic acid and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol-derived compounds, their G-protein-coupled receptors (cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2) and the associated enzymes. Alterations of the ECS have been reported in both the brain and the immune system of ASD subjects. ASD children show low EC tone as indicated by low blood levels of endocannabinoids. Acetaminophen use has been reported to be associated with an increased risk of ASD. This drug can act through the ECS to produce analgesia. It may be that acetaminophen use in children increases the risk for ASD by interfering with the ECS.This mini-review article summarizes the current knowledge on this topic.     

微流控技术在外泌体分离分析中的研究进展

外泌体是一类由细胞分泌的含有脂质、蛋白、核酸等多种物质的纳米级囊泡,主要参与细胞间的物质交换及信息传导,与多种疾病的发生发展密切相关。对外泌体进行深入研究,理解其生物学功能,对疾病诊断与治疗具有重要意义。由于外泌体尺寸较小且密度和体液接近,想要对复杂生物样本中的外泌体进行分离与分析十分困难。传统的外泌体分离方法如超速离心、超滤等大都需要借助大型仪器设备,且耗时长、操作复杂。因此迫切需要开发高效、便捷的外泌体分离检测手段。微流控技术因其微型化、高通量、可集成等特点,为外泌体的分离分析提供了一个新的平台。该文主要对近年来微流控技术在外泌体分离分析相关领域的研究进展进行了综述。重点从外泌体物理特性和生化特性两个角度出发,介绍了微流控芯片技术用于外泌体分离领域的主要原理、策略和方法。此外,还介绍了微流控技术与荧光、电化学传感、表面等离子体共振等多模态检测方法结合,实现外泌体一体化分析的新进展。最后,该文分析了目前微流控技术用于外泌体分离检测存在的挑战,并对其发展趋势和前景进行了展望。随着微流控外泌体分离分析装置的不断微型化、集成化、自动化,微流控芯片技术将在外泌体分离、生化检测、机制研究等方面将发挥越来越重要的作用。     

Innate immune sensing of coronavirus and viral evasion strategies

The innate immune system is the first line of the host defense program against pathogens and harmful substances. Antiviral innate immune responses can be triggered by multiple cellular receptors sensing viral components. The activated innate immune system produces interferons (IFNs) and cytokines that perform antiviral functions to eliminate invading viruses. Coronaviruses are single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that have a broad range of animal hosts. Coronaviruses have evolved multiple means to evade host antiviral immune responses. Successful immune evasion by coronaviruses may enable the viruses to adapt to multiple species of host organisms. Coronavirus transmission from zoonotic hosts to humans has caused serious illnesses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), resulting in global health and economic crises. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying host sensing of and innate immune responses against coronavirus invasion, as well as host immune evasion strategies of coronaviruses.Subject terms: Infection, Pattern recognition receptors, Immune evasion     

Cross bridging proteins in nature and their utilization in bio- and nanotechnology

Cross-linking and cross-bridging are highly versatile methods of creating composite protein structures with desired mechanical properties such as deformation endurance, elasticity, extensibility, and stability under intensive and repetitive sheering forces. Cross-linking and cross-bridging are distinguished by the bonds that hold the structural components together. Cross-linking implies a covalent association, whereas cross-bridging depends on biological recognition, in which hydrogen bonding, ionic, and hydrophobic interactions predominate. Cross-bridged structures are found in all living systems. Cytoskeletal interaction, cell invasion by pathogens, fertilization, and cellulosomal degradation of cellulose are all examples of biological processes in which cross-bridging proteins play a key role. This article will review the different types of biological cross-bridging proteins that are known and discuss their emerging nano- and biotechnological applications.