Calculation of rotational barriers in amorphous polymers

The Monte Carlo method was used for generation of amorphous polyethylene configurations on a diamond lattice. Chain building was performed on the tetrahedral lattice of edges 36, 62 and 43 Å with periodic boundary conditions imposed.32 chains were generated, each with a length of 100 CH₂-groups (resulting density = 0.81 g·cm⁻³). Small spherical volumes with a radius of 10 Å were chosen at random from the total volume for the calculation of rotational barriers. The rotating bond was chosen to be close to the center of this sphere. We employed the method of molecular mechanics in order to calculate the rotational barriers. The calculation was made for 578 rotating bonds and the obtained distribution of rotational barriers is approximated by the corresponding Γ-distribution.     

Methyl rotational barriers in amides and thioamides

The methyl rotational barriers for a series of N-methyl-substituted amides and thioamides have been calculated at the MP2/6-311+G** level. A comparison of the N-methylformamide and methyl formate barriers indicates that the H [bond] C(Me) [bond] N [bond] H eclipsed torsional arrangement destabilizes an amide by about 0.8 kcal/mol. A comparison of thioamides and amides showed the importance of steric repulsion between the sulfur and a methyl hydrogen in the Z-forms of the thioamides. The C [bond] N bond rotation transition states of the N,N-dimethyl amides have much larger methyl rotational barriers than found in the ground states. They can be attributed to the smaller CH(3)(-)N [bond] CH(3) bond angles in the transition states.     

Conformational populations and rotational barriers in esters

The $\text{trans}$ conformations of methyl, ethyl and isopropyl formate were shown to be present in equilibrium in a polar solvent with the $\text{cis}$ conformations to significant (> 1% 230 K) but much lower extents than for t-butyl formate; rotational barriers for the former compounds are greaters.     

Sterically crowded cyclopropanation catalysts. Syn-selectivity using rhodium(III)porphyrins

Rhodium(III)porphyrins catalyze the decomposition of ethyl diazoacetate and the transfer of ethoxy-carbonylcarbene to alkenes to form cyclopropanes in moderate to high yields. When compared with other catalysts a large syn-selectivity was observed on reaction with cis-alkenes. This selectivity increased with the size of the substituents, and suggested a preferential direction of approach of the alkene towards a rhodium—carbene complex.     

The nature of the rotational barriers in simple carbonyl compounds

The rotational barriers around the CO and CC bonds are investigated in formic acid, ethanedial and glycolaldedyde molecules on the basis of DFT-B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ calculations. Natural bond orbitals analysis is applied to enhance physical understanding of rotational barriers. In the case of attractive barriers in formic acid and Gc-glycolaldehyde, the barrier originates from the loss of hyperconjugation that determines the equilibrium structures while for the repulsive barriers in ethanedial and Go-glycolaldehyde, both Lewis and hyperconjugation terms contribute.     

Studies on rotational barriers of N-C axially chiral compounds: increase in the rotational barrier by aromatization

The rotational barriers in axially chiral quinolin-2-one and quinazolin-2-one possessing N-(ortho-tert-butyl)phenyl group were found to significantly increase in comparison with those of corresponding dihydroquinolin-2-one and dihydroquinazolin-2-one. Analysis of transition state structure during N-Ar bond rotation based on DFT calculation indicates that the increase in the rotational barrier is due to considerable distortion of the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic part.     

Geometries and rotational barriers of alkylamides and lithium alkylamides.

The barriers to rotation of methylamide, ethylamide and the corresponding lithium amides have been computed at the $\text{ab}$$\text{initio}$ 4-31G level. The barriers to rotation about the CN bond are higher for amides than for amines, but are lowered by coordination with Li⁺.     

A theoretical investigation of the rotational barriers of peroxyformic acid

The internal rotational barriers in peroxyformic acid have been studied employing ab initio MO calculations. The C-O and O-O rotational barriers were calculated to be 7.68 and 1.04 $\text{kcal}\text{mol}$, respectively. The relatively low O-O rotational barrier is attributed to a balance between electron repulsion and hydrogen bonding in the syn chelated conformer.     

The influence of hydration on the rotational barriers of glycine

The influence of a full first hydration shell on the energy barriers related to conformational changes of glycine has been studied by means of molecular orbital calculations. The energy optimized pathway is discussed and compared with that of the isolated molecule, evaluating the possibility of corotation of the hydration shell during conformational changes.

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Der Einfluß der Hydratation auf die Rotationsbarrieren von Glycin

Zusammenfassung Es wurde mit Hilfe einer Molekülorbitalrechnung der Einfluß der vollen ersten Hydrathülle auf Rotationsbarrieren bei Konformationsänderungen im Glycinmolekül untersucht. Es wird ein energieoptimierter Rotationsverlauf diskutiert und mit dem des freien Moleküls verglichen, wobei insbesondere die Möglichkeit einer Korotation der Hydrathülle beachtet wird.

     

Determination of the rotational energy barriers of atropisomeric polychlorinated biphenyls

A spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous determination of Co, Cu, and Fe in ternary mixtures by means of 1,10-phenanthroline as a complexing agent was developed. The influence of chemical variables affecting the analytical reaction was evaluated. A principal component regression procedure was used to assess spectrophotometric data obtained from nineteen calibration solutions. The method was validated by applying it to the analysis of synthetic mixtures over the concentration ranges 0–407 μmol Co/L, 0–189 μmol Cu/L, and 0–143 μmol Fe/L. It was also successfully employed for the analysis of two cobalt magnetic alloys. The relative errors in the determinations were less than 7% in most cases.     

Conformation and rotational barriers of 2-substituted 1,3-diphenylallyl anions

The conformations and the rotational barriers of the 2-substituted 1,3-diphenylallylanions $\text{1b}$–$\text{g}$ (Tab. 2) have been determined. Increasing size of the substituents leads to more $\text{exo}$,$\text{endo}$- and $\text{endo}$,$\text{endo}$-conformers at the cost of the $\text{exo}$,$\text{exo}$-species. This trend is connected with decreasing ΔG³-value sof the rotational barriers; the barriers are essentially not affected by ion pair effects, which is in contrast to the parent “allyl anion”.     

Semiempirical calculations of ground state properties and rotational barriers in conjugated ethylenes

Ground state properties of methyl-2-carbomethoxy-3-dimethylaminoacrylate 4, and methyl-2-carbomethoxy-3-(1-aziridino) acrylate 5 were calculated by semiempirical methods and found to be in good agreement with the experiment. Barriers to rotation about the CC double bond and the C-N single bond were also calculated, allowing for structure relaxation in the transition state. A comparison of the calculated and experimental barriers to rotation shows good agreement for the rotation about the C-N bond and poor agreement for the rotation about the CC bond. This discrepancy is explained in terms of solvent stabilization of the polar transition state.     

Conformational analysis and rotational barriers of alkyl- and phenyl-substituted urea derivatives

Potential energy surfaces (PES) for rotation about the N-C(sp(3)) or N-C(aryl) bond and energies of stationary points on PES for rotation about the C(sp(2))-N bond are reported for methylurea, ethylurea, isopropylurea, tert-butylurea, and phenylurea, using the B3LYP/DZVP2 and MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ methods. The analysis of alkylureas reveals cis and (less stable) trans isomers that adopt anti geometries, whereas syn geometries do not correspond to stationary points. In contrast, the analysis of phenylurea reveals that the lowest energy form at the MP2 level is a trans isomer in a syn geometry. The fully optimized geometries are in good agreement with crystal structure data, and PESs are consistent with the experimental dihedral angle distribution. Rotation about the C(sp(2))-N bond in alkylureas and phenylurea is slightly more hindered (8.6-9.4 kcal/mol) than the analogous motion in the unsubstituted molecule (8.2 kcal/mol). At the MP2 level of theory, the maximum barriers to rotation for the methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, and phenyl groups are predicted to be 0.9, 6.2, 6.0, 4.6, and 2.4 kcal/mol, respectively. The results are used to benchmark the performance of the MMFF94 force field. Systematic discrepancies between MMFF94 and MP2 results were improved by modification of several torsional parameters.     

MS-SCF-Xα calculation of the rotational barriers in ethane-like molecules

MS-X_α calculations are performed for the rotational barriers of C₂H₆, Si₂H₆, Ge₂H₆, C₂F₆, in the rigid rotor approximation with different sets of sphere radii. While the results show a large dependence on the radii employed, good results can be obtained with a particular choice based on previously proposed criteria.     

Delta bonds and rotational barriers in 4d and 5d metal-porphyrin dimers

This review summarizes the contribution made to the field of delta bonds by Collman and co-workers. The delta () bond is unique to metal-metal multipty bonded systems and has been the subject of several reviews (F. A. Cotton and R.A. Walton,Multiple Bomls Between Metal Atoms (Oxford University Press, New York, 1993), and references therein). Our contribution to this field is the measurement of the barrier to rotation about the axis of the metal-metal bond for a series of Mo and W porphyrin dimers. (J. P. Collman and L K. Woo (1984).Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 2592-2596; J. P. Collman, J. M. Garner, R.T. Hembre, and Y. Ha (i992).J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114, 1292–1301). The barriers to rotation for the pórphyrin dimers are as follows: G^: _rot,=9.8 to 10.7±0.5 kcal/mol for a series of [M(OEP-X)]₂ dimers (X=CHO, NCO), G^: _rot,= 10.5±0.5 kcal/mol for [Mo(TOEP)]₂ and G^: _rot= 12.90.1 kcal/mol for [W(TOEP)], Each of these barriers reflects both the strength of the delta bond and steric interactions. The steric component is estimatëd to be small ( <5 kcal/mol); hence the barrier can be used as an estimate for the delta bond strength. These studies constitute the firstdirect experimental probe of the strength of delta bonds. These data for the rotational barriers in Mo and W dimers are of the same order of magnitude as the estimate of the 6 bond strength obtained using a generalized valenee bond treatment (6±3 kcal/mol) (D. C. Smith and W. A. Goddard 1II (1987).J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109, 5580-55831 and are in agreement with the recent estimate of the delta bond strength (10kcal/mol) (M.D. Hopkins, H.B. Gray, and V.M. Miskowski (1987).Polyhedron 6, 705—714). In addition, this study demonstrates that the W (5d) bond is significantly stronger ( 20%) than the anatogous Mo (4d) bond; this is consistent with the assertion that the greater radial expansion of 5 d orbitals can result in 5d-5d bonds which arestronger eren though they may belonger.     

The use of the mulliken approximation in bond-bond pair potentials describing rotational barriers

Possible sources of the error compensation effect of the Mulliken approximation for localized bond orbital overlap densities are discussed in terms of Ruedenberg's expansion. The Mulliken approximation has been applied previously for one- and two-electron integrals to simplify bond-bond pair potentials which describe barriers to internal rotation around single bonds.     

Origin of rotational barriers of the N-N bond in hydrazine: NBO analysis

Hydrazine passes through two transition states, TS1 (phi = 0 degrees ) and TS2 (phi = 180 degrees ), in the course of internal rotation around its N-N bond. The origin of the corresponding rotational barriers in hydrazine has been extensively studied by experimental and theoretical methods. Here, we used natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis and energy decomposition of rotational barrier energy (DeltaE(barrier)) to understand the origin of the torsional potential energy profile of this molecule. DeltaE(barrier) was dissected into structural (DeltaE(struc)), steric exchange (DeltaE(steric)), and hyperconjugative (DeltaE(deloc)) energy contributions. In both transition states, the major barrier-forming contribution is DeltaE(deloc). The TS2 barrier is lowered by pyramidalization of nitrogen atoms through lowering DeltaE(struc), not by N-N bond lengthening through lowering DeltaE(steric). Higher pyramidality of nitrogen atoms of TS2 than that of TS1 explains well why the N-N bond of TS2 is longer than that of TS1. Finally, the steric repulsion between nitrogen lone pairs does not determine the rotational barrier; nuclear-nuclear Coulombic repulsion between outer H/H atoms in TS1 plays an important role in increasing DeltaE(struc). Taken together, we explain the reason for the different TS1 and TS2 barriers. We show that NBO analysis is a useful tool for understanding structures and potential energy surfaces of compounds containing the N-N bond.